Trotskyism (original) (raw)
Ο όρος τροτσκισμός αναφέρεται σε μία ερμηνεία του μαρξισμού - λενινισμού, έτσι όπως τη διατύπωσε ο Λέων Τρότσκι. Ο Τρότσκι θεωρούσε τον εαυτό του έναν ορθόδοξο μαρξιστή-λενινιστή, που υποστήριζε τον σχηματισμό ενός κόμματος «πρωτοπορίας» ή «εμπροσθοφυλακής» στη βάση του δημοκρατικού συγκεντρωτισμού. Η πολιτική του διαφέρει από εκείνη του σταλινισμού, της επικρατούσας εκδοχής λενινισμού στο ανατολικό μπλοκ, έχοντας ως κύριο σημείο διαφοράς την ανάγκη για τη διεθνή «διαρκή επανάσταση» και την καταδίκη της γραφειοκρατικής ελίτ που, κατά τους τροτσκιστές, καρπωνόταν στη Σοβιετική Ένωση το πλεόνασμα του παραγόμενου πλούτου. Μια σειρά κομμάτων και οργανώσεων σε όλο τον κόσμο συνεχίζουν να παρουσιάζονται ως τροτσκιστικά, αν και προσεγγίζουν με διαφορετικό τρόπο τα κείμενα του Τρότσκι.
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| dbo:abstract | El trotskisme és la versió del marxisme desenvolupada per Lev Trotski, qui, considerant-se un marxista ortodox i un bolxevic, defensava la creació d'una avantguarda del partit. Les idees polítiques de Trotski difereixen de les de Stalin, sobretot pel que fa a la necessitat d'una revolució proletària internacional, rebutjant així la teoria del socialisme en un sol país. De fet, el trotskisme es presenta com un retorn al marxisme genuí tal com es practicava en la Revolució Russa i en els primers temps de la Komintern, oposant-se, doncs, a l'adulteració del marxisme perpetrada, segons els trotskistes, per Stalin i els seus seguidors. Nombrosos grups, persones i col·lectius s'han definit com a trotskistes tot i mantenir interpretacions diferents dels escrits de Trotski. (ca) التروتسكية هي تيار شيوعي وضع على يد ليون تروتسكي، وكان الاختلاف الرئيسي بين تروتسكي وجوزيف ستالين حول ثلاث نقاط رئيسية هي أن التروتسكية ترى أن الثورة الاشتراكية يجب أن تكون أممية لابد أن تنتقل للعالم كافة وليس في بلد واحد وقد طرحت هذه الفكرة كشكل مثالي مناقض لأفكار أخرى منها عدم مراعاة التطور غير المتكافئ لأقطار، وأن الطبقة الوحيدة القادرة علي قيادة الثورة الاشتراكية هي العمال بتحالف مع الفلاحين وليس كما طرح ستالين من خلال نظرية الجبهة الشعبية. بالإضافة إلى أن تروتسكي رأى أن قيام الثورة الاشتراكية لا يتطلب أن تصل الرأسمالية لأعلى مراحل تطورها أيشارك في تطوير التروتسكية كل من كريس هارمن وتيد غرانت. تنتظم الحركة التروتسكية في اطار الأممية الرابعة. تعتبر التروتسكية هي نظرية ماركسية كما دعا إليها الثوري الروسي ليون تروتسكي وعرف تروتسكي بأنه والبلشفية اللينينية وأيد تأسيس حزب طليعي للبروليتاريا، الأممية البروليتارية وديكتاتورية البروليتاريا القائمة على التحرر الذاتي للطبقة العاملة . التروتسكيون الستالينية لأنهم يعارضون نظرية جوزيف ستالين للاشتراكية في بلد واحد لصالح نظرية تروتسكي للثورة الدائمة. ينتقد التروتسكيون أيضًا البيروقراطية التي نشأت في الاتحاد السوفيتي تحت حكم ستالين. بموجب أوامر ستالين في أكتوبر عام 1927 تم طرد تروتسكي من السلطة وطُرد من الحزب الشيوعي (نوفمبر 1927)، ونُفي أولاً إلى ألما-آتا (يناير 1928)، ثم من الاتحاد السوفيتي (فبراير 1929). كرئيس للأممية الرابعة واصل تروتسكي من المنفى معارضة البيروقراطية الستالينية في الاتحاد السوفيتي في 20 أغسطس 1940 تعرض تروتسكي للاغتيال من قبل رامون ميركادر عميل NKVD الأسباني المولد وتوفي في المستشفى في اليوم التالي. ويعتبر اغتياله اغتيال سياسي. تم إعدام جميع التروتسكيون تقريبًا داخل الحزب الشيوعي في الاتحاد السوفيتي في عمليات التطهير الكبرى في 1937-1938، مما أدى فعليًا إلى إزالة كل نفوذ تروتسكي الداخلي في الاتحاد السوفيتي. تأسست تروتسكي الرابعة في فرنسا في عام 1938 عندما جادل التروتسكيون بأن الكومنترن أو الأممية الثالثة أصبحت «ضائعة للستالينية»، وبالتالي غير قادرة على قيادة الطبقة العاملة الدولية إلى السلطة السياسية. في استخدام اللغة الإنجليزية المعاصرة، غالبًا ما يطلق على داعية أفكار تروتسكي اسم «التروتسكي». يمكن أن يسمى التروتسكي «تروتسكي» أو «تروت»، خاصة من قبل منتقد التروتسكية. (ar) Trockismus je odnož marxismu v podání Lva Davidoviče Trockého.Trockij byl v roce 1905 zvoleným předsedou petrohradského sovětu, v době ruské revoluce velitelem Rudé armády. Po kritice vývoje v Rusku a roztržce se Stalinem koncem dvacátých let emigroval. Toto názorové hnutí vzniklo jako protiváha stalinismu. Liší se mimo jiné v pojetí socialistické revoluce, která má být v trockismu permanentní. Lev Trockij se zabýval kritikou politiky a ideologie Stalina. Domníval se, že v SSSR vznikla byrokratická kasta, která vládne místo pracující třídy. V souladu s myšlenkami marxismu se Trockij domníval, že tyto byrokratické elity zákonitě vytváří podmínky směřující proti zájmům lidí. Také vystupoval proti Stalinově teorii socialismu v jedné zemi. Jedno z dalších rozpracování myšlenek Trockého přinesl . Domníval se, že ve východním bloku neexistuje žádná forma socialismu, ale státní kapitalismus. Tony Cliff také tvrdí, že skutečnou revoluční silou ve východním bloku tedy nebyly komunistické strany, ale hnutí zdola, například polský odborový svaz Solidarita. (cs) Ο όρος τροτσκισμός αναφέρεται σε μία ερμηνεία του μαρξισμού - λενινισμού, έτσι όπως τη διατύπωσε ο Λέων Τρότσκι. Ο Τρότσκι θεωρούσε τον εαυτό του έναν ορθόδοξο μαρξιστή-λενινιστή, που υποστήριζε τον σχηματισμό ενός κόμματος «πρωτοπορίας» ή «εμπροσθοφυλακής» στη βάση του δημοκρατικού συγκεντρωτισμού. Η πολιτική του διαφέρει από εκείνη του σταλινισμού, της επικρατούσας εκδοχής λενινισμού στο ανατολικό μπλοκ, έχοντας ως κύριο σημείο διαφοράς την ανάγκη για τη διεθνή «διαρκή επανάσταση» και την καταδίκη της γραφειοκρατικής ελίτ που, κατά τους τροτσκιστές, καρπωνόταν στη Σοβιετική Ένωση το πλεόνασμα του παραγόμενου πλούτου. Μια σειρά κομμάτων και οργανώσεων σε όλο τον κόσμο συνεχίζουν να παρουσιάζονται ως τροτσκιστικά, αν και προσεγγίζουν με διαφορετικό τρόπο τα κείμενα του Τρότσκι. (el) Trockiismo aŭ Trockismo estas politika tendenco, sine de la komunismo, kiu defendas la politikajn tezojn de Lev Trockij (esperante Leo Trockio) dum lia vivo, ĉefe kiel opono al la teorioj de Stalino, kiuj triumfis en Sovetunio kaj en la internacia komunista movado. La defendantoj de la trockiistaj teorioj ariĝas en diversaj Internacioj. Ili ĝenerale defendas la malferman kreadon de tendencoj, kaj tial estas tre ofte la skismigo kaj la diserigo de iliaj fortoj. Nuntempe ekzistas granda varieco de partioj kaj asocioj kiuj sin konsideras trockistaj, kaj kiuj tre ofte havas akrajn polemikojn inter si. Ĉiukaze, ili ĉiuj oponas la kapitalismon kaj la stalinismon (kiun aliaj konsideras ortodoksa komunismo). Ilia sinteno al la ceteraj partioj, kaj ĉefe al la socialistaj partioj estas diversa, kaj kelkaj kurentoj de la trockiismo defendis historie la — la partoprenon en la majoritataj partioj por pli influi la laboristan klason. (eo) Der Trotzkismus ist eine von Leo Trotzki ausgehende Richtung des Marxismus sowie ein politischer Kampfbegriff, den Josef Stalin zur Diffamierung und Verfolgung politischer Gegner verwendete. (de) Troskismoa Leon Trotskiren doktrina iraultzailea da. Stalinen iritziaren (sozialismoa herrialde bakarrean) aurka, Trotskik mundu-mailako iraultza aldarrikatzen zuen, eta bere programa aurrera ateratzearren, 1938an IV. Internazionala sortu zuen. Ondoko urteetan, erakunde horretara bilduriko alderdiak ahulak izan ziren eta haien artean banaturik zeuden; haien kide urriek nazi-faxistek eta Stalinek aginduriko zapalkuntza jasan zuten. (eu) El trotskismo es una corriente política teórico-práctica del marxismo desarrollada esencial e inicialmente por León Trotski, así como por algunos miembros de la Oposición de Izquierda y la Cuarta Internacional. En términos generales, en cierta forma representa una contraposición a la visión que aplicó Iósif Stalin del marxismo-leninismo (estalinismo) en la Unión Soviética y a las teorías del mismo como el «socialismo en un solo país», contrapuesta a la teoría de la revolución permanente propuesta por Trotski. (es) Trotskyisme (Inggris: Trotskyism) adalah teori Marxisme seperti yang dianjurkan oleh Leon Trotsky. Trotsky diidentifikasi sebagai Marxis ortodoks dan Bolshevik-Leninis, dan mendukung pendirian sebuah partai pelopor dari kelas pekerja. Politiknya berbeda tajam dari orang-orang dari Stalinisme, karena ia menentang gagasan Joseph Stalin tentang sosialisme di satu negara. Trotsky masih didukung internasionalisme proletar, dan diktatur proletariat berdasarkan kelas pekerja mandiri emansipasi dan demokrasi massa. Dia tidak percaya pada birokrasi yang tidak akuntabel dikembangkan di bawah Stalin setelah kematian Lenin. Vladimir Lenin dan Trotsky yang dekat baik secara ideologis maupun secara pribadi selama Revolusi Rusia dan sesudahnya, beberapa menyebut Trotsky sebagai "co-leader". Namun, Lenin mengkritik ide-ide Trotsky dan kebiasaan politik intra-partai. Trotsky adalah pemimpin tertinggi Tentara Merah Soviet pasca masa revolusi. Trotsky awalnya menentang beberapa aspek Leninisme. Kemudian, ia menyimpulkan bahwa persatuan antara Menshevik dan Bolshevik tidak mungkin, dan bergabung dengan Bolshevik. Trotsky memainkan peran utama dengan Lenin dalam revolusi. Menilai Trotsky, Lenin menulis bahwa, "Trotsky tempo lama mengatakan bahwa penyatuan adalah tidak mungkin. Trotsky memahami hal ini dan sejak saat itu belum ada yang lebih baik dari Bolshevik." Internasional Keempat Trotsky didirikan di Prancis pada tahun 1938 ketika Trotskyis berpendapat bahwa Komintern atau Internasional Ketiga telah menjadi tidak dapat diperbaiki dari "kalahnya Stalinisme" dan dengan demikian mampu memimpin kelas buruh internasional untuk kekuasaan politik. Dalam bahasa Inggris kontemporer, seorang penganjur gagasan Trotsky sering disebut "Trotskyis"; Trotskyis dapat disebut "Trotskyite" atau "Trot", khususnya oleh kritikus Trotskyisme. (in) トロツキズムまたはトロツキー主義（トロツキーしゅぎ、英: Trotskyism、露: Троцкизм）は、レフ・トロツキーによって主張されたマルクス主義および共産主義革命理論のこと。トロツキズムを主張する者をトロツキストという。 当初の呼称はボリシェヴィキ・レーニン主義(英: Bolshevik-Leninism)で、「トロツキスト」はヨシフ・スターリンらによる批判用語を自称に採用したものである。 トロツキストの国際組織には第四インターナショナルなどがある。 (ja) Le trotskisme, parfois nommé bolchévisme-léninisme, est une philosophie politique de type marxiste se réclamant de Léon Trotski, de ses écrits, de son action et de ses idées. L'expression est d'abord apparue chez les staliniens, pour laisser entendre que les idées défendues par Trotski, dans les années 1920 seraient opposées à celles de Lénine. Après 1924, l'idéologie trotskiste se distingue surtout par son opposition à la vision stalinienne du communisme, en contestant le règne de la bureaucratie (nom donné par Trotski à la nomenklatura) et en prônant la démocratie et la liberté de débat au sein du Parti communiste. Le trotskisme soutient en premier lieu les principaux aspects du léninisme, à savoir l'idée de la construction d'un parti ouvrier révolutionnaire, de l'internationalisme et de la dictature du prolétariat comme base de l'autoémancipation de la classe ouvrière et de la démocratie directe. Le terme « trotskisme » est cependant utilisé comme idéologie communiste opposée au « marxisme-léninisme » (stalinisme), notamment à la théorie du « socialisme dans un seul pays », mais surtout pour critiquer la bureaucratie stalinienne qui s'est développée en Union soviétique. Trotski fonde la Quatrième Internationale en France en 1938, à la suite de l'exclusion violente des Oppositions communistes de la Troisième Internationale, et à la répression qui s'est abattue sur les opposants en URSS. Déjà divisé du vivant de Trotski, le trotskisme éclate en multiples tendances (pablisme, lambertisme, Union communiste, posadisme, morenisme…) après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. (fr) Trotskyism is the political ideology and branch of Marxism developed by Ukrainian-Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky and some other members of the Left Opposition and Fourth International. Trotsky self-identified as an orthodox Marxist, a revolutionary Marxist, and Bolshevik–Leninist, a follower of Marx, Engels, and 3L: Vladimir Lenin, Karl Liebknecht, and Rosa Luxemburg. He supported founding a vanguard party of the proletariat, proletarian internationalism, and a dictatorship of the proletariat (as opposed to the "dictatorship of the bourgeoisie", which Marxists argue defines capitalism) based on working-class self-emancipation and mass democracy. Trotskyists are critical of Stalinism as they oppose Joseph Stalin's theory of socialism in one country in favour of Trotsky's theory of permanent revolution. Trotskyists criticize the bureaucracy and anti-democratic current developed in the Soviet Union under Stalin. Vladimir Lenin and Trotsky, despite their ideological disputes, were close personally prior to the London congress of social democrats in 1903 and during the First World War. Lenin and Trotsky were close ideologically and personally during the Russian Revolution and its aftermath, and Trotskyists and some others call Trotsky its "co-leader". Trotsky was the Red Army's paramount leader in the Revolutionary period's direct aftermath. Trotsky initially opposed some aspects of Leninism but eventually concluded that unity between the Mensheviks and Bolsheviks was impossible and joined the Bolsheviks. Trotsky played a leading role with Lenin in the October Revolution. Assessing Trotsky, Lenin wrote: "Trotsky long ago said that unification is impossible. Trotsky understood this and from that time on, there has been no better Bolshevik." In 1927, Trotsky was purged from the Communist Party and Soviet politics. In October, by order of Stalin, Trotsky was removed from power and, in November, expelled from the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks). He was exiled to Alma-Ata (now Almaty) in January 1928 and then expelled from the Soviet Union in February 1929. As the head of the Fourth International, Trotsky continued in exile to oppose what he termed the degenerated workers' state in the Soviet Union. On 20 August 1940, Trotsky was attacked in Mexico City by Ramón Mercader, a Spanish-born NKVD agent, and died the next day in a hospital. His murder is considered a political assassination. Almost all Trotskyists within the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) were executed in the Great Purges of 1937–1938, effectively removing all of Trotsky's internal influence in the Soviet Union. Nikita Khrushchev had come to power as head of the Communist Party in Ukraine, signing lists of other Trotskyists to be executed. Trotsky and the party of Trotskyists were still recognized as enemies of the USSR during Khrushchev's rule of the Soviet Union from 1956. Trotsky's Fourth International was established in the French Third Republic in 1938 when Trotskyists argued that the Comintern or Third International had become irretrievably "lost to Stalinism" and thus incapable of leading the international working class to political power. In contemporary English language usage, an advocate of Trotsky's ideas is often called a "Trotskyist". A Trotskyist may be called a "Trotskyite" or "Trot", especially by a critic of Trotskyism. (en) 트로츠키주의(러시아어: Троцкизм)는 레프 트로츠키의 혁명 이론이다. 트로츠키가 제창한 영구혁명의 입장에서 이오시프 스탈린의 일국사회주의 및 관료주의에 반대하며, 세계 혁명 없이는 사회주의 건설, 수호 및 지속적 발전이 불가능하다고 주장했다. 아울러 멘셰비키적 극좌주의로서 전투적인 노동자 봉기와 프롤레타리아 독재를 주장하던 운동 분파이다. (ko) Trotskisme is de stroming binnen het marxisme/communisme die zich baseert op onder andere de ideeën en methode van de Russische revolutionair Leon Trotski (1879-1940). Samen met Lenin gaf Trotski leiding aan de Oktoberrevolutie en de daarop volgende Rode Terreur. In de jaren twintig en dertig ontstond er binnen de Russische communistische partij een conflict tussen Trotski en diens medestanders (in wat later de Linkse Oppositie zou gaan heten) en het opkomende stalinisme, totdat die laatste fractie de strijd won, waarbij honderdduizenden werden gedood. Trotski werd onder Stalins regime verbannen, en later in ballingschap in Mexico vermoord. Wat betreft Trotski's bijdragen aan de arbeidersbeweging en de socialistische theorie zijn vooral vermeldenswaardig het idee van de 'permanente revolutie', zijn nadruk op internationalisme (tegenover Stalins theorie van 'socialisme in één land'), zijn analyse van het opkomende fascisme bij zijn leven, en het 'overgangsprogramma', dat een brug probeerde te slaan tussen de strijd in het heden en het socialistische einddoel. Trotskisten komen op voor een democratische vorm van communisme die opkomt voor democratisch geplande economie en radendemocratie kent. In de communistische wereld speelde het trotskistische gedachtegoed, ook na de destalinisatie, geen rol van betekenis meer. 'Trotskisme' was in deze landen weinig meer dan een scheldwoord. Zijn grootste invloed heeft deze ideologie in het westen gehad, waar diverse communistische partijen deze ideologie omarmden. Zulke partijen zijn relatief populair in Frankrijk, waar bij de presidentsverkiezingen van 2002 10% van de kiezers op een van de deelnemende trotskistische partijen stemde. Ook de linkervleugel van de Britse Arbeiderspartij kende voorheen een trotskistische factie, die in de jaren tachtig, met name in de Londense voorsteden, een politieke factor van belang was. In Nederland zijn het tegenwoordig onder andere de socialistische organisatie Offensief, de Internationale Socialisten (IS), Socialistisch Alternatieve Politiek (SAP) en Vonk die een trotskistische achtergrond hebben. De eerste trotskistische partij in Nederland was de vooroorlogse Revolutionair-Socialistische Partij van Henk Sneevliet.In België zijn de voornaamste trotskistische organisaties LSP (Linkse Socialistische Partij) / PSL (Parti Socialiste de Lutte), GA (Gauche anticapitaliste) / SAP, POS en Vonk. (nl) Il trockismo (in russo: троцкизм?, traslitterato: trockizm, in ucraino: троцькізм?, traslitterato: troc'kizm, grafie alternative: trozkismo, trotzkismo, trotskismo ecc.; pronuncia /troʦˈkizmo/) è l'ideologia politica che fa riferimento al pensiero di Lev Trockij, uno dei candidati alla successione di Lenin nel 1924. Il concetto principale della teoria trockista è l'idea dell'espansione della rivoluzione socialista in tutto il mondo, sull'esempio di quella sovietica del 1917. Trockij sosteneva che la teoria formulata da Iosif Stalin del "socialismo in un solo paese" fosse una rottura con l'internazionalismo proletario. (it) Trockizm – jeden z nurtów komunizmu oparty na poglądach Lwa Trockiego. Trockizm powstał w ZSRR w toku sporu o taktykę partii bolszewickiej i światowego ruchu komunistycznego po śmierci Włodzimierza Lenina. (pl) Троцки́зм — политическое учение Л. Д. Троцкого, развившееся в рамках марксизма. Основными новшествами являются теория перманентной революции, теория деформированного рабочего государства, теория пролетарского бонапартизма, переходная программа коммунистических партий, описанные в трудах Л. Д. Троцкого и других лидеров Левой оппозиции в 1920-е — 1930-е годы и представителями и Четвёртого интернационала. Троцкий объявлял, что его учение основано на теориях и идеях, изложенных в книгах и других трудах Карла Маркса, Фридриха Энгельса, Владимира Ленина, при сохранении приверженности их идеям, классическим марксизму и большевизму, защищая их подлинные идеи, при этом дополняя и развивая их. Основными работами Льва Троцкого являются книги «Перманентная революция», «Преданная революция», а также брошюра «», ставшая официальной программой Четвёртого интернационала, написанной по принципу переходной программы. Среди крупных теоретиков троцкизма после смерти Троцкого были Тед Грант, Алан Вудс и другие. В качестве самоназвания троцкизма также используется: левая оппозиция, большевики-ленинцы, революционные марксисты, марксисты. В СССР в 1920-1930-е годы конкурировал со сталинизмом и марксизмом-ленинизмом, считая их вредным искажением большевизма в политически правую сторону. (ru) O trotskismo é uma doutrina marxista baseada nos escritos do político e revolucionário ucraniano Leon Trótski. É formulada como teoria política e ideológica, apresentada como vertente do socialismo e comunismo por oposição ao stalinismo. Em 1946, Hermínio Sacchetta, dirigente trotskista brasileiro nas décadas de 1940 e 1950, define assim o trotskismo: (pt) Trotskism är en marxistisk riktning som bygger på Marx, Engels, Lenins och Trotskijs idéer. Den kritiserar skarpt stalinismen som växte fram i Sovjetunionen. Trotskij kallade sig själv aldrig för ”trotskist” utan använde istället ordet "bolsjevik-leninism" för att beskriva sin politik. Trotskismen är utpräglat revolutionär och internationalistisk och betonar särskilt världsrevolutionens historiska kontinuitet, såsom Lev Trotskij beskrev i Den permanenta revolutionen och Lenin insåg under den ryska revolutionen. Det innebär att i länder där den borgerliga revolutionen inte kan genomföras av borgarklassen själv måste den utföras av arbetarna, och därmed övergå i en socialistisk revolution vilken för att överleva måste gå vidare till att bli en världsrevolution. En vänsteropposition ledd av Trotskij arbetade efter Lenins död 1924 inom den kommunistiska (tredje) internationalen Komintern. 1938 lämnade de Komintern och bildade på Trotskijs initiativ en ny revolutionär international, Fjärde internationalen. Organisationen splittrades 1952–1953 och sedan dess finns ett antal internationella organisationer som hänvisar till Trotskij. Stalinisterna fördömde trotskismen som kosmopolitisk och revisionistisk. Under Stalins utrensningar och under den stora terrorn i Sovjet från 1920-talets mitt fram till andra världskriget var "trotskism" en vanlig konstruerad anklagelse mot dem som avrättades eller deporterades. Trotskij mördades i Mexiko 1940 på uppdrag av Stalin. Ett av pionjärpartierna i den trotskistiska rörelsen var det amerikanska partiet Socialist Workers Party som byggdes upp under 1930-talet av James P. Cannon i samarbete med Trotskij själv. Trotskister har också använt entrism som metod, det vill säga att gå in i redan befintliga partier och organisationer, eller att arbeta inom dessa, för att försöka påverka dem åt vänster. Detta gjordes ursprungligen 1934, då Trotskij rekommenderade de franska trotskisterna att gå in i franska socialistpartiet. Det finns exempel på fler länder där trotskister har utövat entrism, till exempel Storbritannien där den trotskistiska organisationen The Militant utgjorde en tendens inom Labour. I Sverige användes taktiken gentemot SSU och socialdemokraterna av Arbetarförbundet Offensiv (numera Rättvisepartiet Socialisterna) på 1970-talet. (sv) 托洛茨基主义（俄語：Троцкизм；英語：Trotskyism）是马克思主义、列宁主义革命传统的延续，其名称来自其最早的理论建立者、十月革命实际指挥者、苏联红军缔造者和领导者、第三国际创建者、第四国际创建者及其精神领袖列夫·达维多维奇·托洛茨基。托洛茨基自视为布尔什维克列宁主义者、正统马克思主义者、革命马克思主义者，主张建立列宁式的无产阶级先锋队政党，反对官僚主义，实现真正意义上的民主集中制，拥护无产阶级国际主义和不断革命，和一个基于工人阶级自我解放和工人民主的无产阶级专政。托洛茨基还批判斯大林时期苏联发展起来的官僚主义和反民主思潮。 虽然托洛茨基从未称自己为“托洛茨基主义者”，而是用“布尔什维克列宁主义”一词来描述他的政治主张。但托洛茨基思想的倡导者普遍被称作托洛茨基主义者或托洛茨基派、托派。 (zh) Троцькізм — ідейно-політична течія в марксизмі, виникла в 1903 на II з'їзді РСДРП. Названа іменем її головного теоретика Льва Давидовича Троцького (Бронштейна) (1879 — 1940). (uk) |
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| dbp:sign | Joseph Stalin (en) Karl Marx (en) Leon Trotsky (en) Vladimir Lenin (en) Pavel Milyukov (en) |
| dbp:source | 0001-11-06 (xsd:gMonthDay) Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League (en) History of the Russian Revolution (en) Results and Prospects (en) Speech at Tenth Congress of the RCP (en) The Elections to the Second State Duma (en) The Stalin School of Falsification, p. 87, Pathfinder . (en) The Revolution Betrayed: What Is the Soviet Union and Where Is It Going?, p. 279, Pathfinder (en) |
| dbp:text | The factory system brings the proletariat to the foreground [...] The proletariat immediately found itself concentrated in tremendous masses, while between these masses and the autocracy there stood a capitalist bourgeoisie, very small in numbers, isolated from the "people", half-foreign, without historical traditions, and inspired only by the greed for gain. (en) [...] to make the revolution permanent until all the more or less propertied classes have been driven from their ruling positions, until the proletariat has conquered state power and until the association of the proletarians has progressed sufficiently far—not only in one country but in all the leading countries of the world—that competition between the proletarians of these countries ceases and at least the decisive forces of production are concentrated in the hands of the workers. (en) All practical work in connection with the organisation of the uprising was done under the immediate direction of Comrade Trotsky, the President of the Petrograd Soviet. It can be stated with certainty that the Party is indebted primarily and principally to Comrade Trotsky for the rapid going over of the garrison to the side of the Soviet and the efficient manner in which the work of the Military Revolutionary Committee was organized. (en) [...] up to the outbreak of the February revolution and for a time after Trotskyism did not mean the idea that it was impossible to build a socialist society within the national boundaries of Russia . Trotskyism meant the idea that the Russian proletariat might win the power in advance of the Western proletariat, and that in that case it could not confine itself within the limits of a democratic dictatorship but would be compelled to undertake the initial socialist measures. It is not surprising, then, that the April theses of Lenin were condemned as Trotskyist. (en) In the year 1918, Stalin, at the very outset of his campaign against me, found it necessary, as we have already learned, to write the following words: "All the work of practical organization of the insurrection was carried out under the direct leadership of the Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet, comrade Trotsky..." With full responsibility for my words, I am now compelled to say that the cruel massacre of the Chinese proletariat and the Chinese Revolution at its three most important turning points, the strengthening of the position of the trade union agents of British imperialism after the General Strike of 1926, and, finally, the general weakening of the position of the Communist International and the Soviet Union, the party owes principally and above all to Stalin. (en) During the first ten years of its struggle, the Left Opposition did not abandon the program of ideological conquest of the party for that of conquest of power against the party. Its slogan was: reform, not revolution. The bureaucracy, however, even in those times, was ready for any revolution in order to defend itself against a democratic reform. In 1927, when the struggle reached an especially bitter stage, Stalin declared at a session of the Central Committee, addressing himself to the Opposition: "Those cadres can be removed only by civil war!" What was a threat in Stalin’s words became, thanks to a series of defeats of the European proletariat, a historic fact. The road of reform was turned into a road of revolution. (en) Those who reproach the Kadets with failure to protest at that time, by organising meetings, against the "revolutionary illusions" of Trotskyism and the relapse into Blanquism, simply do not understand [...] the mood of the democratic public at meetings during that period. (en) We have stressed in a good many written works, in all our public utterances, and in all our statements in the press that [...] the socialist revolution can triumph only on two conditions. First, if it is given timely support by a socialist revolution in one or several advanced countries. (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | Ο όρος τροτσκισμός αναφέρεται σε μία ερμηνεία του μαρξισμού - λενινισμού, έτσι όπως τη διατύπωσε ο Λέων Τρότσκι. Ο Τρότσκι θεωρούσε τον εαυτό του έναν ορθόδοξο μαρξιστή-λενινιστή, που υποστήριζε τον σχηματισμό ενός κόμματος «πρωτοπορίας» ή «εμπροσθοφυλακής» στη βάση του δημοκρατικού συγκεντρωτισμού. Η πολιτική του διαφέρει από εκείνη του σταλινισμού, της επικρατούσας εκδοχής λενινισμού στο ανατολικό μπλοκ, έχοντας ως κύριο σημείο διαφοράς την ανάγκη για τη διεθνή «διαρκή επανάσταση» και την καταδίκη της γραφειοκρατικής ελίτ που, κατά τους τροτσκιστές, καρπωνόταν στη Σοβιετική Ένωση το πλεόνασμα του παραγόμενου πλούτου. Μια σειρά κομμάτων και οργανώσεων σε όλο τον κόσμο συνεχίζουν να παρουσιάζονται ως τροτσκιστικά, αν και προσεγγίζουν με διαφορετικό τρόπο τα κείμενα του Τρότσκι. (el) Der Trotzkismus ist eine von Leo Trotzki ausgehende Richtung des Marxismus sowie ein politischer Kampfbegriff, den Josef Stalin zur Diffamierung und Verfolgung politischer Gegner verwendete. (de) Troskismoa Leon Trotskiren doktrina iraultzailea da. Stalinen iritziaren (sozialismoa herrialde bakarrean) aurka, Trotskik mundu-mailako iraultza aldarrikatzen zuen, eta bere programa aurrera ateratzearren, 1938an IV. Internazionala sortu zuen. Ondoko urteetan, erakunde horretara bilduriko alderdiak ahulak izan ziren eta haien artean banaturik zeuden; haien kide urriek nazi-faxistek eta Stalinek aginduriko zapalkuntza jasan zuten. (eu) El trotskismo es una corriente política teórico-práctica del marxismo desarrollada esencial e inicialmente por León Trotski, así como por algunos miembros de la Oposición de Izquierda y la Cuarta Internacional. En términos generales, en cierta forma representa una contraposición a la visión que aplicó Iósif Stalin del marxismo-leninismo (estalinismo) en la Unión Soviética y a las teorías del mismo como el «socialismo en un solo país», contrapuesta a la teoría de la revolución permanente propuesta por Trotski. (es) トロツキズムまたはトロツキー主義（トロツキーしゅぎ、英: Trotskyism、露: Троцкизм）は、レフ・トロツキーによって主張されたマルクス主義および共産主義革命理論のこと。トロツキズムを主張する者をトロツキストという。 当初の呼称はボリシェヴィキ・レーニン主義(英: Bolshevik-Leninism)で、「トロツキスト」はヨシフ・スターリンらによる批判用語を自称に採用したものである。 トロツキストの国際組織には第四インターナショナルなどがある。 (ja) 트로츠키주의(러시아어: Троцкизм)는 레프 트로츠키의 혁명 이론이다. 트로츠키가 제창한 영구혁명의 입장에서 이오시프 스탈린의 일국사회주의 및 관료주의에 반대하며, 세계 혁명 없이는 사회주의 건설, 수호 및 지속적 발전이 불가능하다고 주장했다. 아울러 멘셰비키적 극좌주의로서 전투적인 노동자 봉기와 프롤레타리아 독재를 주장하던 운동 분파이다. (ko) Il trockismo (in russo: троцкизм?, traslitterato: trockizm, in ucraino: троцькізм?, traslitterato: troc'kizm, grafie alternative: trozkismo, trotzkismo, trotskismo ecc.; pronuncia /troʦˈkizmo/) è l'ideologia politica che fa riferimento al pensiero di Lev Trockij, uno dei candidati alla successione di Lenin nel 1924. Il concetto principale della teoria trockista è l'idea dell'espansione della rivoluzione socialista in tutto il mondo, sull'esempio di quella sovietica del 1917. Trockij sosteneva che la teoria formulata da Iosif Stalin del "socialismo in un solo paese" fosse una rottura con l'internazionalismo proletario. (it) Trockizm – jeden z nurtów komunizmu oparty na poglądach Lwa Trockiego. Trockizm powstał w ZSRR w toku sporu o taktykę partii bolszewickiej i światowego ruchu komunistycznego po śmierci Włodzimierza Lenina. (pl) O trotskismo é uma doutrina marxista baseada nos escritos do político e revolucionário ucraniano Leon Trótski. É formulada como teoria política e ideológica, apresentada como vertente do socialismo e comunismo por oposição ao stalinismo. Em 1946, Hermínio Sacchetta, dirigente trotskista brasileiro nas décadas de 1940 e 1950, define assim o trotskismo: (pt) 托洛茨基主义（俄語：Троцкизм；英語：Trotskyism）是马克思主义、列宁主义革命传统的延续，其名称来自其最早的理论建立者、十月革命实际指挥者、苏联红军缔造者和领导者、第三国际创建者、第四国际创建者及其精神领袖列夫·达维多维奇·托洛茨基。托洛茨基自视为布尔什维克列宁主义者、正统马克思主义者、革命马克思主义者，主张建立列宁式的无产阶级先锋队政党，反对官僚主义，实现真正意义上的民主集中制，拥护无产阶级国际主义和不断革命，和一个基于工人阶级自我解放和工人民主的无产阶级专政。托洛茨基还批判斯大林时期苏联发展起来的官僚主义和反民主思潮。 虽然托洛茨基从未称自己为“托洛茨基主义者”，而是用“布尔什维克列宁主义”一词来描述他的政治主张。但托洛茨基思想的倡导者普遍被称作托洛茨基主义者或托洛茨基派、托派。 (zh) Троцькізм — ідейно-політична течія в марксизмі, виникла в 1903 на II з'їзді РСДРП. Названа іменем її головного теоретика Льва Давидовича Троцького (Бронштейна) (1879 — 1940). (uk) التروتسكية هي تيار شيوعي وضع على يد ليون تروتسكي، وكان الاختلاف الرئيسي بين تروتسكي وجوزيف ستالين حول ثلاث نقاط رئيسية هي أن التروتسكية ترى أن الثورة الاشتراكية يجب أن تكون أممية لابد أن تنتقل للعالم كافة وليس في بلد واحد وقد طرحت هذه الفكرة كشكل مثالي مناقض لأفكار أخرى منها عدم مراعاة التطور غير المتكافئ لأقطار، وأن الطبقة الوحيدة القادرة علي قيادة الثورة الاشتراكية هي العمال بتحالف مع الفلاحين وليس كما طرح ستالين من خلال نظرية الجبهة الشعبية. (ar) El trotskisme és la versió del marxisme desenvolupada per Lev Trotski, qui, considerant-se un marxista ortodox i un bolxevic, defensava la creació d'una avantguarda del partit. Les idees polítiques de Trotski difereixen de les de Stalin, sobretot pel que fa a la necessitat d'una revolució proletària internacional, rebutjant així la teoria del socialisme en un sol país. De fet, el trotskisme es presenta com un retorn al marxisme genuí tal com es practicava en la Revolució Russa i en els primers temps de la Komintern, oposant-se, doncs, a l'adulteració del marxisme perpetrada, segons els trotskistes, per Stalin i els seus seguidors. (ca) Trockismus je odnož marxismu v podání Lva Davidoviče Trockého.Trockij byl v roce 1905 zvoleným předsedou petrohradského sovětu, v době ruské revoluce velitelem Rudé armády. Po kritice vývoje v Rusku a roztržce se Stalinem koncem dvacátých let emigroval. Toto názorové hnutí vzniklo jako protiváha stalinismu. Liší se mimo jiné v pojetí socialistické revoluce, která má být v trockismu permanentní. (cs) Trockiismo aŭ Trockismo estas politika tendenco, sine de la komunismo, kiu defendas la politikajn tezojn de Lev Trockij (esperante Leo Trockio) dum lia vivo, ĉefe kiel opono al la teorioj de Stalino, kiuj triumfis en Sovetunio kaj en la internacia komunista movado. Ĉiukaze, ili ĉiuj oponas la kapitalismon kaj la stalinismon (kiun aliaj konsideras ortodoksa komunismo). Ilia sinteno al la ceteraj partioj, kaj ĉefe al la socialistaj partioj estas diversa, kaj kelkaj kurentoj de la trockiismo defendis historie la — la partoprenon en la majoritataj partioj por pli influi la laboristan klason. (eo) Trotskyisme (Inggris: Trotskyism) adalah teori Marxisme seperti yang dianjurkan oleh Leon Trotsky. Trotsky diidentifikasi sebagai Marxis ortodoks dan Bolshevik-Leninis, dan mendukung pendirian sebuah partai pelopor dari kelas pekerja. Politiknya berbeda tajam dari orang-orang dari Stalinisme, karena ia menentang gagasan Joseph Stalin tentang sosialisme di satu negara. Trotsky masih didukung internasionalisme proletar, dan diktatur proletariat berdasarkan kelas pekerja mandiri emansipasi dan demokrasi massa. Dia tidak percaya pada birokrasi yang tidak akuntabel dikembangkan di bawah Stalin setelah kematian Lenin. (in) Le trotskisme, parfois nommé bolchévisme-léninisme, est une philosophie politique de type marxiste se réclamant de Léon Trotski, de ses écrits, de son action et de ses idées. L'expression est d'abord apparue chez les staliniens, pour laisser entendre que les idées défendues par Trotski, dans les années 1920 seraient opposées à celles de Lénine. Après 1924, l'idéologie trotskiste se distingue surtout par son opposition à la vision stalinienne du communisme, en contestant le règne de la bureaucratie (nom donné par Trotski à la nomenklatura) et en prônant la démocratie et la liberté de débat au sein du Parti communiste. (fr) Trotskyism is the political ideology and branch of Marxism developed by Ukrainian-Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky and some other members of the Left Opposition and Fourth International. Trotsky self-identified as an orthodox Marxist, a revolutionary Marxist, and Bolshevik–Leninist, a follower of Marx, Engels, and 3L: Vladimir Lenin, Karl Liebknecht, and Rosa Luxemburg. He supported founding a vanguard party of the proletariat, proletarian internationalism, and a dictatorship of the proletariat (as opposed to the "dictatorship of the bourgeoisie", which Marxists argue defines capitalism) based on working-class self-emancipation and mass democracy. Trotskyists are critical of Stalinism as they oppose Joseph Stalin's theory of socialism in one country in favour of Trotsky's theory of perma (en) Trotskisme is de stroming binnen het marxisme/communisme die zich baseert op onder andere de ideeën en methode van de Russische revolutionair Leon Trotski (1879-1940). Samen met Lenin gaf Trotski leiding aan de Oktoberrevolutie en de daarop volgende Rode Terreur. In de jaren twintig en dertig ontstond er binnen de Russische communistische partij een conflict tussen Trotski en diens medestanders (in wat later de Linkse Oppositie zou gaan heten) en het opkomende stalinisme, totdat die laatste fractie de strijd won, waarbij honderdduizenden werden gedood. Trotski werd onder Stalins regime verbannen, en later in ballingschap in Mexico vermoord. (nl) Trotskism är en marxistisk riktning som bygger på Marx, Engels, Lenins och Trotskijs idéer. Den kritiserar skarpt stalinismen som växte fram i Sovjetunionen. Trotskij kallade sig själv aldrig för ”trotskist” utan använde istället ordet "bolsjevik-leninism" för att beskriva sin politik. Ett av pionjärpartierna i den trotskistiska rörelsen var det amerikanska partiet Socialist Workers Party som byggdes upp under 1930-talet av James P. Cannon i samarbete med Trotskij själv. (sv) Троцки́зм — политическое учение Л. Д. Троцкого, развившееся в рамках марксизма. Основными новшествами являются теория перманентной революции, теория деформированного рабочего государства, теория пролетарского бонапартизма, переходная программа коммунистических партий, описанные в трудах Л. Д. Троцкого и других лидеров Левой оппозиции в 1920-е — 1930-е годы и представителями и Четвёртого интернационала. (ru) |
| rdfs:label | Trotskyism (en) تروتسكية (ar) Trotskisme (ca) Trockismus (cs) Trotzkismus (de) Τροτσκισμός (el) Trockiismo (eo) Troskismo (eu) Trotskismo (es) Trotskyisme (in) Trockismo (it) Trotskisme (fr) トロツキズム (ja) 트로츠키주의 (ko) Trotskisme (nl) Trockizm (pl) Trotskismo (pt) Троцкизм (ru) Trotskism (sv) 托洛茨基主义 (zh) Троцькізм (uk) |
| rdfs:seeAlso | dbr:List_of_Trotskyist_organizations_by_country |
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| is dbp:type of | dbr:Anti-Racist_Action |
| is rdfs:seeAlso of | dbr:Marxist_bibliography |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of | wikipedia-en:Trotskyism |
