Reform Act 1832 (original) (raw)
Reformní zákon přijatý britským parlamentem roku 1832, oficiálně An Act to amend the representation of the people in England and Wales, zkráceně Reform Act 1832 znamenal významnou změnu ve volebním systému Spojeného království. Podle jeho preambule byl zákon navržen pro přijetí efektivních opatření pro korekci různých podvodů, které dlouhou dobu doprovázely výběr poslanců do Dolní sněmovny.
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| dbo:abstract | كان قانون تمثيل الشعب لعام 1832 (المعروف أيضًا باسم قانون الإصلاح لعام 1832 أو قانون الإصلاح العظيم أو قانون الإصلاح الأول) قانونًا صادرًا عن برلمان المملكة المتحدة (تمت فهرسته على أنه قائمة قوانين برلمان المملكة المتحدة، 1820-1839) الذي أدخل تغييرات كبيرة للنظام الانتخابي في إنجلترا وويلز. فقد ألغى مقاطعات صغيرة، وأعطى تمثيلاً للمدن، ومنح حق التصويت لأصحاب الأراضي الصغار، والمزارعين المستأجرين، وأصحاب المتاجر، وأصحاب المنازل الذين يدفعون إيجارًا سنويًا بقيمة 10 جنيهات إسترلينية أو أكثر، وبعض المستأجرين. تمكّن الرجال المؤهلون فقط من التصويت؛ قدم القانون أول منع قانوني صريح على تصويت النساء، من خلال تعريف الناخب على أنه شخص ذكر. وقد تم تصميمه لتصحيح الانتهاكات - «لاتخاذ إجراءات فعالة لتصحيح الانتهاكات المتنوعة التي سادت لفترة طويلة في اختيار الأعضاء للخدمة في مجلس العموم بالبرلمان». قبل الإصلاح، كان معظم الأعضاء يمثلون الأحياء. اختلف عدد الناخبين في المنطقة على نطاق واسع، من اثني عشر أو نحو ذلك إلى 12000. في كثير من الأحيان كان اختيار أعضاء البرلمان يتحكم فيه بشكل فعال راعي واحد قوي: على سبيل المثال تشارلز هوارد، دوق نورفولك الحادي عشر، كان يسيطر على أحد عشر منطقة. تباينت معايير التأهيل للامتياز بشكل كبير بين الأحياء، من شرط امتلاك الأرض، إلى مجرد العيش في منزل مع موقد يكفي لغلي وعاء. كانت هناك دعوات للإصلاح قبل عام 1832 بوقت طويل، ولكن دون نجاح. القانون الذي نجح أخيرًا تم اقتراحه من قبل اليمينيين بقيادة رئيس الوزراء تشارلز جراي، إيرل جراي الثاني. وقد قوبلت بمعارضة كبيرة من الفصائل البتيّة في البرلمان، الذين حكموا البلاد لفترة طويلة. كانت المعارضة واضحة بشكل خاص في مجلس اللوردات. ومع ذلك، تم تمرير مشروع القانون في نهاية المطاف، نتيجة للضغط العام في الأساس. منح القانون مقاعد في مجلس العموم للمدن الكبيرة التي نشأت خلال الثورة الصناعية، وأزال المقاعد من «الأحياء المتعفنة»: تلك التي بها ناخبون صغيرون للغاية ويهيمن عليها عادة راعي ثري. كما زاد القانون عدد الناخبين من حوالي 400.000 إلى 650.000، مما يجعل واحدًا من كل خمسة ذكور بالغين مؤهلين للتصويت. العنوان الكامل هو قانون لتعديل تمثيل الشعب في إنجلترا وويلز. عنوانها الرسمي المختصر والاقتباس هو «تمثيل قانون الشعب 1832 (برلمان المملكة المتحدة، 1820-1839)». القانون مطبق فقط في إنجلترا وويلز؛ أحدث قانون الإصلاح الأيرلندي 1832 تغييرات مماثلة في أيرلندا. كان قانون الإصلاح الإسكتلندي المنفصل لعام 1832 ثوريًا، حيث زاد عدد الناخبين بعامل 13 من 5000 إلى 65000. (ar) Reformní zákon přijatý britským parlamentem roku 1832, oficiálně An Act to amend the representation of the people in England and Wales, zkráceně Reform Act 1832 znamenal významnou změnu ve volebním systému Spojeného království. Podle jeho preambule byl zákon navržen pro přijetí efektivních opatření pro korekci různých podvodů, které dlouhou dobu doprovázely výběr poslanců do Dolní sněmovny. (cs) Der britische Reform Act von 1832, auch als Great Reform Act bezeichnet, war ein Gesetz, mit dem die Wahlkreiseinteilung für die Wahl des britischen Parlaments zum ersten Mal seit fast 150 Jahren geändert wurde. (de) La Ley de Reforma de 1832 (en inglés: Representation of the People Act 1832, Reform Act 1832 o Great Reform Act) fue una ley del parlamento que introdujo un amplio espectro de cambios al sistema electoral en Inglaterra y Gales. Según el preámbulo, La ley fue diseñada para "tomar medidas efectivas para corregir diversos abusos que han subsistido durante mucho tiempo en cuanto a la Elección de los Miembros que sirven en la Cámara de los Comunes del Parlamento". (es) La Representation of the People Act 1832 (également connue sous le nom de Reform Act de 1832, Great Reform Act ou First Reform Act) est une loi du Parlement du Royaume-Uni (répertoriée 2 & 3 Will. IV c. 45) qui introduit des changements majeurs dans le système électoral de l'Angleterre et du pays de Galles. Il abolit les petits districts, donne une représentation aux villes, donne le droit de vote aux petits propriétaires terriens, aux fermiers, aux commerçants, aux propriétaires de maison qui payent un loyer annuel de 10 £ ou plus et à certains locataires. Seuls les hommes qualifiés pouvaient voter et la loi introduit la première interdiction statutaire explicite du vote des femmes, en définissant un électeur comme une personne de sexe masculin. Il est conçu pour corriger les abus et « prendre des mesures efficaces pour corriger les abus divers qui ont longtemps prévalu dans le choix des membres pour siéger à la Chambre des communes du Parlement ». Avant la réforme, la plupart des députés représentent nominalement les arrondissements. Le nombre d'électeurs dans un arrondissement variait considérablement, d'une douzaine à 12 000. Fréquemment, la sélection des députés est effectivement contrôlée par un puissant mécène : par exemple, Charles Howard, contrôle onze arrondissements. Les critères de qualification pour le droit de vote varient considérablement d'un arrondissement à l'autre, allant de l'exigence de posséder des terres à la simple vie dans une maison avec un foyer suffisant pour faire bouillir une marmite. Des appels à la réforme sont lancés bien avant 1832, mais sans succès. La loi qui passe finalement est proposée par les Whigs, dirigés par le premier ministre Charles Grey. Il rencontre une opposition importante des factions Pittites au Parlement, qui ont longtemps gouverné le pays. L'opposition est particulièrement prononcée à la Chambre des lords. Néanmoins, le projet de loi est finalement adopté, principalement en raison de la pression publique. La loi accorde des sièges à la Chambre des communes aux grandes villes qui ont surgi pendant la révolution industrielle, et supprime des sièges aux « arrondissements pourris » : ceux avec de très petits électorats et généralement dominés par un riche mécène. La loi augmente également le nombre d'électeurs d'environ 400 000 à 650 000, donnant à environ un homme adulte sur cinq le droit de voter. Le titre complet est Acte pour amender la représentation du peuple en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles. Son titre abrégé formel et sa citation sont « Representation of the People Act 1832 (2 & 3 Wm. IV, c. 45) ». La loi ne s'applique qu'en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles, l'Irish Reform Act de 1832 apporte des changements similaires en Irlande. Le Scottish Reform Act de 1832 est révolutionnaire, multipliant l'électorat par un facteur 13, passant de 5 000 à 65 000 électeurs. (fr) The Representation of the People Act 1832 (also known as the 1832 Reform Act, Great Reform Act or First Reform Act) was an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom (indexed as 2 & 3 Will. IV c. 45) that introduced major changes to the electoral system of England and Wales. It abolished tiny districts, gave representation to cities, gave the vote to small landowners, tenant farmers, shopkeepers, householders who paid a yearly rental of £10 or more, and some lodgers. Only qualifying men were able to vote; the Act introduced the first explicit statutory bar to women voting by defining a voter as a male person. It was designed to correct abuses – to "take effectual Measures for correcting divers Abuses that have long prevailed in the Choice of Members to serve in the Commons House of Parliament". Before the reform, most members nominally represented boroughs. The number of electors in a borough varied widely, from a dozen or so up to 12,000. Frequently the selection of Members of Parliament (MPs) was effectively controlled by one powerful patron: for example Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk, controlled eleven boroughs. Criteria for qualification for the franchise varied greatly among boroughs, from the requirement to own land, to merely living in a house with a hearth sufficient to boil a pot. There had been calls for reform long before 1832, but without success. The Act that finally succeeded was proposed by the Whigs, led by Prime Minister Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey. It met with significant opposition from the Pittite factions in Parliament, who had long governed the country; opposition was especially pronounced in the House of Lords. Nevertheless, the bill was eventually passed, mainly as a result of public pressure. The Act granted seats in the House of Commons to large cities that had sprung up during the Industrial Revolution, and removed seats from the "rotten boroughs": those with very small electorates and usually dominated by a wealthy patron. The Act also increased the electorate from about 400,000 to 650,000, making about one in five adult males eligible to vote. The full title is An Act to amend the representation of the people in England and Wales. Its formal short title and citation is "Representation of the People Act 1832 (2 & 3 Wm. IV, c. 45)". The Act applied only in England and Wales; the Irish Reform Act 1832 brought similar changes to Ireland. The separate Scottish Reform Act 1832 was revolutionary, enlarging the electorate by a factor of 13 from 5,000 to 65,000. (en) Representasi Undang-Undang Rakyat 1832 (secara tak resmi dikenal sebagai Undang-Undang Reformasi 1832, Undang-Undang Reformasi Besar atau Undang-Undang Reformasi Pertama untuk membedakannya dari berikutnya) adalah sebuah Undang-undang Parlemen (diindeks sebagai c. 45) yang memperkenalkan perubahan sistem pemilihan Inggris dan Wales dalam skala besar. Judul lengkapnya adalah An Act to amend the representation of the people in England and Wales. resminya dan kutipannya adalah "Representasi Undang-Undang Rakyat 1832 (2 & 3 Wm. IV, c. 45)". Undang-Undang tersebut hanya diterapkan di Inggris dan Wales; dan yang terpisah menerapkan legislasi yang sama di dua negara tersebut. (in) 1832年国民代表法（1832ねんこくみんだいひょうほう、英語: Representation of the People Act 1832）、または1832年改革法（1832 Reform Act）、大改革法（Great Reform Act）、第一次選挙法改正（First Reform Act、後の選挙法改正との区別という文脈で使われる名称）は、連合王国議会により制定されたイギリスの法律。 (ja) La Legge del 1832 sulla Rappresentanza del Popolo (The Representation of the People Act 1832) - comunemente nota come il Reform Act 1832, o anche come La Grande Riforma - è un che ha introdotto ampie modifiche al sistema elettorale inglese e gallese. In accordo al suo preambolo, la riforma era diretta a "prendere le misure necessarie per correggere vari abusi che hanno prevalso a lungo nella scelta dei Membri del Parlamento." La riforma era stata a lungo richiesta prima del 1832, ma sempre senza successo. L'atto che finalmente entrò in vigore era stato proposto dai Whigs, guidati dal primo ministro Lord Grey. Esso incontrò subito una forte opposizione nel Parlamento da parte dei Tories, che avevano governato il paese per molto tempo (l'opposizione fu particolarmente notevole nella Camera dei Lord). Tuttavia, a causa della pressione dell'opinione pubblica, alla fine la legge passò. (it) Reform Act 1832 var en parlamentsakt i Förenade kungariket Storbritannien och Irland. Genom den ökade antalet röstberättigade till cirka 813 000 vuxna män, eller totalt en femtedel av den manliga befolkningen. (sv) Избирательная реформа 1832 года (англ. Reform Act 1832) — парламентский акт, которым были внесены изменения в избирательную систему Великобритании. Полное название — «Закон о внесении поправок в представительство в Англии и Уэльсе». Закон действовал только на территории Англии и Уэльса; отдельные законы были приняты для Шотландии и Ирландии в том же году. По мнению видного историка Дэвида Кеннедайна, эта реформа особенно примечательна тем, что ввела в действие двухпартийную парламентскую систему, связанную с классовыми интересами. (ru) A Lei de Reforma de 1832 (em inglês: Representation of the People Act 1832, Reform Act 1832 ou Great Reform Act) foi um ato do parlamento, que introduziu uma ampla gama de mudanças no sistema eleitoral na Inglaterra e País de Gales. De acordo com o preâmbulo, a lei foi concebida para "tomar medidas eficazes para corrigir muitos abusos que já existem há muito tempo sobre a eleição dos membros para servir no Câmara dos Comuns do Reino Unido". As alegações de reformas datam de bem antes de 1832, mas sem sucesso. A lei que finalmente conseguiu vencer foi proposta pelos whigs, liderados pelo primeiro-ministro lorde Grey. A iniciativa encontrou bastante resistência por parte de facções pró-Pitt no Parlamento que tinham governado o país durante tanto tempo (a oposição foi especialmente virulenta na Câmara dos Lordes). No entanto, devido à pressão da opinião pública, o projeto foi finalmente aprovado. A lei reduziu distorções no sistema, pois concedeu mais cadeiras na Câmara dos Comuns para as grandes cidades que surgiram durante a Revolução Industrial e tirou assentos dos chamados "distritos podres", que tinham populações muito pequenas. Desse modo, foram abolidos 56 distritos, cujas populações estavam superrepresentadas, em outros 30 distritos, ocorreu a redução do número de representantes de dois para um, pois também estavam com a população superrepresentada; enquanto que foram criados novos distritos, em áreas de povoação recente e adicionados novos representantes em distritos onde houve maior crescimento populacional. A lei também aumentou o número de pessoas com direito ao voto, aumentando a massa do eleitorado de cerca de 435 000 para 652 000 eleitores, desse modo, permitindo que um em cada cinco homens adultos votasse, em uma população total de 14 milhões de pessoas. O título completo é Um Ato de Alterar a Representação do Povo, na Inglaterra e País de Gales. A lei só se aplicava para a Inglaterra e País de Gales, mas, no mesmo anos, foram aprovadas reformas eleitorais na Escócia e na Irlanda que trouxeram significativas melhorias. Cabendo mencionar que houve um aumento significativo de eleitores na Escócia, tendo em vista que antes da Reforma seu eleitorado era restrito a cerca de 5 000 eleitores (0,2% da população), foi ampliado para cerca de 65 000 eleitores (13% dos homens adultos ou 2,6% da população). Devido a que outras modificações foram aprovadas posteriormente durante o século XIX; a lei de reforma de 1832 às vezes é denominada a Primeira ou a Grande lei de reforma. (pt) 《1832年改革法令》（英語：Reform Act 1832）是英国在1832年通过的关于擴大英国下議院選民基礎的法令。该議案改变了下議院由托利黨獨佔的状态，加入了中產階級的勢力，是英國議會史的一次重大改革。 (zh) Виборча реформа 1832 року (англ. Reform Act 1832) — парламентський акт, яким було внесено зміни до виборчої системи Великої Британії. (uk) |
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| dbp:citation | 2 (xsd:integer) |
| dbp:introducedBy | Lord Grey, Prime Minister (en) |
| dbp:longTitle | An Act to amend the representation of the people in England and Wales (en) |
| dbp:originalText | https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=Uq0uAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA154&redir_esc=y%23v=onepage&q&f=false |
| dbp:parliament | United Kingdom (en) |
| dbp:relatedLegislation | dbr:Reform_Act_1867 |
| dbp:royalAssent | 1832-06-07 (xsd:date) |
| dbp:shortTitle | Representation of the People Act 1832 (en) |
| dbp:status | repealed (en) |
| dbp:territorialExtent | dbr:England_and_Wales In Scotland and Ireland, the Scottish Reform Act 1832 and Irish Reform Act 1832 applied, respectively. (en) |
| dbp:type | Act (en) |
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| dbp:year | 1832 (xsd:integer) |
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| rdfs:comment | Reformní zákon přijatý britským parlamentem roku 1832, oficiálně An Act to amend the representation of the people in England and Wales, zkráceně Reform Act 1832 znamenal významnou změnu ve volebním systému Spojeného království. Podle jeho preambule byl zákon navržen pro přijetí efektivních opatření pro korekci různých podvodů, které dlouhou dobu doprovázely výběr poslanců do Dolní sněmovny. (cs) Der britische Reform Act von 1832, auch als Great Reform Act bezeichnet, war ein Gesetz, mit dem die Wahlkreiseinteilung für die Wahl des britischen Parlaments zum ersten Mal seit fast 150 Jahren geändert wurde. (de) La Ley de Reforma de 1832 (en inglés: Representation of the People Act 1832, Reform Act 1832 o Great Reform Act) fue una ley del parlamento que introdujo un amplio espectro de cambios al sistema electoral en Inglaterra y Gales. Según el preámbulo, La ley fue diseñada para "tomar medidas efectivas para corregir diversos abusos que han subsistido durante mucho tiempo en cuanto a la Elección de los Miembros que sirven en la Cámara de los Comunes del Parlamento". (es) 1832年国民代表法（1832ねんこくみんだいひょうほう、英語: Representation of the People Act 1832）、または1832年改革法（1832 Reform Act）、大改革法（Great Reform Act）、第一次選挙法改正（First Reform Act、後の選挙法改正との区別という文脈で使われる名称）は、連合王国議会により制定されたイギリスの法律。 (ja) Reform Act 1832 var en parlamentsakt i Förenade kungariket Storbritannien och Irland. Genom den ökade antalet röstberättigade till cirka 813 000 vuxna män, eller totalt en femtedel av den manliga befolkningen. (sv) Избирательная реформа 1832 года (англ. Reform Act 1832) — парламентский акт, которым были внесены изменения в избирательную систему Великобритании. Полное название — «Закон о внесении поправок в представительство в Англии и Уэльсе». Закон действовал только на территории Англии и Уэльса; отдельные законы были приняты для Шотландии и Ирландии в том же году. По мнению видного историка Дэвида Кеннедайна, эта реформа особенно примечательна тем, что ввела в действие двухпартийную парламентскую систему, связанную с классовыми интересами. (ru) 《1832年改革法令》（英語：Reform Act 1832）是英国在1832年通过的关于擴大英国下議院選民基礎的法令。该議案改变了下議院由托利黨獨佔的状态，加入了中產階級的勢力，是英國議會史的一次重大改革。 (zh) Виборча реформа 1832 року (англ. Reform Act 1832) — парламентський акт, яким було внесено зміни до виборчої системи Великої Британії. (uk) كان قانون تمثيل الشعب لعام 1832 (المعروف أيضًا باسم قانون الإصلاح لعام 1832 أو قانون الإصلاح العظيم أو قانون الإصلاح الأول) قانونًا صادرًا عن برلمان المملكة المتحدة (تمت فهرسته على أنه قائمة قوانين برلمان المملكة المتحدة، 1820-1839) الذي أدخل تغييرات كبيرة للنظام الانتخابي في إنجلترا وويلز. فقد ألغى مقاطعات صغيرة، وأعطى تمثيلاً للمدن، ومنح حق التصويت لأصحاب الأراضي الصغار، والمزارعين المستأجرين، وأصحاب المتاجر، وأصحاب المنازل الذين يدفعون إيجارًا سنويًا بقيمة 10 جنيهات إسترلينية أو أكثر، وبعض المستأجرين. تمكّن الرجال المؤهلون فقط من التصويت؛ قدم القانون أول منع قانوني صريح على تصويت النساء، من خلال تعريف الناخب على أنه شخص ذكر. (ar) The Representation of the People Act 1832 (also known as the 1832 Reform Act, Great Reform Act or First Reform Act) was an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom (indexed as 2 & 3 Will. IV c. 45) that introduced major changes to the electoral system of England and Wales. It abolished tiny districts, gave representation to cities, gave the vote to small landowners, tenant farmers, shopkeepers, householders who paid a yearly rental of £10 or more, and some lodgers. Only qualifying men were able to vote; the Act introduced the first explicit statutory bar to women voting by defining a voter as a male person. (en) Representasi Undang-Undang Rakyat 1832 (secara tak resmi dikenal sebagai Undang-Undang Reformasi 1832, Undang-Undang Reformasi Besar atau Undang-Undang Reformasi Pertama untuk membedakannya dari berikutnya) adalah sebuah Undang-undang Parlemen (diindeks sebagai c. 45) yang memperkenalkan perubahan sistem pemilihan Inggris dan Wales dalam skala besar. (in) La Representation of the People Act 1832 (également connue sous le nom de Reform Act de 1832, Great Reform Act ou First Reform Act) est une loi du Parlement du Royaume-Uni (répertoriée 2 & 3 Will. IV c. 45) qui introduit des changements majeurs dans le système électoral de l'Angleterre et du pays de Galles. Il abolit les petits districts, donne une représentation aux villes, donne le droit de vote aux petits propriétaires terriens, aux fermiers, aux commerçants, aux propriétaires de maison qui payent un loyer annuel de 10 £ ou plus et à certains locataires. Seuls les hommes qualifiés pouvaient voter et la loi introduit la première interdiction statutaire explicite du vote des femmes, en définissant un électeur comme une personne de sexe masculin. (fr) La Legge del 1832 sulla Rappresentanza del Popolo (The Representation of the People Act 1832) - comunemente nota come il Reform Act 1832, o anche come La Grande Riforma - è un che ha introdotto ampie modifiche al sistema elettorale inglese e gallese. In accordo al suo preambolo, la riforma era diretta a "prendere le misure necessarie per correggere vari abusi che hanno prevalso a lungo nella scelta dei Membri del Parlamento." (it) A Lei de Reforma de 1832 (em inglês: Representation of the People Act 1832, Reform Act 1832 ou Great Reform Act) foi um ato do parlamento, que introduziu uma ampla gama de mudanças no sistema eleitoral na Inglaterra e País de Gales. De acordo com o preâmbulo, a lei foi concebida para "tomar medidas eficazes para corrigir muitos abusos que já existem há muito tempo sobre a eleição dos membros para servir no Câmara dos Comuns do Reino Unido". (pt) |
| rdfs:label | قانون الإصلاح 1832 (ar) Reformní zákon (1832) (cs) Reform Act 1832 (de) Ley de reforma de 1832 (es) Undang-Undang Reformasi 1832 (in) Reform Act 1832 (fr) Reform Act 1832 (it) 1832年改革法 (ja) Reform Act 1832 (en) Reform Act 1832 (pt) Избирательная реформа (1832) (ru) Reform Act 1832 (sv) Виборча реформа (1832) (uk) 1832年改革法令 (zh) |
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| is dbp:relatedLegislation of | dbr:Representation_of_the_People_(Ireland)_Act_1832 |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of | wikipedia-en:Reform_Act_1832 |
