Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (original) (raw)

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التفاظ/تأيين الليزر بمساعدة المطرس (بالإنجليزية: matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization)‏ (اختصارًا MALDI) هي تقنية تأين، تستعمل طاقة الليزر في امتصاص المطرس لتكوين أيوناتٍ من جزيئاتٍ أكبر مع أقل تجزئةٍ ممكنة.

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dbo:abstract التفاظ/تأيين الليزر بمساعدة المطرس (بالإنجليزية: matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization)‏ (اختصارًا MALDI) هي تقنية تأين، تستعمل طاقة الليزر في امتصاص المطرس لتكوين أيوناتٍ من جزيئاتٍ أكبر مع أقل تجزئةٍ ممكنة. (ar) Matricí asistovaná laserová desorpce/ionizace (zkráceně MALDI) je metoda ionizace, při které se využívá matrice absorbující energii laseru k tvorbě iontů z velkých molekul za minimální fragmentace. Používá se na analýzu biomolekul, například DNA, bílkovin, peptidů a sacharidů) a velkých organických molekul, jako jsou polymery a dendrimery, které jsou nestabilní a při použití jiných způsobů ionizace u nich dochází k fragmentaci. Podobá se elektrosprejové ionizaci (ESI) tím, že u obou metod je nízká míra fragmentace, a také způsobem tvorby iontů z velkých molekul v plynné fázi, u MALDI obvykle vzniká méně iontů s vícenásobnými náboji. Provedení MALDI se skládá ze tří kroků. Nejprve se vzorek smíchá s vhodnou látkou nebo směsí tvořící matrici a aplikuje na kovovou destičku. Poté se vzorek ozáří pulzním laserem, čímž se vyvolá ablaci a desorpci vzorku a matrice. Nakonec se molekuly analytu ionizují protonací nebo deprotonací v proudu horkých ablatovaných plynů a analyzují hmotnostním spektrometrem. (cs) Matrix-unterstützte Laser-Desorption/Ionisation (englisch Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization, MALDI) ist ein Verfahren zur Ionisation von Molekülen. Es erwies sich seit seiner Entwicklung durch Franz Hillenkamp und Michael Karas in den 1980er-Jahren als besonders effektiv für die Massenspektrometrie von großen Molekülen und Polymeren sowie Biopolymeren (z. B. Proteine), wird aber auch für die Detektion von Lipiden und Pigmenten genutzt. Der Laser wirkt nicht direkt auf die großen Moleküle (die bei direkter Einwirkung zerbrechen würden), sondern über eine Matrix, in die sie eingebettet sind. Hauptanwendungsbereich für MALDI-MS ist zumeist der Bereich der medizinischen Forschung. Zusätzlich findet die Technik Anwendung für biologische Fragestellungen, wie die Untersuchung von Polymerisationsreaktionen in komplexen Gemischen ohne Probenaufbereitung in schneller, zeitlicher Abfolge. In den vergangenen Jahren zudem auch in den Umweltwissenschaften. Letzteres besonders durch die Möglichkeit, hochauflösende Daten über das Paläoklima zu erhalten. Meist wird der Begriff MALDI auch als Kurzform für die MALDI-Massenspektrometrie (MALDI-MS; MALDI-TOF-MS) benutzt. Durch die hohe Massengenauigkeit und die Anwendbarkeit auf eine riesige Menge unterschiedlicher Moleküle ist die MALDI-MS in vielen Bereichen einsetzbar. Durch die eingesetzte Technik ist es zudem möglich MALDI-MS als bildgebende Methode für Gewebeschnitte einzusetzen. Hierbei lassen sich unterschiedliche Biomarker in Gewebeschnitten unterscheiden. Das Verfahren wurde von Franz Hillenkamp und Michael Karas 1985 entwickelt. Für ein ähnliches Verfahren (Soft Laser Desorption, SLD), um die gleiche Zeit entwickelt aber erst 1987 bekanntgegeben, erhielt Koichi Tanaka 2002 den Nobelpreis. Ausschlaggebend dabei war, dass Tanaka es erstmals auf Proteine anwandte. (de) La désorption-ionisation laser assistée par matrice (en anglais Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation ou MALDI) est une technique d'ionisation douce utilisée en spectrométrie de masse. Elle permet l'ionisation et la vaporisation de biomolécules comme des biopolymères des protéines, des peptides ou des sucres et de grosses molécules organiques comme les polymères, les dendrimères et autres macromolécules. Ces molécules ont tendance à se fragmenter lorsqu'elles sont ionisées par des méthodes plus conventionnelles. Elle est relativement similaire à l'Ionisation par électronébuliseur (ESI) en douceur relative et en ions produits bien qu'elle crée moins d'ions multichargés. L'ionisation et la vaporisation sont provoquées par un faisceau laser (normalement un (en)). La matrice sert à protéger la biomolécule de la destruction par le faisceau direct et de faciliter la vaporisation et l'ionisation. (fr) In mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is an ionization technique that uses a laser energy absorbing matrix to create ions from large molecules with minimal fragmentation. It has been applied to the analysis of biomolecules (biopolymers such as DNA, proteins, peptides and carbohydrates) and various organic molecules (such as polymers, dendrimers and other macromolecules), which tend to be fragile and fragment when ionized by more conventional ionization methods. It is similar in character to electrospray ionization (ESI) in that both techniques are relatively soft (low fragmentation) ways of obtaining ions of large molecules in the gas phase, though MALDI typically produces far fewer multi-charged ions. MALDI methodology is a three-step process. First, the sample is mixed with a suitable matrix material and applied to a metal plate. Second, a pulsed laser irradiates the sample, triggering ablation and desorption of the sample and matrix material. Finally, the analyte molecules are ionized by being protonated or deprotonated in the hot plume of ablated gases, and then they can be accelerated into whichever mass spectrometer is used to analyse them. (en) マトリックス支援レーザー脱離イオン化法（マトリックスしえんレーザーだつりイオンかほう、英: Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption / Ionization, MALDI）は質量分析におけるサンプルのイオン化法の一つである。日本では「MALDI」をマルディーと呼ぶことが多いが、英語での発音はモールディーに近い。 MALDIの開発と実用化は島津製作所の田中耕一の研究成果に拠るところが大きく、かかる功績により、田中には2002年にノーベル化学賞が授与されている。 (ja) MALDI, de afkorting van matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation, is een belangrijk middel voor de ionisatie van monsters die worden geanalyseerd door middel van massaspectrometrie. De afkorting MALDI wordt vaak gebruikt in combinatie met andere afkortingen uit de massaspectrometrie. (matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight analyzer) is bijvoorbeeld een veelgebruikte techniek om proteïnen, peptiden en polymeren te analyseren. Bij MALDI wordt het monster gekristalliseerd samen met een zogenaamde matrix. Vervolgens worden de matrix-kristallen (met daarin dus de analieten) bestraald met een laser. Via een nog niet geheel opgehelderd proces zorgt dit ervoor dat de analieten losgemaakt worden van de matrix (desorptie) en geïoniseerd worden (ionisatie). De geladen ionen komen door het heersende spanningsveld - dat kan oplopen tot 30 kV - in een massaspectrometer terecht, alwaar de massa bepaald wordt. MALDI kan gebruikt worden voor zeer grote moleculen, zoals eiwitten - tot 500 kDa (kilodalton). Het is een zachte ionisatietechniek, hetgeen impliceert dat de moleculen niet uiteenvallen tijdens die ionisatie. Bovendien zijn de analieten in de regel nauwelijks meervoudig geladen. (nl) In spettrometria di massa il desorbimento/ionizzazione laser assistito da matrice, comunemente indicato con l'acronimo MALDI (dall'inglese Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization), è una tecnica di ionizzazione soft usata in spettrometria di massa a partire dagli anni 1990. La tecnica MALDI è normalmente condotta sotto vuoto (10 mTorr o meno di pressione), ma è possibile anche lavorare a pressione ambiente (AP-MALDI) perdendo però sensibilità e restringendo l'intervallo di rivelabilità. (it) Ionização e dessorção a laser assistida por matriz (MALDI) (inglês:Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization) é uma técnica de ionização branda utilizada em espectrometria de massa, permitindo a análise de biomoléculas (biopolímeros tais como o DNA, proteínas, peptideos e açúcares) e grandes moléculas orgânicas (tais como polímeros, dendrímeros e de outras macromoléculas), que tendem a ser frágeis e se fragmentam quando são ionizadas por métodos de ionização convencionais. É de natureza semelhante a , tanto em relação suavidade quanto aos íons produzidos. A dessorção refere-se ao fenômeno onde uma substância é adsorvida ou absorvida por outro: a amostra a ser analisada é dissolvida em uma matriz (geralmente um ácido orgânico), promovendo a protonação destas moléculas. Na próxima etapa o solvente é evaporado, resultando em uma solução sólido-sólido que é depositada sobre a superfície da sonda e em seguida a mistura é submetida a laser de UV, que conduz à volatilização. Assim um gás com moléculas ionizadas é gerado, sendo esta a condição básica para análise de moléculas por espectrometria de massas (pt) 基质辅助雷射脫附电离（英語：Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ，MALDI）是一种用于质谱法的溫和离子化技术，可以得到用常规离子化方法容易解离為碎片的一些完整大分子质谱訊息，比如生物分子类的DNA，生物高分子、蛋白质、多肽和糖，以及其他大分子量的有机分子，如高分子、树状分子和其他高分子。在这方面类似于同样是软离子化方法的（ESI），不过MALDI更容易得单电荷的离子峰。 MALDI方法过程分为三个步骤。首先，将样品溶液與合适的基质水溶液混合，並取微量混合液體滴置於金属樣品板等待乾燥。第二步，将脉冲激光照射到样本，引发样品和基质材料的電離和。最后，分析物分子與電離後的基質在脫附過程中進行電荷轉移反應，將分析物分子電離。在大多數的生物分子分析上，例如蛋白质及多肽，分析物通常都是以质子化或去质子化形式產生。在MALDI反應之後，所有產生的離子即被金屬樣品板上的電壓加速进入质谱仪来分析。 (zh) Матрично-активированная лазерная десорбция/ионизация, МАЛДИ (от англ. MALDI, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization) — десорбционный метод «мягкой» ионизации, обусловленной воздействием импульсами лазерного излучения на матрицу с анализируемым веществом. Матрица представляет собой материал, свойства которого обуславливают понижение деструктивных свойств лазерного излучения и ионизацию анализируемого вещества. МАЛДИ масс-спектрометрия находит своё широкое применение для анализа нелетучих высокомолекулярных соединений (пептиды, белки, углеводы, олигонуклеотиды и др.) Впервые возможность применения матрицы для подавления фрагментации при анализе нелетучих органических соединений на примере белков и пептидов была продемонстрирована в 1987 году группой ученых в Германии (M. Karas and F. Hillenkamp).За открытие метода МАЛДИ японский инженер Коити Танака известной японской приборостроительной корпорации Shimadzu получил в 2002 году Нобелевскую премию. Обычно используется в сочетании с времяпролетным масс-анализатором. Таким образом, верхний рубеж определяемых масс ограничивается пропускаемой способностью анализатора (около 1MDa). Чувствительность метода: << 1 фемтомоль. (ru)
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rdfs:comment التفاظ/تأيين الليزر بمساعدة المطرس (بالإنجليزية: matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization)‏ (اختصارًا MALDI) هي تقنية تأين، تستعمل طاقة الليزر في امتصاص المطرس لتكوين أيوناتٍ من جزيئاتٍ أكبر مع أقل تجزئةٍ ممكنة. (ar) マトリックス支援レーザー脱離イオン化法（マトリックスしえんレーザーだつりイオンかほう、英: Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption / Ionization, MALDI）は質量分析におけるサンプルのイオン化法の一つである。日本では「MALDI」をマルディーと呼ぶことが多いが、英語での発音はモールディーに近い。 MALDIの開発と実用化は島津製作所の田中耕一の研究成果に拠るところが大きく、かかる功績により、田中には2002年にノーベル化学賞が授与されている。 (ja) In spettrometria di massa il desorbimento/ionizzazione laser assistito da matrice, comunemente indicato con l'acronimo MALDI (dall'inglese Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization), è una tecnica di ionizzazione soft usata in spettrometria di massa a partire dagli anni 1990. La tecnica MALDI è normalmente condotta sotto vuoto (10 mTorr o meno di pressione), ma è possibile anche lavorare a pressione ambiente (AP-MALDI) perdendo però sensibilità e restringendo l'intervallo di rivelabilità. (it) 基质辅助雷射脫附电离（英語：Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ，MALDI）是一种用于质谱法的溫和离子化技术，可以得到用常规离子化方法容易解离為碎片的一些完整大分子质谱訊息，比如生物分子类的DNA，生物高分子、蛋白质、多肽和糖，以及其他大分子量的有机分子，如高分子、树状分子和其他高分子。在这方面类似于同样是软离子化方法的（ESI），不过MALDI更容易得单电荷的离子峰。 MALDI方法过程分为三个步骤。首先，将样品溶液與合适的基质水溶液混合，並取微量混合液體滴置於金属樣品板等待乾燥。第二步，将脉冲激光照射到样本，引发样品和基质材料的電離和。最后，分析物分子與電離後的基質在脫附過程中進行電荷轉移反應，將分析物分子電離。在大多數的生物分子分析上，例如蛋白质及多肽，分析物通常都是以质子化或去质子化形式產生。在MALDI反應之後，所有產生的離子即被金屬樣品板上的電壓加速进入质谱仪来分析。 (zh) Matricí asistovaná laserová desorpce/ionizace (zkráceně MALDI) je metoda ionizace, při které se využívá matrice absorbující energii laseru k tvorbě iontů z velkých molekul za minimální fragmentace. Používá se na analýzu biomolekul, například DNA, bílkovin, peptidů a sacharidů) a velkých organických molekul, jako jsou polymery a dendrimery, které jsou nestabilní a při použití jiných způsobů ionizace u nich dochází k fragmentaci. Podobá se elektrosprejové ionizaci (ESI) tím, že u obou metod je nízká míra fragmentace, a také způsobem tvorby iontů z velkých molekul v plynné fázi, u MALDI obvykle vzniká méně iontů s vícenásobnými náboji. (cs) Matrix-unterstützte Laser-Desorption/Ionisation (englisch Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization, MALDI) ist ein Verfahren zur Ionisation von Molekülen. Es erwies sich seit seiner Entwicklung durch Franz Hillenkamp und Michael Karas in den 1980er-Jahren als besonders effektiv für die Massenspektrometrie von großen Molekülen und Polymeren sowie Biopolymeren (z. B. Proteine), wird aber auch für die Detektion von Lipiden und Pigmenten genutzt. Der Laser wirkt nicht direkt auf die großen Moleküle (die bei direkter Einwirkung zerbrechen würden), sondern über eine Matrix, in die sie eingebettet sind. (de) In mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is an ionization technique that uses a laser energy absorbing matrix to create ions from large molecules with minimal fragmentation. It has been applied to the analysis of biomolecules (biopolymers such as DNA, proteins, peptides and carbohydrates) and various organic molecules (such as polymers, dendrimers and other macromolecules), which tend to be fragile and fragment when ionized by more conventional ionization methods. It is similar in character to electrospray ionization (ESI) in that both techniques are relatively soft (low fragmentation) ways of obtaining ions of large molecules in the gas phase, though MALDI typically produces far fewer multi-charged ions. (en) La désorption-ionisation laser assistée par matrice (en anglais Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation ou MALDI) est une technique d'ionisation douce utilisée en spectrométrie de masse. Elle permet l'ionisation et la vaporisation de biomolécules comme des biopolymères des protéines, des peptides ou des sucres et de grosses molécules organiques comme les polymères, les dendrimères et autres macromolécules. Ces molécules ont tendance à se fragmenter lorsqu'elles sont ionisées par des méthodes plus conventionnelles. Elle est relativement similaire à l'Ionisation par électronébuliseur (ESI) en douceur relative et en ions produits bien qu'elle crée moins d'ions multichargés. (fr) MALDI, de afkorting van matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation, is een belangrijk middel voor de ionisatie van monsters die worden geanalyseerd door middel van massaspectrometrie. De afkorting MALDI wordt vaak gebruikt in combinatie met andere afkortingen uit de massaspectrometrie. (matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight analyzer) is bijvoorbeeld een veelgebruikte techniek om proteïnen, peptiden en polymeren te analyseren. (nl) Ionização e dessorção a laser assistida por matriz (MALDI) (inglês:Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization) é uma técnica de ionização branda utilizada em espectrometria de massa, permitindo a análise de biomoléculas (biopolímeros tais como o DNA, proteínas, peptideos e açúcares) e grandes moléculas orgânicas (tais como polímeros, dendrímeros e de outras macromoléculas), que tendem a ser frágeis e se fragmentam quando são ionizadas por métodos de ionização convencionais. É de natureza semelhante a , tanto em relação suavidade quanto aos íons produzidos. (pt) Матрично-активированная лазерная десорбция/ионизация, МАЛДИ (от англ. MALDI, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization) — десорбционный метод «мягкой» ионизации, обусловленной воздействием импульсами лазерного излучения на матрицу с анализируемым веществом. Матрица представляет собой материал, свойства которого обуславливают понижение деструктивных свойств лазерного излучения и ионизацию анализируемого вещества. МАЛДИ масс-спектрометрия находит своё широкое применение для анализа нелетучих высокомолекулярных соединений (пептиды, белки, углеводы, олигонуклеотиды и др.) (ru)
rdfs:label التفاظ/تأيين الليزر بمساعدة المطرس (ar) MALDI (cs) Matrix-unterstützte Laser-Desorption/Ionisation (de) Désorption-ionisation laser assistée par matrice (fr) MALDI (it) Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (en) マトリックス支援レーザー脱離イオン化法 (ja) MALDI (nl) Ionização e dessorção a laser assistida por matriz (pt) Матрично-активированная лазерная десорбция/ионизация (ru) 基质辅助激光解吸/电离 (zh)
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