Nizari Ismaili state (original) (raw)
- الدولة الإسماعيلية النزارية هي دولة شيعية إسماعيلية نزارية أسسها الحسن بن الصباح بعد أن استولى على قلعة ألموت سنة 482 هـ. كانت سمة هذه الدولة هي السيطرة على قلاع في بقاع مختلفة في بلاد فارس وسورية وبقيت إلى منتصف القرن السابع الهجري، حيث سقطت القلاع في إيران في يد هولاكو زعيم المغول (آخرها كان ألموت حين كان يقودها ركن الدين خورشاه) وأجهز عليهم المماليك في سورية بعد ذلك بقليل الظاهر بيبرس. اتخذت دولة الحشاشين من القلاع الحصينة في قمم الجبال معقلاً لنشر الدعوة الإسماعيلية النزارية في إيران والشام. ممَّا أكسبها عداءً شديدًا مع الخلافة العباسية والفاطمية والدول والسلطنات الكبرى التابعة لهما كالسلاجقة والخوارزميين والزنكيين والأيوبيين بالإضافة إلى الصليبيين، إلا أن جميع تلك الدول فشلت في استئصالهم طوال عشرات السنين من الحروب. كانت الاستراتيجية العسكرية للحشاشين تعتمد على الاغتيالات التي يقوم بها «فدائيون» لا يأبهون بالموت في سبيل تحقيق هدفهم. حيث كان هؤلاء الفدائيون يُلقون الرعب في قلوب الحكّام والأمراء المعادين لهم، وتمكنوا من اغتيال العديد من الشخصيات المهمة جداً في ذلك الوقت؛ مثل الوزير السلجوقي نظام الملك والخليفة العباسي المسترشد والراشد وملك بيت المقدس كونراد. (ar)
- The Nizari state (the Alamut state) was a Shia Nizari Ismaili state founded by Hassan-i Sabbah after he took control of the Alamut Castle in 1090 AD, which marked the beginning of an era of Ismailism known as the "Alamut period". Their people were also known as the Assassins or Hashashins. The state consisted of a nexus of strongholds throughout Persia and Syria, with their territories being surrounded by huge swathes of hostile territory. It was formed as a result of a religious and political movement of the minority Nizari sect supported by the anti-Seljuk population. Being heavily outnumbered, the Nizaris resisted adversaries by employing strategic, self-sufficient fortresses and the use of unconventional tactics, notably assassination of important adversaries and psychological warfare. Despite being occupied with survival in their hostile environment, the Ismailis in this period developed a sophisticated outlook and literary tradition. Almost two centuries after its foundation, the state declined internally and its leadership capitulated to the invading Mongols, who later massacred many Nizaris. Most of what is known about them is based on descriptions by hostile sources. (en)
- Низари́тское исмаили́тское государство — государство шиитских низаритских исмаилитов, также называемых фидаинами, основанное Хасаном ибн Саббахом после взятия им под свой контроль замка Аламут в 1090 году. Государство включало в себя сеть стратегических самодостаточных крепостей по всей Персии и Сирии, каждая из которых была окружёна враждебными государствами, в частности государством Сельджукидов. Оно было сформировано в результате религиозного и политического движения секты меньшинства низаритов, поддерживаемого анти-сельджукским населением. Низариты оказывали сопротивление численно превосходящим противникам, применяя стратегические и самостоятельные опорные пункты и нетрадиционные тактики, в частности политические убийства и психологическую войну. Через два столетия после своего основания государство разрушалось внутренне и было уничтожено монголами. Во время Жёлтого Крестового похода они разрушили Аламут и убили многих низаритов. Множество сведений о них основаны на описаниях враждебно настроенных к ним источников, поскольку низариты были тайным обществом. (ru)
- https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=dfJN1UicpRoC&q=Qadmous+Mamluk
- http://www.iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp%3FContentID=105128
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- الدولة الإسماعيلية النزارية هي دولة شيعية إسماعيلية نزارية أسسها الحسن بن الصباح بعد أن استولى على قلعة ألموت سنة 482 هـ. كانت سمة هذه الدولة هي السيطرة على قلاع في بقاع مختلفة في بلاد فارس وسورية وبقيت إلى منتصف القرن السابع الهجري، حيث سقطت القلاع في إيران في يد هولاكو زعيم المغول (آخرها كان ألموت حين كان يقودها ركن الدين خورشاه) وأجهز عليهم المماليك في سورية بعد ذلك بقليل الظاهر بيبرس. (ar)
- The Nizari state (the Alamut state) was a Shia Nizari Ismaili state founded by Hassan-i Sabbah after he took control of the Alamut Castle in 1090 AD, which marked the beginning of an era of Ismailism known as the "Alamut period". Their people were also known as the Assassins or Hashashins. Despite being occupied with survival in their hostile environment, the Ismailis in this period developed a sophisticated outlook and literary tradition. (en)
- Низари́тское исмаили́тское государство — государство шиитских низаритских исмаилитов, также называемых фидаинами, основанное Хасаном ибн Саббахом после взятия им под свой контроль замка Аламут в 1090 году. Во время Жёлтого Крестового похода они разрушили Аламут и убили многих низаритов. Множество сведений о них основаны на описаниях враждебно настроенных к ним источников, поскольку низариты были тайным обществом. (ru)
- Nizari Ismaili state (en)
- الدولة الإسماعيلية النزارية (ar)
- Низаритское исмаилитское государство (ru)
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- dbr:List_of_wars_involving_Iran
- dbr:Rustam_V
- dbr:The_Lord_of_Alamut_Hassan-i_Sabbah
- dbr:Firuzanids
- dbr:Gilanshah
- dbr:Nasirean_Ethics
- dbr:Mongol_invasions_and_conquests
- dbr:Mongol_invasions_of_Azerbaijan
- dbr:Muhammad_III_of_Alamut
- dbr:Muhammad_ibn_Buzurg-Ummid
- dbr:Qarin_III
- dbr:Shah_Ghazi_Rustam
- dbr:Kursi_al-Daylam
- dbr:Alamut_Empire
- dbr:Alamut_State
- dbr:Alamut_period
- dbr:Baldat_al-Iqbal
- dbr:Nizari_Isma'ili_state
- dbr:Nizari_Isma’ili_state
- dbr:Nizari_state
- dbr:Nizārī_Ismā'īlī_state
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