Quaternary ammonium cation (original) (raw)
Els cations d'amoni quaternari, també coneguts, en anglès, com a quats, són ions poliatòmics carregats positivament amb l'estructura NR₄+, essent R un grup alquil o un grup aril. Al contrari que l'ió amoni (NH₄+) i els cations d'amoni primaris, secundaris i terciaris, els cations d'amoni quaternaris estan permanentment carregats amb independència del pH de la seva solució. Les sals d'amoni quaternari o compostos d'amoni quaternari (anomenats amines quaternàries en la parla dels camps de petroli) són sals de cations d'amoni quaternari amb un anió.
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dbo:abstract | Els cations d'amoni quaternari, també coneguts, en anglès, com a quats, són ions poliatòmics carregats positivament amb l'estructura NR₄+, essent R un grup alquil o un grup aril. Al contrari que l'ió amoni (NH₄+) i els cations d'amoni primaris, secundaris i terciaris, els cations d'amoni quaternaris estan permanentment carregats amb independència del pH de la seva solució. Les sals d'amoni quaternari o compostos d'amoni quaternari (anomenats amines quaternàries en la parla dels camps de petroli) són sals de cations d'amoni quaternari amb un anió. (ca) كاتيونات الأمونيوم الرباعية وتعرف أيضًا بمركبات الأمونيوم الرباعية (quats)، وهي عبارة عن أيونات متعددة الذرات موجبة الشحنة صيغتهاNR+4؛ حيث Rعبارة عن مجموعة ألكيل أو مجموعة أريل، على عكس أيون الأمونيوم (NH+4) وكاتيونات الأمونيوم الأولية والثانوية والثالثية فإن كاتيونات الأمونيوم الرباعية ذات شحنة ثابتة بغض النظر عن درجة حمضية (PH) محاليلها. أملاح أو مركبات الأمونيوم الرباعية (يعبر عنها بالأمينات الرباعية في مجال البترول) هي عبارة عن أملاح لكاتيونات الأمونيوم الرباعية. (ar) El catión de amonio cuaternario es un catión de estructura NR4+, donde R representa un grupo alquilo o un grupo arilo. A diferencia del ion amonio (NH4+) y los cationes de amonio primario, secundario o ternario, los cationes de amonio cuaternario están cargados permanentemente, independientemente del pH de su solución. Las sales de amonio cuaternario o compuestos de amonio cuaternario (comúnmente llamadas aminas cuaternarias) son sales de cationes de amonio cuaternario enlazadas a un anión. (es) Les ammoniums quaternaires sont des cations polyatomiques de structure générale NR4+. Leur structure contient au moins une chaîne hydrocarbonée hydrophobe liée à un atome d'azote chargé positivement, et d'autres groupes alkyle qui sont pour la plupart des substituants à chaîne courte tels que des groupes méthyle ou benzyle. Contrairement aux ions ammonium (NH4+) et aux cations ammonium primaires, secondaires ou tertiaires, les ammoniums quaternaires sont chargés de façon permanente, indépendamment du pH de leur solution. Les sels d'ammonium quaternaires ou composés ammonium quaternaires (aussi appelés amines quaternaires dans le jargon pétrolier) sont des sels de cations ammonium quaternaires avec un anion. Actuellement, les composés d'ammonium quaternaire (CAQ) sont la principale classe de tensioactifs cationiques utilisés comme ingrédients dans des produits assouplissants, des agents antistatiques, des désinfectants, des biocides, détergents, agents de transfert de phase et de nombreux produits de soins personnels, tels que les produits de soins capillaires (Ding et Tsai, 2003 ; Lara-Martin et al., 2010 ; Tsai et Ding 2004). Les trois CAQ les plus fréquemment détectés dans les environnements naturels sont les composés de diméthyle dialkyle ammonium (DADMAC) (ayant des longueurs de chaîne alkyle de C8 à C18), de triméthyle alkyle ammonium (ATMAC) (C12-C18) et d'alkyle diméthyl benzyle ammonium (ADBAC) (C12-C18) (fr) In chemistry, quaternary ammonium cations, also known as quats, are positively charged polyatomic ions of the structure NR+4, R being an alkyl group or an aryl group. Unlike the ammonium ion (NH+4) and the primary, secondary, or tertiary ammonium cations, the quaternary ammonium cations are permanently charged, independent of the pH of their solution. Quaternary ammonium salts or quaternary ammonium compounds (called quaternary amines in oilfield parlance) are salts of quaternary ammonium cations. Polyquats are a variety of engineered polymer forms which provide multiple quat molecules within a larger molecule. Quats are used in consumer applications including as antimicrobials (such as detergents and disinfectants), fabric softeners, and hair conditioners. As an antimicrobial, they are able to inactivate enveloped viruses (such as SARS-CoV-2). Quats tend to be gentler on surfaces than bleach-based disinfectants, and are generally fabric-safe. (en) Kation amonium , dikenal pula sebagai quats, adalah ion poliatomik yang bermuatan positif dari struktur NR+4, di mana R merupakan suatu gugus alkil atau gugus aril. Tidak seperti ion amonium (NH+4) dan kation amonium primer, sekunder, atau tersier, kation amonium kuarterner memiliki muatan secara permanen, tidak bergantung pada pH larutannya. Garam amonium kuarterner atau senyawa amonium kuarterner (disebut amina kuarterner dalam ladang minyak) adalah garam dari kation amonium kuarterner. (in) 第四級アンモニウムカチオン(だいよんきゅうアンモニウムカチオン、英: quaternary ammonium cation)は分子式 NR4+ と表される正電荷を持った多原子イオンである。R はアルキル基かアリール基を指す。アンモニウムイオン NH4+ や第一級・第二級・第三級アンモニウムカチオンとは違い、第四級アンモニウムカチオンは常に帯電していて、溶液のpHに左右されない。第四級アンモニウム塩や第四級アンモニウム化合物は第四級アンモニウムカチオンとほかのアニオンとの塩である。 (ja) L'ammonio quaternario è un catione organico di formula generale R4N+, nel quale un atomo di azoto carico positivamente è direttamente legato a quattro gruppi sostituenti organici R, alchilici o arilici. A differenza degli altri ioni ammonio, il catione quaternario in sé non ha apprezzabile acidità. L'eventuale reazione acido-base dipende esclusivamente dall'anione associato nei suoi sali (vide infra), oppure dalla eventuale, particolare struttura dei gruppi sostituenti. Gli ioni ammonio con i quattro gruppi differenti sono chirali ed esistono in due forme otticamente attive separabili. A causa della carica netta positiva, si trovano in natura sotto forma di sali (R4N+X−) più o meno solubili in acqua a seconda della natura dei gruppi sostituenti. Gli ioni ammonio quaternari con sostituenti a catena lunga hanno carattere anfifilico e si comportano da tensioattivi, fattore che conferisce a tali composti proprietà detergenti e battericide. (it) 季铵盐,又稱四级銨鹽或活性四級化合物,屬於典型的陽離子界面活性劑。是铵离子的四个氢离子都被烃基取代后形成的季铵阳离子的盐,具有通式 R4N+X−。其中四个烃基可以相同,也可以不相同,X−多为卤素阴离子,HSO4−,RCOO−及OH−()。 季铵盐的性质类似于铵盐,大多数易溶于水,水溶液导电。 季铵盐可以通过胺与卤代烃反应制取。有些季铵盐是良好的表面活性剂和相转移催化剂,也有部分季銨鹽被用作消毒劑(例如百毒殺等)。 (zh) |
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dbp:date | August 2014 (en) |
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rdfs:comment | Els cations d'amoni quaternari, també coneguts, en anglès, com a quats, són ions poliatòmics carregats positivament amb l'estructura NR₄+, essent R un grup alquil o un grup aril. Al contrari que l'ió amoni (NH₄+) i els cations d'amoni primaris, secundaris i terciaris, els cations d'amoni quaternaris estan permanentment carregats amb independència del pH de la seva solució. Les sals d'amoni quaternari o compostos d'amoni quaternari (anomenats amines quaternàries en la parla dels camps de petroli) són sals de cations d'amoni quaternari amb un anió. (ca) كاتيونات الأمونيوم الرباعية وتعرف أيضًا بمركبات الأمونيوم الرباعية (quats)، وهي عبارة عن أيونات متعددة الذرات موجبة الشحنة صيغتهاNR+4؛ حيث Rعبارة عن مجموعة ألكيل أو مجموعة أريل، على عكس أيون الأمونيوم (NH+4) وكاتيونات الأمونيوم الأولية والثانوية والثالثية فإن كاتيونات الأمونيوم الرباعية ذات شحنة ثابتة بغض النظر عن درجة حمضية (PH) محاليلها. أملاح أو مركبات الأمونيوم الرباعية (يعبر عنها بالأمينات الرباعية في مجال البترول) هي عبارة عن أملاح لكاتيونات الأمونيوم الرباعية. (ar) El catión de amonio cuaternario es un catión de estructura NR4+, donde R representa un grupo alquilo o un grupo arilo. A diferencia del ion amonio (NH4+) y los cationes de amonio primario, secundario o ternario, los cationes de amonio cuaternario están cargados permanentemente, independientemente del pH de su solución. Las sales de amonio cuaternario o compuestos de amonio cuaternario (comúnmente llamadas aminas cuaternarias) son sales de cationes de amonio cuaternario enlazadas a un anión. (es) Kation amonium , dikenal pula sebagai quats, adalah ion poliatomik yang bermuatan positif dari struktur NR+4, di mana R merupakan suatu gugus alkil atau gugus aril. Tidak seperti ion amonium (NH+4) dan kation amonium primer, sekunder, atau tersier, kation amonium kuarterner memiliki muatan secara permanen, tidak bergantung pada pH larutannya. Garam amonium kuarterner atau senyawa amonium kuarterner (disebut amina kuarterner dalam ladang minyak) adalah garam dari kation amonium kuarterner. (in) 第四級アンモニウムカチオン(だいよんきゅうアンモニウムカチオン、英: quaternary ammonium cation)は分子式 NR4+ と表される正電荷を持った多原子イオンである。R はアルキル基かアリール基を指す。アンモニウムイオン NH4+ や第一級・第二級・第三級アンモニウムカチオンとは違い、第四級アンモニウムカチオンは常に帯電していて、溶液のpHに左右されない。第四級アンモニウム塩や第四級アンモニウム化合物は第四級アンモニウムカチオンとほかのアニオンとの塩である。 (ja) 季铵盐,又稱四级銨鹽或活性四級化合物,屬於典型的陽離子界面活性劑。是铵离子的四个氢离子都被烃基取代后形成的季铵阳离子的盐,具有通式 R4N+X−。其中四个烃基可以相同,也可以不相同,X−多为卤素阴离子,HSO4−,RCOO−及OH−()。 季铵盐的性质类似于铵盐,大多数易溶于水,水溶液导电。 季铵盐可以通过胺与卤代烃反应制取。有些季铵盐是良好的表面活性剂和相转移催化剂,也有部分季銨鹽被用作消毒劑(例如百毒殺等)。 (zh) Les ammoniums quaternaires sont des cations polyatomiques de structure générale NR4+. Leur structure contient au moins une chaîne hydrocarbonée hydrophobe liée à un atome d'azote chargé positivement, et d'autres groupes alkyle qui sont pour la plupart des substituants à chaîne courte tels que des groupes méthyle ou benzyle. Contrairement aux ions ammonium (NH4+) et aux cations ammonium primaires, secondaires ou tertiaires, les ammoniums quaternaires sont chargés de façon permanente, indépendamment du pH de leur solution. Les sels d'ammonium quaternaires ou composés ammonium quaternaires (aussi appelés amines quaternaires dans le jargon pétrolier) sont des sels de cations ammonium quaternaires avec un anion. (fr) In chemistry, quaternary ammonium cations, also known as quats, are positively charged polyatomic ions of the structure NR+4, R being an alkyl group or an aryl group. Unlike the ammonium ion (NH+4) and the primary, secondary, or tertiary ammonium cations, the quaternary ammonium cations are permanently charged, independent of the pH of their solution. Quaternary ammonium salts or quaternary ammonium compounds (called quaternary amines in oilfield parlance) are salts of quaternary ammonium cations. Polyquats are a variety of engineered polymer forms which provide multiple quat molecules within a larger molecule. (en) L'ammonio quaternario è un catione organico di formula generale R4N+, nel quale un atomo di azoto carico positivamente è direttamente legato a quattro gruppi sostituenti organici R, alchilici o arilici. A differenza degli altri ioni ammonio, il catione quaternario in sé non ha apprezzabile acidità. L'eventuale reazione acido-base dipende esclusivamente dall'anione associato nei suoi sali (vide infra), oppure dalla eventuale, particolare struttura dei gruppi sostituenti. Gli ioni ammonio con i quattro gruppi differenti sono chirali ed esistono in due forme otticamente attive separabili. (it) |
rdfs:label | كاتيون أمونيوم رابعي (ar) Catió d'amoni quaternari (ca) Catión de amonio cuaternario (es) Kation amonium kuarterner (in) Ammonio quaternario (it) Ammonium quaternaire (fr) 第四級アンモニウムカチオン (ja) Quaternary ammonium cation (en) 季铵盐 (zh) |
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