Syria (original) (raw)

Syria

to 30 Sep 1918	30 Sep 1918 - 8 Mar 1920	8 Mar 1920 - 24 Jul 1920
24 Jul 1920 - 1 Sep 1920	28 Jun 1922 - 14 May 1930	14 May 1930 - 1 Jan 1932
1 Jan 1932 - 8 Apr 1958; 29 Sep 1961 - 8 Mar 1963 (Revolt flag from 2012)	8 Apr 1958 - 28 Sep 1961 UAR	8 Mar 1963 - 1 Jan 1972
2 Jan 1972 - 30 Mar 1980	Re-adopted 30 Mar 1980

Walis (governors) of Damascus
Sep 1516 Yunus Pasha (d. 1517)
Oct 1516 - 1517 Shihab ad-Din Ahma bin Yahya
1517 - 1518 Nuh Celebi (acting)
Mar 1518 - 1521 Djanbirdi al-Ghazali (d. 1521)
1521 - 1522 Ayas Mehmed Pasha (b. 1483 - d. 1539)
1522 - 1523 Ferhad Pasha
Jun 1523 - 1525 H�rrem Pasha (d. 1526)
Jan 1525 - 1526 S�leyman Pasha at-Tawash
Aug 1526 - 1528 Lufti Pasha (1st time)
May 1528 - 1531 Isabey Pasha Cenderli (1st time) (d. 1535)
Jun 1531 - 1534 Mustafa Ablaq Pasha
Feb 1534 - 1535 Lufti Pasha (2nd time)
Jul 1535 Isabey Pasha (2nd time)
Jan 1536 - 1536/37 Mehmed Kuzal Pasha
1536/37 - 1538 Topal S�leyman Pasha
1538 - 1539 Ahmed Pasha
1539 - 1541 K�se H�srev Pasha
1541 - 1543 �andarli Isa Pasha
1543 - 1545 Piri Pasha (1st time)
1545 - 1500 Hadim Sinan Pasha
1550 - 1551 Piri Pasha (2nd time)
1551 - 1552 Tekeoglu Mehmed Pasha
1552 - 1555 Samsi Ahmed Pasha (b. 1492 - d. 1580)
1555 - 1561 Hizr Pasha
1561 - 1563 Garu Ali Pasha (1st time)
1563 H�srev Pasha
1563 - 1569 Lal Mustafa Pasha (b. c.1500 - d. 1580)
1569 Sheytan Murad Pasha (d. 1570)
1569 - 1570 Garu Ali Pasha (2nd time)
1570 - 1571 Haji Ahmed Pasha
1571 - 1574 Dervish Pasha (d. 1574/75)
1574 - 1575 Lala Jafar Pasha
1575 - 1577 Murad Pasha (1st time)
1577 - 1581 Hasan Pasha (1st time) (d. 1602)
1581 Damad-i-Sehriyari Ibrahim Pasha
1581 - 1582 Bahram Pasha
1582 - 1583 Bodur H�seyin Pasha (d. 1595)
1583 Hasan Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1584 Qubad S�leyman Pasha
1584 - 1585 �veys Pasha (1st time)
Oct 1585 - 1586 Elvendoglu Ali Pasha
1586 Koca Sinan Pasha (d. 1596)
1586 - 1587 �veys Pasha (2nd time)
1587 - 1588 Mehmed Pasha Ferhad
1588 - 1589 �veys Pasha (3rd time)
1589 - 1590 Ali Pasha Elvenzade
1590 Ko�a Sinan Pasha (b. 1506 - d. 1596)
1590 - 1591 Hasan Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
1591 - 1592 Mustafa Pasha
1592 - 1593 Khalil Pasha
1593 - 1594 �agirci Mehmed Pasha
1594 Hasan Pasha (5th time)
1594 Ali Pasha Bostanci
1594 - 1595 Murad Pasha (b. 1535 - d. 1611)
1595 - 1596 H�srev Pasha II (1st time)
1596 - 1597 Razia Hutunzade Mustafa Pasha
Dec 1597 - 1598 Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha
bin al-Djaffal
1598 Ahmed Pasha II
1598 - 1599 Ahmed Pasha III
1599 H�srev Pasha II (2nd time)
1599 - 1600 "Cerrah" Mehmed Pasha (d. 1604)
1600 Mahmud Pasha (1st time)
1600 - 1603 Osman Pasha (1st time)
1603 - 1604 Ferhad Pasha Bustanci
1604 Canbalatzade Mehmed Pasha
1604 - 160. Mustafa Pasha II
1605 - 1606? Koca Faragi Osman Pasha
1607 - 1608 Mahmud Pasha (2nd time)
1608 Hadim G�rc� Mehmed Pasha (d. 1626)
1608 - 1609 Sufi Sinan Pasha at-Talki
Apr 1609 - 1615 Hafiz Ahmed Pasha (1st time) (b. 1594 - d. 1632)
Feb 1615 - 1617 Silahdar Mehmed Pasha
1617 - 1618 Damad Ahmed Pasha
1618 Mehmed Pasha al-Djuqadar
1618 - 1619 Hafiz Ahmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1619 - 1620 Mustafa Pasha III
1620 - 1621 S�leyman Pasha I
1621 - 1622 Murtaza Pasha Bostanci
1622 - 1623 Mehmed Pasha Rushand
1623 - 1624 Mustafa Pasha al-Hannaq
1624 - 1625 Nigdeli Mustafa Pasha
1625 - 1626 G�rci Mehmed Pasha I
1626 - 1628 Tayyar-oglu Mehmed Pasha
1628 - 1629 K���k Ahmed Pasha (1st time) (d. 1636)
1629 - 1630 Mustafa Pasha IV (1st time)
1630 - 1631 Nawaya Mehmed Pasha
1631? Cevzak S�leyman Pasha
1632 - 1633 Ilyas Pasha
1633 Debbag Mehmed Pasha
1633 - 1635 Deli Yusuf Pasha
1635 - 1636 K���k Ahmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1636 Biykli Mustafa Pasha
1636/37 - 1638 Dervish Mehmed Pasha
1638 - 1639 Mustafa Pasha IV (2nd time)
1639 - 1640 Cifteli Othman Pasha
1640 - 1641 Mehmed Pasha I
1641 - 1642 Serji Ahmed Pasha
1642 - 1643 Melek Ahmed Pasha
1643 Sultanzade Mehmed Pasha (b. 1603 - d. 1646)
Ghawan Qabughi
1643 Silihdar Yusuf Pasha (1st time) (b. c.1604 - d. 1646)
1643 - 1644 Boynuegri Durak Mehmed Pasha
1644 - 1645 G�r�� Mehmed Pasha II (1st time)
1645 Ibrahim Pasha I
1645 - 1646 Mehmed Pasha Salami
1646 G�r�� Mehmed Pasha II (2nd time)
1646 - 1647 Silihadar Yusuf Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1647 Sufi Murteza Pasha
1648 - 1649 Sofu Mehmed Pasha (d. 1649)
1649 Damad Ibshir Mustafa Pasha
1649 - 1650 Mehmed Pasha II
1650 Silihdar Murteza Pasha (1st time)
1650 - 1651 Shivasli Mustafa Pasha
1651 - Nov 1651 G�rc� Mehmed Pasha (3rd time)
1651 - 1652 Haseki Mehmed Pasha (1st time)
1652 - 1653 Defterdarzade Mehmed Pasha (d. 1656)
1653 - 1655 Halicizade Mehmed Pasha
1655 Gazi Pasha Shahsuvar-odjlu
1655 Kara Murad Pasha (d. 1655)
(did not take office)
1655 - 1656 Haseki Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
1656 Boynuegri Durak Mehmed Pasha
Aug/Sep 1656 - Dec 1656 Siyavush Pasha
1656 - 1657 Mustafa Pasha
1657 - 1658 Silihdar Murteza Pasha (2nd time)
1658 Tayyardzade Mehmed Pasha
1658 - 1659/60 Nuri Mehmed Pasha
1659/60 - Jun 1660 G�rc� Mustafa Pasha
1660 - 1661 K�pr�l� Fazil Ahmed Pasha (b. 1635 - d. 1676)
1661 - 1662 S�leyman Pasha II
Feb/Mar 1662 - 1663 Kanbur Mustafa Pasha
1663 - 1665 Rilibeli Mustafa Pasha
1665 - 1666 Salih Pasha I
1666 �avuszade Mehmed Pasha
1666 - 1667 Qara Mustafa Pasha
1667 - 1669 Mehmed Pasha Chewish Oglu
1669 - 1671 Ibrahim Pasha Shaytan
1671 - 1672 Abazekh Husein Pasha (1st time)
1672 - 1673 Qara Mehmed Pasha
1673 - 1674 Ibrahim Pasha Shushman
1674 - 1675 Qer Husein Pasha
1675 - 1676 Ibrahim Pasha II
1676 - 1679 Osman Pasha Bustardji (1st time) (d. 1685)
1679 - 1683 Abazekh Husein Pasha (2nd time)
Mar 1684 - 1684 Hamza Pasha
1684 Celebi Ibrahim Pasha III
1684 - 1685 Osman Pasha Bustardji (2nd time) (s.a.)
1686 - 1687 Kaplan Pasha
1687 - 1688 Arab Salih Pasha
1688 - 1689 Hamza Pasha
1689 - 1690 Bozoklu Mustafa Pasha (b. 1638 - d. 1698)
1690 - 1691 Abdioglu Mehmed Pasha
1691 - 1692 Gurju Mehmed Pasha III
1692 - 1693 �elebi Ismail Pasha (d. 1702)
1693 - 1694 Ibshir Mustafa Pasha
1694 - 1695 Shahin Mehmed Pasha
1695 - 1696 Silihdar Osman Pasha
1696 - 1697 Silihdar Buuqli Mustafa Pasha
1697 - 1698 Ahmad Pasha Hacigirai
1698/99 - 1699 Biykli Mehmed Pasha (1st time)
1699 - 1700 Silihdar Husein Pasha
1700 - 1701 Silihdar Hasan Pasha
Jun 1701 - 1701 Biykli Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
1701 - 1702 Arslan Muhammad Pasha ibn (d. 1704)
al-Mataraji (1st time)
1702 Salih Agha (acting)
1702 - 1703 Mehmed Pasha Kurd Bayram-zade
(1st time)
1703 Osman Pasha Arnavud
1703 Arslan Muhammad Pasha ibn (s.a.)
al-Mataraji (2nd time)
1703 - 1704 Mustafa Pasha
1704 - 1705 H�seyin Pasha al-Farari
1705 - 1706 Mehmed Pasha Kurd Bayram-zade
(2nd time)
1706 - Aug 1707 Baltaci S�leyman Pasha
1707 - 1708 Yusuf Pasha Qapudan
1708 - 1712 Nasuh Pasha al-Aydini
1713 - 1714 Jarkas Muhammad Pasha
1714 - 1716 Topal Yusuf Pasha
1716 Nevsehirli Damad Ibrahim Pasha (b. 1670 - d. 1730)
1716 - 1717 Kapudan Ibrahim Pasha (d. 1725)
1717 � 1718 K�pr�l� Abdullah Pasha (b. 1684 - d. 1735)
1718 - 1719 Re�eb Pasha (d. 1726)
1719 - 1721 Uthman Pasha Abu Tawq (1st time) (d. 1727)
1721 - 1723 Ali Pasha Maqtuloğlu
27 Jan 1723 - Jan 1725 Uthman Pasha Abu Tawq (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Mar 1725 - Nov 1730 Azamzade Ismail Pasha
23 Nov 1730 - 26 Dec 1730 Uthman Agha (acting)
26 Dec 1730 - 30 Mar 1730 Qara Sulayman Agha (acting)
30 Mar 1731 - Jan 1734 Aydinli Abdullah Pasha
Jan 1734 Musa Agha (acting)
14 Jan 1734 - 19 Jul 1738 Sulayman Pasha al-Azm (1st time) (d. 1743)
20 Jul 1738 - 30 Aug 1738 Fathi-al-Daftari (acting)
30 Aug 1738 - 5 Sep 1739 H�seyin Pasha al-Bustanji
21 Sep 1739 - Oct 1740 Muhassıl Uthman Pasha (d. 1750)
23 Nov 1740 - Jul 1741 Ali Pasha Abu Qili (Rishah)
Jul 1741 - 25 Aug 1741 Ibrahim Agha (1st time)(acting) (d. 1743)
25 Aug 1741 - 25 Aug 1743 Sulayman Pasha al-Azm (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Aug 1743 - 14 Oct 1743 Ibrahim Agha (2nd time) (acting)
14 Oct 1743 - 21 Jan 1757 As'ad Pasha al-Azem (b. c.1706 - d. 1758)
25 Feb 1757 - Dec 1757 Husayn Pasha ibn Makki (d. 1765)
8 Jan 1758 - Jan 1760 �eteci Abdullah Pasha (b. 1703 - d. 1760)
Jan 1760 - 18 Feb 1760 Mustafa Agha (acting)
18 Feb 1760 - 6 Nov 1760 Muhammad Pasha al-Shalik
7 Nov 1760 - 11 Dec 1760 Sulayman Bey (acting)
11 Dec 1760 - 22 Oct 1771 Uthman Pasha al-Kurdji
(Osman Pasha al-Sadiq)
6 Jun 1771 - 18 Jun 1771 Abu'l Dhahab -Egyptian commander
Oct 1771 - Nov 1771 Mustafa Agha (acting)
4 Nov 1771 - Jun/Jul 1772 Muhammad Pasha al-Azm (1st time) (b. 1731 - d. 1783)
5 Nov 1772 - Aug 1773 Hafiz Mustafa Pasha Bustanji
Aug 1773 - Oct 1773 Ahmad Agha (acting)
Oct 1773 - 16 Apr 1783 Muhammad Pasha al-Azm (2nd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1783 - 10 Jun 1783 Osmanpashazade Mehmed Pasha (d. 1783)
(al Kurzi)
Aug 1783 - 28 Feb 1785 Osmanzade Dervish Pasha
(Darwish Pasha al-Kurji)
Mar 1785 � 1786 Ahmed Pasha al-Djazzar (1st time) (b. c.1735 - d. 1804)
1786 - 1787 H�seyin Pasha Battal (d. 1801)
1787 - 1788 Keki Abdi Pasha (d. 1789)
1788 - 1790 Ibrahim Pasha al-Dalati
(Ibrahim Deli Pasha)
Oct 1790 - 1795 Ahmed Pasha al-Djazzar (2nd time) (s.a.)
1795 - 1798 Abdallah Pasha al-Azm (1st time) (d. 1809)
1798 - 1799 Ahmed Pasha al-Djazzar (3rd time) (s.a.)
1799 - 1803 Abdallah Pasha al-Azm (2nd time) (s.a.)
1803 - 1804 Kataragasi Ibrahim Pasha
1804 - 1805 Ahmed Pasha al-Djazzar (4th time) (s.a.)
1805 - 1807 Abdallah Pasha al-Azm (3rd time) (s.a.)
1807 - 1810 Gen� Kunj Yusuf Pasha (d. 1816)
1810 - 1812 S�leyman Pasha al-Adil (1st time) (b. c.1760 - d. 1819)
Jan/Feb 1812 - May 1816 Silahdar S�leyman Pasha (d. 1837)
May 1816 - Feb/Mar 1817 Hafiz Amasyali Ali Pasha
Feb/Mar 1817 - 1817 Salih Pasha
1817 - 1819 S�leyman Pasha al-Adil (2nd time) (s.a.)
1819 � 1822 Dervish Mehmed Pasha
May/Jun 1822�Mar/Apr 1823 Beylanli Mustafa Pasha
Apr 1823 - Jan 1824 Salih Pasha (2nd time)
1824 - May 1824 M�ftizade Ahmed Pasha (d. 1824)
1825 - 1826 Haci Veliyeddin Pasha
Oct 1826 - 1827 Hakki Ismail Pasha
1827 - 1828 Izmirli Haci Salih Pasha
Oct 1828 - Jul 1831 Rauf Mehmed Emin Pasha (b. 1780 - d. 1859)
Jul 1831 - Nov 1831 Benderli Selim Sirri Pasha (b. 1771 - d. 1831)
Nov 1831 - May/Jun 1832 Haci Ali Pasha (1st time)
27 May 1832 - Jun 1832 Ibrahim Pasha -Egyptian commander (b. 1789 - d. 1848)
1831 - Jun 1832 Ahmed Bey -Military and civil governor
Nov 1832 - 1838 El Sayed Muhammad Sherif Pasha
Al-Kabir -Egyptian governor (d. 1865)
1838 - 1840 .... -Egyptian governor
Jul 1840 - 1840 Haci Ali Pasha (2nd time)
26 Aug 1840 - Oct 1842 Necib Mehmed Pasha (d. 1851)
Military governors
1841 - 1844 Mehmed Reshid Pasha
1845 - 1846 Mehmed Namiq Pasha (b. 1804 - d. 1892)
Walis of Damascus
1841 � 1844 Mirza Said Pasha
Jan 1841 - Mar 1842 G�rc� Mehmed Necib Pasha (d. 1851)
Mar 1842 - 1845? Laz Ali Riza Pasha
Nov 1845 - Mar 1846 Haci K�tahyali Ali Pasha
1846 - Mar 1848 Kirimli Musa Sefveti Pasha
Mar 1848 - Aug 1848 Halil Kamili Pasha
Aug 1848 - Sep 1849 Osman Nuri Pasha
Sep 1849 - l851 Damat Mehmed Said Pasha
1851 - 1852 Osman Pasha Said Pasha
1852 Izzet Mehmed Pasha (b. 1792 - d. 1855)
Jul 1852 - Oct 1852 Agha Abdulaziz Pasha
Oct 1852 - Aug 1854 Ali A�af Pasha
Aug 1854 - Oct 1855 Arif Mehmed Pasha (b. 1808 - d. 1865)
Oct 1855 - Dec 1855 Serhalifezade Namik Salih Pasha (b. 1804 - d. 1892)
Dec 1855 - Sep 1856 Mahmud Nedim Pasha (b. c.1818 - d. 1883)
Sep 1856 - 1856 Arnavud S�leyman Refet Pasha
Dec 1856 - Dec 1857 Ahmed Izzet Pasha (b. 1798 - d. 1876)
Dec 1857 - Dec 1858 Kutuhyali Haci Ali Pasha II
Dec 1858 - Mar 1859 Halil Kamili Pasha
Mar 1859 - Jun 1860 Ahmed Nazir Pasha (d. 1861)
Jun 1860 - Nov 1860 Mehmed Mu'ammer Pasha
Nov 1860 � Feb 1862 Muftizade Emin Muhlis Pasha (b. 1811 - d. 1874)
Feb 1862 - Apr 1863 Mehmed Emin Pasha (b. 1824 - d. 1876)
Apr 1863 - Sep 1865 M�tercimMehmed Rushdi Pasha (b. 1811 - d. 1882)
Sep 1865 - Jul 1866 Sakizli Esad uhlis Pasha (d. 1876)
Jul 1866 - Sep 1871 Mehmed Rashid Pasha (b. 1824 � d. 1876)
Sep 1871 - Sep 1872 Abdullatif Subhi Pasha (b. c.1818 - d. 1886)
Sep 1872 - Jan 1873 Selanikli Mustafa Necib Pasha (d. 1883)
Jan 1873 - Sep 1874 Mehmed Halet Pasha (d. 1879)
1874 - 1875 Esad Pasha (b. 1828 - d. 1875)
Jan 1875 - Apr 1876 Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (1st time) (b. 1826 - d. 1885)
1876 Ahmed Pasha
Jul 1876 - Dec 1876 Rashid Nashid Pasha (1st time) (d. 1888)
Jan 1877 - Jun 1877 Abdulhamid Ziyaeddin Pasha (b. 1825 - d. 1880)
Jun 1877 - Feb 1878 K���k �mer Fevzi Pasha (d. 1878)
Feb 1878 - Nov 1878 Ahmed Cevdet Pasha
13 Nov 1878 � Aug 1879 Ali Haydar Midhat Pasha (b. 1822 - d. 1884)
Jun 1879 - Dec 1879 Bostancibashizade Reshid Mehmed
Pasha
Dec 1879 - Aug 1880 ....
Aug 1880 - Sep 1885 Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
Sep 1885 - Mar 1888 Rashid Nashid Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
Mar 1888 - Nov 1889 Manastirli Mehmed Nazif Pasha (d. 1889)
Dec 1889 - Nov 1891 Mustafa Asim Pasha (d. 1891)
Nov 1891 - Jun 1892 Topal Osman Nuri Pasha (1st time) (b. 1832 - d. 1900)
Jun 1892 � Jun 1894 Sherif Mehmed Rauf Pasha (s.a.)
Jun 1894 � Jul 1896 Topal Osman Nuri Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jul 1896 - Jul 1897 Hasan Refik Pasha
Jul 1897 - Mar 1906 Huseyni Nazim Pasha (b. 1848 - d. 1913)
Mar 1906 � Dec 1908 Ibrahim Shukri (or S�kr�) Pasha
1909 � 1910 Ismail Fazil Bey (b. 1856 - d. 1921)
Dec 1910 - Jun 1912 Ali Ghalib Bey
Aug 1912 - Jan 1913 Alpan Kazim Pasha (b. 1882 - d. 1948)
Jan 1913 - Jul 1914 Mehmed Arif Bey Mardin (b. 1852 � d. 1920)
Jul 1914 - Oct 1915 Hulusi Bey (d. 1918)
1915 Ahmed Djemal Pasha (b. 1872 - d. 1922)
Oct 1915 � Aug 1916 Sakalli Azmi Pasha (d. 1944)
Aug 1916 � Jul 1917 Hasan Tahsin Bey (b. 1878 - d. 1939)
Jul 1917 - Jun 1918 Osman Bedri Bey (b. 18.. - d. 1923)
Jun 1918 - Sep 1918 Refet Bey (b. 1881 - d. 1963)
Sep 1918 - 30 Sep 1918 Tahsin Bey (in name only) (b. 1878 - d. 1939)
26 Sep 1918 - 30 Sep 1918 Muhammad Said al-Jazairi (b. 1881 - d. 1970)
Heads of Government
30 Sep 1918 Muhammad Said al-Jazairi (s.a.)
30 Sep 1918 - 5 Oct 1918 Ali Rida Pasha ar-Rikabi (b. 1868 - d. 1942) Mil+JAF
5 Oct 1918 - 8 Mar 1920 Faysal bin al-Hussein al-Hashimi (b. 1885 - d. 1933) JAF
King�
8 Mar 1920 - 28 Jul 1920 Faysal I (s.a.)
(= Faysal bin al-Hussein al-Hashimi)
(left Damascus 28 Jul 1920, then in Daraa to 1 Aug 1920)
Prime ministers
28 Jul 1920 - 21 Aug 1920 Ala ad-Din Pasha al-Durubi (b. 1870 - d. 1920) Non-party
21 Aug 1920 - 6 Sep 1920 Vacant
6 Sep 1920 - 30 Nov 1920 Muhammad Jamil Bey al-Ulshi (b. 1883 - d. 1951) Non-party
Governors
30 Nov 1920 - 30 Jun 1922 theLevant States governors
President of the Federation of Syrian States
1 Jul 1922 - 1 Jan 1925 Subhi Bey Barakat al-Khalidi (b. 1883 - d. 1939) Non-party
President of the State of Syria
1 Jan 1925 - 21 Dec 1925 Subhi Bey Barakat al-Khalidi (s.a.) Non-party
21 Dec 1925 - 9 Feb 1926 Vacant
Envoy Extraordinary of the High Commissioner in charge of the affairs of the State of Syria
9 Feb 1926 - 29 Apr 1926 Marie Fran�ois Julien Pierre, dit (b. 1886 - d. 1956) Non-party
Pierre-Alype
President of the State of Syria
29 Apr 1926 - 14 Feb 1928 al-Damad Ahmad Nami Bey bin Fakhri (b. 1878 - d. 1962) Non-party
Bey
President of the Council of Ministers of the State of Syria
14 Feb 1928 - 19 Nov 1931 al-Sheikh Muhammad Taj ad-Din bin (b. 1885 - d. 1943) Non-party
Badr al-Din al-Hasani (acting)
(president of council of ministers of State of Syria)
19 Nov 1931 - 11 Jun 1932 Vacant
L�on Solomiac (b. 1873 - d. 1960) Non-party (high commissioner of the French Republic
directly managed affairs of state)
Presidents of the Syrian Republic
11 Jun 1932 - 21 Dec 1936 Muhammad Ali Bey bin Ahmad Izzat (b. 1867 - d. 1939) Non-party
Basha al-Abid
21 Dec 1936 - 8 Jul 1939 Muhammad Hashim Bey bin Muhammad (b. 1875 - d. 1960) KW
Khalid al-Atassi (1st time)
President of the Council of Directors General
8 Jul 1939 - 2 Apr 1941 Bahij Bey al-Khatib (b. 1895 - d. 1981) Non-party
President of the Government of Syria
2 Apr 1941 - 16 Sep 1941 Khalid bin Muhammad Fawzi al-Azm (b. 1903 - d. 1965) Non-party
Presidents of the Syrian Republic16 Sep 1941 - 17 Jan 1943 al-Sheikh Muhammad Taj ad-Din bin (s.a.) Non-party
Badr al-Din al-Hasani
President of the Council of Ministers
17 Jan 1943 - 25 Mar 1943 Muhammad Jamil Bey al-Ulshi (s.a.) Non-party
Head of State, Head of Government
25 Mar 1943 - 17 Aug 1943 Ata Bey bin Muhammad Ali al-Ayyubi (b. 1877 - d. 1951) Non-party
President of the Syrian Republic
17 Aug 1943 - 30 Mar 1949 Shukri bin Mahmud al-Kuwatli (b. 1891 - d. 1967) KW;1948 SNP
(1st time)
Commander-in-chief of the Army and Armed Forces
30 Mar 1949 - 26 Jun 1949 Husni bin al-Sheikh Rida al-Zaim (b. 1897 - d. 1949) Mil
President
26 Jun 1949 - 14 Aug 1949 Husni bin al-Sheikh Rida al-Zaim (s.a.) Mil/SSNP
Commander-in-chief of the Army and Armed Forces
14 Aug 1949 - 15 Aug 1949 Muhammad Sami Hilmi Hinnawi (b. 1896 - d. 1950) Mil
Head of State
15 Aug 1949 - 5 Sep 1950 Muhammad Hashim Bey bin Muhammad (s.a.) KW
Khalid al-Atassi
(president of Council of Ministers to 14 Dec 1949)
Preside nt
5 Sep 1950 - 2 Dec 1951 Muhammad Hashim Bey bin Muhammad (s.a.) KW
Khalid al-Atassi (2nd time)
Chairman of the General Staff, President of the Supreme Military Council
2 Dec 1951 - 3 Dec 1951 Adib bin al-Hasan al-Shishakli (b. 1909 - d. 1964) Mil
(1st time)
Head of State
3 Dec 1951 - 11 Jul 1953 Fawzi Silu (b. 1905 - d. 1972) Mil
Presid en ts
11 Jul 1953 - 26 Feb 1954 Adib bin al-Hasan al-Shishakli (s.a.) Mil/ALM
(2nd time)
26 Feb 1954 - 28 Feb 1954 Maamun Shafiq al-Kuzbari (1st time)(b. 1914 - d. 1998) Non-party
(acting)(president of the Chamber of Deputies)
28 Feb 1954 - 6 Sep 1955 Muhammad Hashim Bey bin Muhammad (s.a.) KW
Khalid al-Atassi (3rd time)
6 Sep 1955 - 22 Feb 1958 Shukri bin Mahmud al-Kuwatli (s.a.) SNP
(2nd time)
22 Feb 1958 - 28 Sep 1961 part of United Arab Republic (see Egypt)
Presidents of the Council of Ministers
29 Sep 1961 - 20 Nov 1961 Maamun Shafiq al-Kuzbari (2nd time)(s.a.) Non-party
20 Nov 1961 - 14 Dec 1961 Izzat al-Nuss (b. 1900 - d. 1972) Mil
President of the Republic
14 Dec 1961 - 8 Mar 1963 Nazim al-Kudsi (b. 1906 - d. 1998) HS
28 Mar 1962 - 13 Apr 1962 Abdul Karim Zahreddine (b. 1917 - d. 2009) Mil
(junta chief)
Presidents of the National Revolutionary Command Council
8 Mar 1963 - 23 Mar 1963 National Revolutionary Command Council
23 Mar 1963 - 27 Jul 1963 Louai bin Ahmad Sami al-Atassi (b. 1926 - d. 2003) Mil/Baath
27 Jul 1963 - 13 May 1964 Muhammad Amin al-Hafez (b. 1921 - d. 2009) Mil/Baath
President of the Presidential Council
13 May 1964 - 23 Feb 1966 Muhammad Amin al-Hafez (s.a.) Mil/Baath
23 Feb 1966 - 25 Feb 1966 Provisional Regional Command of the Baath Socialist Party Heads of S tate 25 Feb 1966 - 18 Nov 1970 Ahmad Nureddin bin Muhammad Ali (b. 1929 - d. 1992) Mil/Baath
al-Atassi
18 Nov 1970 - 22 Feb 1971 Sayyid Ahmad al-Hasan al-Khatib (b. 1933 - d. 1982) Baath
Presidents
22 Feb 1971 - 10 Jun 2000 Hafez Ali Sulayman al-Assad (b. 1930 - d. 2000) Mil/Baath;
(president of council of ministers to 14 Mar 1971) +1972 NPF
10 Jun 2000 - 17 Jul 2000 Abdul Halim Said Khaddam (acting) (b. 1932 - d. 2020) Baath+NPF
(first vice president)
17 Jul 2000 - Bashar Hafez al-Assad (b. 1965) Baath+NPF

General Military Governor of Occupied Enemy Territory Administration - East
3 Oct 1918 - 10 Dec 1919 Ali Rida Pasha ar-Rikabi (s.a.) Mil+JAF
**Deputy Military Governors 10 Dec 1919 - 14 Dec 1919 Abdul Hamid Pasha al-Qaltaqji Mil+JAF14 Dec 1919 - 26 Jan 1920 Mustafa Ni'mat Mil+JAF
**Chief of the Council of Directors 26 Jan 1920 - 9 Mar 1920 Zaid bin al-Hussein al-Hashimi (b. 1898 - d. 1970) JAF
Prime ministers 9 Mar 1920 - 3 May 1920 Ali Rida Pasha ar-Rikabi (s.a.) JAF
3 May 1920 - 28 Jul 1920 Muhammad Hashim Bey bin Muhammad (s.a.) JAF
Khalid al-Atassi (1st time)
28 Jul 1920 - 21 Aug 1920 Ala ad-Din Pasha ad-Durubi (s.a.) Non-party
21 Aug 1920 - 6 Sep 1920 Vacant 6 Sep 1920 - 30 Nov 1920 Muhammad Jamil Bey al-Ulshi (s.a.) Non-party
(1st time)
30 Nov 1920 - 26 Jan 1925 Post abolished
26 Jan 1925 - 21 Dec 1925 Subhi Bey Barakat al-Khalidi (s.a.) Non-party
29 Dec 1925 - 6 Jan 1926 al-Sheikh Muhammad Taj ad-Din bin (s.a.) Non-party
Badr al-Din al-Hasani (1st time)
(acting)
6 Jan 1926 - 27 Apr 1926 Vacant
27 Apr 1926 - 9 Feb 1928 al-Damad Ahmad Nami Bey bin Fakhri (s.a.) Non-party
Bey
14 Feb 1928 - 19 Nov 1931 al-Sheikh Muhammad Taj ad-Din bin (s.a.) Non-party
Badr al-Din al-Hasani (2nd time)
19 Nov 1931 - 11 Jun 1932 Vacant
11 Jun 1932 - 16 Mar 1934 Haqqi Bey al-Azm (b. 1864 - d. 1955) Non-party
16 Mar 1934 - 22 Feb 1936 al-Sheikh Muhammad Taj ad-Din bin (s.a.) Non-party
Badr al-Din al-Hasani (3rd time)
22 Feb 1936 - 21 Dec 1936 Ata Bey bin Muhammad Ali al-Ayyubi (s.a.) Non-party
(1st time)
21 Dec 1936 - 18 Feb 1939 Jamil Mardam Bey (1st time) (b. 1893 - d. 1960) KW
23 Feb 1939 - 5 Apr 1939 Lutfi al-Haffar (b. 1885 - d. 1968) KW
6 Apr 1939 - 8 Jul 1939 Nasuhi Salim al-Bukhari (b. c.1881 - d. 1961)Non-party
8 Jul 1939 - 2 Apr 1941 Bahij Bey al-Khatib (s.a.)Non-party
(president of the council of Directors General)
2 Apr 1941 - 21 Sep 1941 Khalid bin Muhammad Fawzi al-Azm (s.a.) Non-party
(1st time)
21 Sep 1941 - 19 Apr 1942 Hassan al-Hakim (1st time) (b. 1886 - d. 1988) HS
19 Apr 1942 - 10 Jan 1943 Husni al-Barazi (b. 1893 - d. 1975) KW
10 Jan 1943 - 25 Mar 1943 Muhammad Jamil Bey al-Ulshi (s.a.) KW
(2nd time)
25 Mar 1943 - 17 Aug 1943 Ata Bey bin Muhammad Ali al-Ayyubi (s.a.) Non-party
(2nd time)
19 Aug 1943 - 14 Oct 1944 Saadallah al-Jabiri (1st time) (b. 1893 - d. 1947) HI/KW
14 Oct 1944 - 1 Oct 1945 Faris al-Khuri (1st time) (b. 1877 - d. 1962) KW
1 Oct 1945 - 16 Dec 1946 Saadallah al-Jabiri (2nd time) (s.a.) HI/KW
16 Dec 1946 - 29 Dec 1946 Khalid bin Muhammad Fawzi al-Azm (s.a.) Non-party
(2nd time) (acting)
29 Dec 1946 - 17 Dec 1948 Jamil Mardam Bey (2nd time) (s.a.) RP
17 Dec 1948 - 30 Mar 1949 Khalid bin Muhammad Fawzi al-Azm (s.a.) KW
(3rd time)
17 Apr 1949 - 26 Jun 1949 Husni al-Zaim (s.a.) Mil/SSNP
26 Jun 1949 - 14 Aug 1949 Muhsin al-Barazi (b. 1904 - d. 1949) Non-party
17 Aug 1949 - 24 Dec 1949 Muhammad Hashim Bey bin Muhammad (s.a.) KW
Khalid al-Atassi (2nd time)
24 Dec 1949 - 27 Dec 1949 Nazim al-Kudsi (1st time) (s.a.) HS
27 Dec 1949 - 4 Jun 1950 Khalid bin Muhammad Fawzi al-Azm (s.a.) KW
(4th time)
4 Jun 1950 - 27 Mar 1951 Nazim al-Kudsi (2nd time) (s.a.) HS
27 Mar 1951 - 9 Aug 1951 Khalid bin Muhammad Fawzi al-Azm (s.a.) DB
(5th time)
9 Aug 1951 - 13 Nov 1951 Hassan al-Hakim (2nd time) (s.a.) HS
13 Nov 1951 - 28 Nov 1951 Zaki al-Khatib (acting) (b. 1887 - d. 1961) HS
28 Nov 1951 - 29 Nov 1951 Maaruf ad-Dawalibi (1st time) (b. 1907 - d. 2004) HS
3 Dec 1951 - 19 Jul 1953 Fawzi Silu (s.a.) Mil
19 Jul 1953 - 1 Mar 1954 Adib al-Shishakli (s.a.) Mil/ALM
1 Mar 1954 - 18 Jun 1954 Sabri al-Assali (1st time) (b. 1903 - d. 1976) KW
18 Jun 1954 - 3 Nov 1954 Said al-Ghazzi (1st time) (b. 1893 - d. 1967) Non-party
3 Nov 1954 - 13 Feb 1955 Faris al-Khuri (2nd time) (s.a.) HS
13 Feb 1955 - 13 Sep 1955 Sabri al-Assali (2nd time) (s.a.) KW
13 Sep 1955 - 14 Jun 1956 Said al-Ghazzi (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
14 Jun 1956 - 6 Mar 1958 Sabri al-Assali (3rd time) (s.a.) KW
Chairmen of the Executive Council of the Syrian Region
7 Oct 1958 - 20 Sep 1960 Nureddin Kahala (b. 1908 - d. 1965) IK
20 Sep 1960 - 16 Aug 1961 Abdul Hamid Serraj (b. 1925 - d. 2013) IK
Prime ministers
28 Sep 1961 - 20 Nov 1961 Maamun al-Kuzbari (s.a.) Non-party
20 Nov 1961 - 14 Dec 1961 Izzat al-Nuss (s.a.) Mil
22 Dec 1961 - 28 Mar 1962 Maaruf ad-Dawalibi (2nd time) (s.a.) HS
16 Apr 1962 - 14 Sep 1962 Ahmad Bashir al-Azmah (b. 1910 - d. 1992) Non-party
17 Sep 1962 - 9 Mar 1963 Khalid bin Muhammad Fawzi al-Azm (s.a.) Non-party
(6th time)
9 Mar 1963 - 12 Nov 1963 Salah ad-Din Bitar (1st time) (b. 1912 - d. 1980) Baath
12 Nov 1963 - 13 May 1964 Muhammad Amin al-Hafez (1st time) (s.a.) Mil/Baath
13 May 1964 - 3 Oct 1964 Salah ad-Din Bitar (2nd time) (s.a.) Baath
4 Oct 1964 - 23 Sep 1965 Muhammad Amin al-Hafez (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil/Baath
23 Sep 1965 - 21 Dec 1965 Yusuf Zuaiyin (1st time) (b. 1931 - d. 2016) Baath
1 Jan 1966 - 23 Feb 1966 Salah ad-Din Bitar (3rd time) (s.a.) Baath
25 Feb 1966 - 29 Oct 1968 Yusuf Zuaiyin (2nd time) (s.a.) Baath
29 Oct 1968 - 21 Nov 1970 Ahmad Nureddin bin Muhammad Ali (s.a.) Mil+Baath
al-Atassi
21 Nov 1970 - 3 Apr 1971 Hafez Ali Sulayman al-Assad (s.a.) Mil+Baath
3 Apr 1971 - 21 Dec 1972 Abdul Rahman Khleifawi (1st time) (b. 1930 - d. 2009) Mil+Baath
21 Dec 1972 - 7 Aug 1976 Mahmoud al-Ayyubi (b. 1932 - d. 2013) Baath+NPF
7 Aug 1976 - 27 Mar 1978 Abdul Rahman Khleifawi (2nd time) (s.a.) Mil+Baath
27 Mar 1978 - 9 Jan 1980 Muhammad Ali al-Halabi (b. 1937 - d. 2016) Baath+NPF
9 Jan 1980 - 1 Nov 1987 Abdul Rauf al-Kasm (b. 1932) Baath+NPF
1 Nov 1987 - 13 Mar 2000 Mahmoud Zuabi (b. 1935 - d. 2000) Baath+NPF
13 Mar 2000 - 10 Sep 2003 Muhammad Mustafa Mero (b. 1941 - d. 2020) Baath+NPF
10 Sep 2003 - 14 Apr 2011 Muhammad Naji al-Otari (b. 1944) Baath+NFP
14 Apr 2011 - 23 Jun 2012 Adel Safar (b. 1953) Baath+NFP
23 Jun 2012 - 6 Aug 2012 Riyad Farid Hijab (b. 1966) Baath+NFP
6 Aug 2012 - 11 Aug 2012 Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji (acting) (b. 1954) Baath+NFP
11 Aug 2012 - 3 Jul 2016 Wael Nader al-Halqi (b. 1964) Baath+NFP
3 Jul 2016 - 11 Jun 2020 Imad MuhammadKhamis (b. 1961) Baath+NFP
11 Jun 2020 - 23 Sep 2024 Hussein Arnous (b. 1953) Baath+NFP
(acting to 2 Sep 2020)
23 Sep 2024 - Muhammad Ghazi al-Jalali (b. 1969)

Syrian Interim Government (in rebellion)

Adopted 11 Nov 2012

**P residents of the National Coalition for the Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces (in rebellion)
11 Nov 2012 - 22 Apr 2013 Moaz al-Khatib (b. 1960) Non-party
22 Apr 2013 - 6 Jul 2013 George Sabra (acting) (b. 1947) SNC
6 Jul 2013 - 9 Jul 2014 Ahmad al-Jarba (b. 1969) SNC
9 Jul 2014 - 5 Jan 2015 Hadi al-Bahra (1st time) (b. 1959) Non-party
5 Jan 2015 - 5 Mar 2016 Khaled Khoja (b. 1965) Non-party
5 Mar 2016 - 6 May 2017 Anas al-Abdah (b. 1967) SNC
6 May 2017 - 6 May 2018 Riad Seif (b. 1946) Non-party
6 May 2018 - 29 Jun 2019 Abdurrahman Mustafa (b. 1964) STM/SNC
29 Jun 2019 - 12 Jul 2020 Anas al-Abdah (b. 1967) SNC
12 Jul 2020 - 12 Jul 2021 Nasr al-Hariri (b. 1977) IRM/SNC
12 Jul 2021 - 12 Sep 2023 Salem al-Meslet (b. 1959) SNC
12 Sep 2023 - Hadi al-Bahra (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party

Prime Ministers of the Interim Government of the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces (in rebellion)
18 Mar 2013 - 14 Sep 2013 Ghassan Hitto (acting) (b. 1963) Non-party
14 Sep 2013 - 22 Jul 2014 Ahmad Saleh Tumah (1st time) (b. 1965) Non-party
14 Oct 2014 - 16 May 2016 Ahmad Saleh Tumah (2nd time) (s.a.) Non-party
16 May 2016 - 10 Mar 2019 Jawad Abu Hatab (b. 1962) Non-party
30 Jun 2019 - Abdurrahman Mustafa (s.a.) STM/SNC

Syrian Salvation Government (in rebellion)

2 Nov 2017 - 11 Dec 2018	![[Syrian Salvation Government flag from 2018 (Syria)]](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/sy_ssg.gif "[Syrian Salvation Government flag from 2018 (Syria)]") Adopted 11 Dec 2018

Presidents of the General Shura Council of the Syrian Salvation Government
(in Ildib, in rebellion; in opposition to the SNC)
Oct 2017 - 24 Apr 2020 Bassam al-Sahyouni SSG
24 Apr 2020 - Mustafa al-Mousa HTS/SSG

Prime Ministers of the Syrian Salvation Government
(in Ildib, in rebellion; in opposition to the SNC)
2 Nov 2017 - 15 Aug 2018 Muhammad al-Sheikh (b. 1960) SSG
15 Aug 2018 - 10 Dec 2018 Muhammad Jamal al-Shahoud (acting) SSG
10 Dec 2018 - 16 Dec 2019 Fawaz Hilal SSG
16 Dec 2019 - Ali Abdulrahman Keda (b. 1973) SSG
Mandate of Syr ia (1919-1946)

British Commander of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force
25 Oct 1918 - 21 Nov 1919 Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby (b. 1861 - d. 1936)

**High Commissioner of the French Republic in Palestine and Syria
(headquarters in Beirut, Lebanon)
Oct 1918 - Nov 1918 Robert Coulondre (interim) (b. 1885 - d. 1959)
High Commissioner of the French Republic for Syria and Armenia (Cilicia)
(headquarters in Beirut, Lebanon)
Nov 1918 - 21 Nov 1919 Fran�ois Marie Denis Georges-Picot (b. 1870 - d. 1951)
High Commissioners of French-mandated Syria and Lebanon (headquarters in Beirut, Lebanon)
21 Nov 1919 - 23 Nov 1922 Henri Joseph Eug�ne Gouraud (b. 1867 - d. 1946)
23 Nov 1922 - 17 Apr 1923 Robert de Caix (acting) (b. 1869 - d. 1970)
17 Apr 1923 - 29 Nov 1924 Maxime Weygand (b. 1867 - d. 1965)
29 Nov 1924 - 23 Dec 1925 Maurice Paul Emmanuel Sarrail (b. 1856 - d. 1929)
23 Dec 1925 - 23 Jun 1926 Bertrand Henry L�on Robert de (b. 1876 - d. 1935)
Jouvenel des Ursins
Aug 1926 - Jul 1933 Auguste Henri Ponsot (b. 1877 - d. 1963)
16 Jul 1933 - Jan 1939 Damien de Martel, comte de Martel (b. 1878 - d. 1940)
Jan 1939 - Nov 1940 Gabriel Puaux (b. 1883 - d. 1970)
24 Nov 1940 - 27 Nov 1940 Jean Chiappe (did not take office) (b. 1878 - d. 1940)
6 Dec 1940 - 14 Jun 1941 Henri Fernand Dentz (b. 1881 - d. 1945)
Delegates-general and Plenipotentiaries
24 Jun 1941 - 7 Jun 1943 Georges Albert Julien Catroux (b. 1877 - d. 1969)
(also chief of the Free French in Levant States)
7 Jun 1943 - 23 Nov 1943 Jean Helleu (b. 1885 - d. 1955)
23 Nov 1943 - 23 Jan 1944 Yves Chataigneau (b. 1891 - d. 1961)
23 Jan 1944 - 1 Sep 1946 �tienne Paul �mile Marie Beynet (b. 1883 - d. 1969)

General Officers Commanding in Chiefs of British Forces (from 21 Aug 1942, for Irag and Iran)
(subordinated to the Middle East Command)
8 Jun 1941 - 18 Feb 1943 Sir Henry Maitland Wilson (b. 1881 - d. 1964)
18 Feb 1943 - 18 Feb 1944 Sir Henry Royds Pownall (b. 1887 - d. 1961)
18 Feb 1944 - 1 Mar 1946 Sir Arthur Francis Smith (b. 1890 - d. 1977)

British Resident Ministers to the Republics of Syria and Lebanon
Jul 1941 - 15 Dec 1944 Edward Louis Spears (b. 1886 - d. 1974)
(from Jan 1942, Sir Edward Louis Spears)
(head of U.K. mission, Syria and the Lebanon to Jan 1942)
22 Dec 1944 - Aug 1946 Terence Allen Shone (b. 1894 - d. 1965)

�full style of the ruler 8 Mar 1918 - 28 Jul 1920: Malik Mamlakat Suriya al-Muttahida; in French:Roi du Royaume-Uni de Syrie ("King of the United Kingdom of Syria").

Territorial Disputes: Golan Heights is Israeli-controlled with the almost 1,000-strong UN Disengagement Observer Force patrolling a buffer zone since 1964; lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the boundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear with several sections in dispute; since 2000, Lebanon has claimed Shab'a Farms in the Golan Heights; 2004 Agreement and pending demarcation settles border dispute with Jordan; Syria recognized the sovereignty of Lebanon on 14 Oct 2008; 2004 Agreement and pending demarcation would settle border dispute with Jordan; Syria did not surrender its irredentist claim to Hatay in Turkey until 2005; the Tomb of Suleyman Shah is a sovereign exclave of Turkey situated within Syria's Aleppo governorate (in accordance with the Ankara Agreement of 20 Oct 1921), it is the burial place of Suleyman Shah grandfather of Osman I the founder of the Turkish Ottoman dynasty; dispute with Turkey concerning the Turkish occupation of parts of North Syria since Aug 2016; the ongoing civil war has resulted in more than 5.6 million registered Syrian refugees - dispersed in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey - as of Oct 2019.

Party abbreviations: Baath = Hizb al-Ba'ath al-Arabi al-Ishtiraki (Arab Socialist Rebirth Party [Syrian Baath Party], neo-Ba'athism, authoritarian, socialist, 1947-1958, re-est.1966); HTS = Hay'at Tahrir ash-Sham (Organization for the Liberation of the Levant, Sunni Islamist, nationalist, Salafist, est.28 Jan 2017);IRM = Independent Revolutionary Movement;NPF = al-Jabha al-Wataniyyah at-Taqaddumiyyah (National Progressive Front, Baath led coalition, est.1972 by Baath, Arab Socialist Union Party, Arab Socialist Party, Syrian Social Nationalist Party, Syrian Communist Party [Yusuf Faisal group], Syrian Communist Party [Khalid Bakdash group], Union Socialist Party, and Union Socialist Democratic Party); SNC = National Coalition for Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces (Coalition Nationale pour les Forces R�volutionnaires et de l'Opposition Syrienne, Syrian National Coalition, anti-Assad opposition, seeks replacement of Bashar al-Assad government, est.11 Nov 2012);SSG = Syrian Salvation Government(split from SNC, est.2 Nov 2017); STM = Suriye T�rkmen Meclisi (Syrian Turkmen Assembly, coalition of Syrian Turkmen parties, affiliated with SNC, est.15 Dec 2012); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: ALM = Harakat al-Tahrir al-'Arabiy (Arab Liberation Movement, authoritarian, nationalist, split from SSNP, 1952-1963, only legal party Apr 1952-Feb 1954);DB = Democratic Bloc; HI = Hizb Istiqlal (Independence Party, Syrian independence movement, forme by JAF, 5 Feb 1919-1928); HS= Hizb ash-Sha'ab (People's Party, conservative liberal, represented notables of Aleppo and Homs, split from KW, 1948-1958, 1961-1963); IK = al-Ittihad al-Kawmi (National Union, Arab nationalist, Arab socialist, Nasserism, anti-communist, U.A.R. national party, 28 May 1957-1962, merged into Arab Socialist Union); JA F = Jam'iyat al-'Arabiya al-Fatat (Young Arab Society, Arab nationalist, 14 Dec 1909-1920); KW = al-Kutlah al-Wataniyah (National Bloc, conservative liberal, Syrian nationalist, pro-independence, anti-French, 1928-1958, 1961-1963); LNA = 'Usbat al-'Amal al-Qawmi/Ligue d'Action Nationaliste (League of National Action, nationalist, 1932-1939); RP = Republican Party; SNP = Hizb al-Watani (National Party, nationalist, conservative, represented notables of Damascus, from 1946 named Syrian National Party, 1947-1958, 1961-1963); SSNP = al-Hizb al-Suri al-Qawmi al-'Ijtima'i/Parti Social Nationaliste Syrien (Syrian Socialist National Party, center-left, secular nationalist, 1932-1955, re-est.2005)

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

![[Islamic State of Iraq and Ash-Sham (Iraq, Syria)]](http://www.worldstatesmen.org/iq-isis.gif "[Islamic State of Iraq and Ash-Sham (Iraq, Syria)]")

13 Oct 2006 Declaration of an Islamic state in Iraq.8 Apr 2013 Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (the Levant) declared in
lands occupied in Iraq and Syria (eventually claiming as
provinces: Iraq, Syria, Libya, Sinai, Yemen, Algeria, Khorasan
[Afghanistan, Pakistan], the Caucasus, Somalia, and West Africa).
Jan 2014 Seizes control of Ar-Raqqah, Jarablos, and Manbij.
Jun 2014 Seizes control of Mosul, Fallujah, Tikrit, Tal Afar and most of
western Iraq (and Ramadi 12 May - 28 Dec 2015).
29 Jun 2014 Caliphate declared, renamed Islamic State.
18 May 2015 - 27 Mar 2016 Palmyra occupied.
27 Mar 2016 - 11 Dec 2016 Syria liberates Palmyra.
17 Apr 2016 Iraq re-occupies Tikrit (and Fallujah on 26 Jun 2016).
12 Aug 2016 Manbij liberated.
16 Oct 2016 Turkish-backed rebels capture the town of Dabiq.
11 Dec 2016 - 2 Mar 2017 Palmyra re-occupied.
2 Mar 2017 Syrian re-liberates Palmyra.
c.May 2017 De facto capital moved to al-Mayadin.
12 May 2017 Syrian forces liberates Tabqa.
20 Jul 2017 Iraq liberates Mosul (begun 16 Oct 2016).
31 Aug 2017 Tal Afar liberated.
14 Oct 2017 Al-Mayadin is liberated.
17 Oct 2017 Ar-Raqqah is liberated (having begun 6 Jun 2017).
3 Nov 2017 Deir ez-Zor in Syria and al-Qa'im and Husaybah in Iraq are
liberated.
10 Nov 2017 Abu Kamal is taken by Russian forces (briefly retaken by ISIL
11-19 Nov 2017 then liberated by the Syrian Army).
17 Nov 2017 Iraqi forces recapture Rawa, the last town held by ISIL in Iraq.
10 Dec 2017 Iraq's Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi says that Iraqi forces had
driven the last remnants of Islamic State from Iraq.
17 Nov 2018 Syrian government retakes the southern area of Tulul al-Safa.
14 Dec 2018 Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces forces seize Hajin.
15 Jan 2019 Al-Susah captured by Syrian Democratic Forces.
7 Feb 2019 Marashidah and nearby areas captured by Syrian Democratic Forces.
23 Mar 2019 Last ISIL bastion of Baghuz Fawqani, Syria is liberated by
Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces.
26 Oct 2019 Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi kills himself by detonating a suicide vest
during a raid by U.S. special forces in Syria's Idlib province.
Mar 2020 Syrian and Russian forces clear Jebel Bishri and its environs,
including al-Kawm.
5 Sep 2020 Remote Doubayat gas field that formed ISIL's last clearly-held
territory in Syria is captured by Syrian forces.

Amirs al-Mu'minin [Commanders of the Faithful] of Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham (Levant), (and from 29 Jun 2014, Caliph) 13 Oct 2006 - 18 Apr 2010 Abu Omar al-Qurashi al-Baghdadi (b. 1959 - d. 2010)
(= Hamid Dawud Muhammad Khalil al-Zawi)
16 May 2010 - 26 Oct 2019 Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (b. 1971 - d. 2019)
(= Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim al-Badri)
31 Oct 2019 - 3 Feb 2022 Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi (b. 1976 - d. 2022)
(= Amir Muhammad Abdul Rahman al-Mawli al-Salbi)
4 Feb 2022 - 15 Oct 2022 Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi (d. 2022)
(= Nour Karim al-Mutni Al-Obaidi Al-Rifai)
30 Nov 2022 - 29 Apr 2023 Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al- (b. 1979 - d. 2023)
Qurashi

North and East Syria (Western Kurdistan)

Syrian Kurdish Flag in use from 2012	North-East Syria Self-Administration Adopted 2018

12 Jul 2012 Kurdish Supreme Committee formed by Kurdish parties and
organizations (inactive from Nov 2013).
1 Aug 2012 Syrian military completes transfer to Kurdish control of half of
Al-Hasakah governorate (including Al-Hasakah and Al-Qamishli)
and parts of Aleppo governorate (Afrin and Ayn al-Arab [Koban�]).
12 Nov 2013 Interim self-administration at Western Kurdistan (Rojavay� Kurdistan �) announced by a component of the former Kurdish
Supreme Committee (not recognized by Syrian government or Syrian
opposition).
29 Jan 2014 Cantons (from Jul 2017, Regions) of C�zir� (Jazira), Koban�
(renamed Euphrates Jul 2017) and Efr�n constituted to implement
the self-administration (these entities and all the following
are not recognized by Syrian government or Syrian opposition).
17 Mar 2016 Federal Democratic Rojava-Northern Syria (Federaliya Demokratik A
Rojava - Bakure Suriya) declared (the word "Rojava" is removed
28 Dec 2016) as part of "democratic federal Syria."
18 Mar 2018 Turkey occupies the Afrin Region, Kurdish forces withdraw.
6 Sep 2018 Renamed Self-Administration in North and East Syria ("SANES");
incorporated new Regions of Deir ez-Zor (the city itself under
Syrian government control), Manbij, Raqqa (city taken by Kurds
on 17 Oct 2017) and Tabqa.
14/17 Oct 2019 Syrian government troops entered western and northern part of the
Self-Administration controlled area, including Tabqa, Manbij and
Kobane, to counter the Turkish advance of 9-17 Oct 2019.

Spokesman of Kurdish Supreme Committee
12 Jul 2012 - Nov 2013 Ehmed Sileman ENKS
Co-chairs of People's Council of Western Kurdistan (in existence 2011-2016)
Nov 2013 - Jan 2014 Ebdelselam Ehmed PYD
+ Sinem Mihemed (f) PYD
Chief minister of C�zir� Canton
21 Jan 2014 - Jul 2016 Ekrem Hisso (b. 1973) PYD
Chief minister of Koban� Canton
27 Jan 2014 - Jul 2016 Enver Mislim PYD
Chief minister of Efr�n Canton
29 Jan 2014 - Jul 2016 Hevi Ibrahim Mistefa (f) (b. 1951) PYD
Co-chairs of Organizing Committee of North Syria
17 Mar 2016 - 6 Sep 2018 Hediya Yusif (f) (b. 1954) PYD
+ Mansur Selum
Co-chairs of Executive Council of North and East Syria
6 Sep 2018 - Berivan Xalid (f) (b. 1988) PYD
+ Abdul Hamid Mahbash (b. 1973) FSP

Party abbreviation: ENKS = Encumena Nistimani ya Kurdi li Suriye (Kurdish National Council, coalition of about 15 center-right Kurdish parties, est.2011); FSP = Future Syria Party (PYD allied, est.2018); PYD = Partiya Yekitiya Demokrat (Democratic Union Party, Kurdish socialist, autonomist, banned to 2012,est.2003)

Aleppo

1 Dec 1920 - 1 Jan 1925

1516 Part of the Ottoman Empire (part of Damascus to 1534).
1534 Aleppo Eyalet (Eyalet-i Haleb).
1864 Vilayet of Aleppo (Vilayet-i Halep).
25 Oct 1918 Allied forces occupy Aleppo.
1 Sep 1920 Government of Aleppo (Gouvernement d'Alep; also in official
use: �tat d'Alep [State of Aleppo]).
28 Jun 1922 - 1 Jan 1925 Part of Federation of Syrian States.
28 Jun 1922 State of Aleppo (Dawlat Halab = �tat d'Alep).
1 Jan 1925 Unification with Damascus as State of Syria.

Sanjak Beys of Halab (Aleppo)
1516 - 1521 Ahmed Bey
1521 Kasim Bey
1521 - 1523 Ibrahim Pasha oglu Isa Bey
(1st time)
1523 - 1526 ....
1526 - 1527 Ibrahim Pasha oglu Isa Bey
(2nd time)
1527 - 1531 Huseyin Bey (1st time)
1531 - 1534 Husrev Bey
1534 - 1535 Muhammad Bey
1535 - 1539 Huseyin Bey (2nd time)
1539 - 1540 Musa Bey
1540 Uzun S�leyman
1540 - 1543 Huseyin Bey (3rd time)
1543 - 1545 Mustafa Bey
1545 - 1547 Sinan Bey bin Abdullah
1547 - 1549 Ibrahim Bey
Beylerbey s
1549 - 1550 Osman Pasha
1550 - 1553 Dukaginzade Mehmed Pasha (d. 1557)
1554 Hizir Pasha
1554 Piri Pasha
1554 - 1557 Kubad Pasha
1557 - 1558 Ferhad Pasha
1558 - 15.. Haydar Pasha
15.. - 1563 Ali Pasha
1563 Mustafa Pasha (1st time)
1563 - 1564 Hizir Pasha
1564 - 1565 Mustafa Pasha (2nd time)
1565 - 1566 Ali Pasha
1566 - 1567 Sal Mahmud Pasha
Dec 1567 - 1568 Iskender Pasha
1568 - 1570 Derwish Pasha
1570 - 1571 Mehmed Pasha (1st time)
1571 - 1572 Kasim Pasha ben Hizir
1572 - 1573 Hasan Pasha ben Hizir
1573 - 1575 ... (son of Mustafa Pasha)
1575 - 1576 Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
1576 Mahmud Pasha
1576 - 1577 Ali Pasha
1580 - 1581 Behram Pasha
bf.1580 Nishanji Mehmed Pasha
1581 - 1582 Ahmed Pasha
c.1583 Behram Pasha
Mar 1582 - 1583 Kara Uveis Pasha
1583 - 1584 Hasan Pasha (1st time)
1584 Murad Pasha
1584 Hasan Pasha (2nd time)
1585 Ridwan Pasha
1585 - 1586 Ok�uzade Mehmed Pasha
1586 - 1587 Hasan Aga
1588 - 158. Ali Pasha
158. - 158. Mehmedpashazade Hasan Pasha
1591/92 - 1592/93 Bostanci Ali Pasha
1592/93 Hadim Osman Pasha
1593 �k�z Mehmed Pasha
1593/94 Haydar Pasha
1593/94 - 1595/96 Mahmud Pasha
1595/96 Kuyucu Murad Pasha
1596 - 1599 Ahmed Pasha bin Mahmud Beg al-Jundi (d. 1599)
bf.1598 Ali Pasha
1596/97 Kurd Mehmed Pasha
1597/98 Raziya Hatunzade Mustafa Pasha
af.1598 Dalgi� Ahmed Pasha
Walis (Governors)
1599 - 1600 El Haj Ibrahim Pasha
1600 - 1601 Ali Pasha
1601 Beshir Pasha
1601 Sherif Pasha
1601 - 1602 Hasan Pasha
1602 - 1603 Nasuh Pasha
1603/4 - 1605 Canbulatoglu Huseyin Pasha
1605 - 1606 Canbuladoğlu Ali Pasha (d. 1610)
7 Jan 1606 - 1606? Shems Pasha
Mar 1606 - May 1606? Ka�ar Mehmed Pasha
1606 - 1607 Deli Ferhad Pasha
10 Oct 1607 - 1608 Dizlink Huseyin Pasha
1608 Emin Mehmed Pasha (d. 1611)
1608 - 1609 Yusuf Pasha
1609 - 1610 K�c�k Pasha
1610 - 1613 Mahmud Pasha
1613 - 1618? Ekmekci-zade Ahmed Pasha
1618 Ferhad Pasha
1618 - 1619 Abaza Mehmed Pasha
24 Dec 1619 - 1620 �kuz Mehmed Pasha
4 Dec 1620 - 162. Yusuf Pasha
23 Jul 1622 - 162. Tayyar Mehmed Pasha
1623 - 162. Hamidli Mustafa Pasha (d. 1624/25)
162. - 1624? Murad Pasha
1625 - 1625/26? Mustafa Pasha
1625/26? - 1631 Nogay Murtaza Pasha
3 Oct 1631 - 1632 Suleyman Pasha
1632 - 27 Dec 1633 Nogay Pasha
Dec 1633 - 1636 Silihtar Ahmed Pasha
23 Oct 1636 - Oct 1637 Hasan Pasha
Oct 1637 - 1641? Kurshuncu Mehmed Pasha
11 Nov 1641 - 1642? Nasuh Pasha oglu Huseyin Pasha
1642 - 1643? Boynuegri Durak Mehmed Pasha
1643 �iftelerli Osman Pasha (d. 1647)
1643 - 1644 Siyawush Pasha
17 Jul 1644 - 1644 Haydar Agazade Mehmed Pasha
1 Aug 1644 - 1644 Ibrahim Pasha
9 Oct 1644 - 1645 Dervish Mehmed Pasha
Oct 1645 - 1645 G�rcu Mehmed Pasha
19 Dec 1645 - 1647 Ibrahim Pasha
21 Oct 1647 - 1647 Mehmed Pasha
1647 - 1648 Acem Hasan Pasha
Jan 1648 - Aug 1648 Debbag Ahmed Pasha
1648 - 16.. Vesir Ibshir Mustafa Pasha
(1st time)
1651 Firari Kara Mustafa Pasha (1st time)
1653 - 165. Firari Kara Mustafa Pasha (2nd time)
165. - 1654 Vesir Ibshir Mustafa Pasha
(2nd time)
1654 Tayyarzade Mustafa Pasha
1655 Kara Mustafa Pasha
1655 Seydi Ahmed Pasha
1655 Murtaza Pasha
1656 - 1657 Abaza Hasan Pasha (d. 1659)
(in opposition to 17 Feb 1659)
1657/58 - 1658/1659 S�khte Mahmud Pasha
1658/59 - 1659 Konakci Ali Pasha
Aug/Sep 1659 - 1660 Khassiki Mehmed Pasha
1660 - 1661 Mehmed Pasha
Jul 1661 - 166. Ahmed Pasha
166. - 166. Yusuf Pasha
Nov 1662 - Oct 1664 G�rcu Mehmed Pasha
20 Oct 1664 - 166. Sari H�seyin Pasha
1666 - 1667 Damad H�seyin Pasha
1668 - 1669 Ibrahim Pasha
1669 - 1670 Silahdar Huseyin Pasha
Jan 1670 - 167. Kiayia Pasha
Apr 1672 - c.1672 Kaplan Mustafa Pasha
1674 - 167. Ibrahim Pasha
1676 - 1678 Kara Mehmed Pasha
1678 - 16.. Huseyin Pasha
1681 - 168. Deli Eb�bekir Pasha
1682 Mahmud Pasha
1682 - 1683 Kara Bekir Pasha
1684 Mustafa Pasha
1684 Cerkes Ahmed Pasha
1684 Tekfurdagli Bekri Pasha
1684 - Dec 1685 Seytan Ibrahim Pasha (d. 1685)
1685 Arnavut Abdi Pasha
Dec 1685 - 1686 (Sarhosh) Bosnak Ahmed Pasha
1686 Abaza Siyavus Pasha
1686 - 1687 Hazinedar Hasan Pasha
1687 Yegen Osman Pasha
1687 Hazinedar Hasan
1687 - 1688 Yegen Osman
1688 - 1689 Arap Receb Pasha
1689 - 1690/91 Arnavut Koca Halil Pasha
1691 Topal Huseyin Pasha
1692 B�y�k �afer (1st time)
1694 Dursun Mehmed Pasha
1695 B�y�k �afer (2nd time)
1696 Cerkes Osman Pasha
1696/1697 Kanicali Osman
1697 Morali Hasan Pasha
1698 Ey�plu Hasan Pasha
1699 Beyzade Ali Pasha
1700 - 170. Cerkes Mehmed Pasha (1st time)
1702 - 170. Cetrefiloglu Yusuf Pasha
1702/03 Arap �mer Pasha
1703 �orlulu Ali Pasha
1703 - 1704 Cerkes Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
Mar 1704 - Dec 1704? Hacikiran Hasan Pasha
Dec 1704 - 1705/6 Abaza S�leyman Pasha
Jan 1705 - 1705/06 Silahtar S�l Pasha
1705/06 - 1707 Damad Ibrahim Pasha
May 1707 - Jan 1709? Arnavut Abdi Pasha
1709 - 1710 Baltaci Mehmed Pasha (b. 1660 - d. 1712)
Oct 1710 - 171. Damad Ibrahim Pasha
end 1711 - 1712? Keth�da Ismail Pasha
1712 - 1713 Cerkes Mehmed Pasha
1713 - 1714 Topal Yusuf Pasha
1714 - Dec 1714 Asci Ibrahim Pasha
1715 Divrikli Abdullah Pasha
1715 - 1716? Koca Mustafa Pasha
1716 Maktulzade Ali Pasha
Dec 1716 - Mar 1717 Asci Ibrahim Pasha
Mar/Apr 1717 - 1717 Cerkes Mehmed Pasha
1717 - 1719 ....
Jan/Feb 1719 - 1719? Arnavut Recep Pasha (1st time)
1719 - 1719/20 Morali Ali Pasha (d. 1735)
1720 Arifi Ahmed Pasha
1720 - 1721 Hasanoglu Ahmed Pasha
1721 - 1724? Arnavut Recep Pasha (2nd time)
c.Sep 1724 K�rt Ibrahim Pasha
1724 � 1725 Hekimoglu Ali Pasha (1st time) (b. 1689 - d. 1758)
Oct 1725 - Jan 1727 Bosnak Mehmed Pasha
Jan 1727 - 1728 Arifi Ahmed Pasha
1728/29 - 1730/31? Gen� Ali Pasha
1730/31 Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha
22 Jan 1731 - Mar 1733 Silahtar Mehmed Pasha
1731/2 - Oct 1732 Arifi Ahmed Pasha (d. 1732)
1733/34 Aydinli Abdullah Pasha
1734 - 1735 Hasanoglu Ahmed Pasha (2nd time)
1736/7 - 1737/38 Silahtar Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
1737/38 - 1740? Uthman Pasha?
c.1740 Kazik�i(?) H�seyin Pasha
Jun 1740 - 1743 Ya'kub Pasha
1744 - Apr 1745 Sehla Ahmed Pasha (1st time) (d. 1753)
Sep 1745 � 174. Hekimoglu Ali Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
Dec 1745 - Nov/Dec 1746 Sehla Ahmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1747 Sehla Ahmed Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
Jun 1747 - 1747 Kazik�i H�seyin Pasha
1747 - 17.. Kur Vesir Pasha
1750 - 1751 Ismail Pasha
Dec 1750 - 1751 Azmzade Sa'deddin Pasha (d. 1762)
Sep/Oct 1751 - Jun? 1752 Seyyid Emir Ahmed Pasha
1752 Sari Abdurrahman Pasha (d. 1752)
1752 - Feb 1753? Sehla Ahmed Pasha (4th time) (s.a.)
27 Jul 1755 � 1756 Koca Mehmed Raghib Pasha (d. 1763)
Mar/Apr 1757 - 1757 Haci Ali Zishtovili Pasha
Aug/Sep 1757-Oct/Nov 1757 Ceteci Abdullah Pasha
Apr 1758 - Jul 1758 Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha
Jun 1759 - Jan 1760 K�c�k/Sinek Mustafa Pasha
Jan 1760 - Mar 1760 Boynuegri Abdullah Pasha (d. 1760)
1760 - Dec 1761 K�se Bahir Mustafa Pasha
1762 Abdullah Pasha al-Farari
1763 Kusta Mustafa Bakir Pasha
Dec 1763 - 1764 Azmzade Mehmed Pasha
Apr 1764 - 176. K�pr�l�zade Hafiz Ahmed Pasha
Apr 1765 - 1765 Melek Ahmed Pasha
1765 Sunbatzade Mehmed Pasha
1765 � 1767 Ahmed Pasha
1767 Mehmed Pasha
1767 Kul Ahmed Pashazade Ali Pasha
Apr 1767 - 1768 Silahdar Hamza Pasha
Mar 1768 - Jul 1768 Yaglik�izade Emin Mehmed Pasha
1768/69 - May 1769? Halebli Recep Pasha
1769 Topal Osmanzade Mehmed Pasha
Dec 1769 - Apr 1770? Asaf Mehmed Pasha
1770 - 1771 Abdarrahman Pasha
177. �atalcali Ali Pasha
Mar 1773 - Jul 1774 Uthman Pasha al Wakil?
1774 - 1775 Ibrahim Pashazade Mehmed Pasha
1775 Osman Pashaz�de Mehmed Pasha
1775 - Dec 1775 Ali Pasha
1776 � Jun 1778? Ahmed Izzet Pasha (1st time)
1778 - 1779? Asaf Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
c.1778 �erkes Hasan Pasha
1779 - 1780 Ahmed Izzet Pasha (2nd time)
1780 - Mar 1781 Koca Abdi Pasha
Mar 1781 - 178. Azmzade Yusuf Pasha
178. - 178. �elik Mustafa Pasha
1781 � 178. Osman Pasha
1782 Hazinedar Sahin Ali Pasha (1st time)
Dec 1782 - 1783 Seyyid Mustafa Pasha
1784 Ohrili Ahmed Pasha
Jun/Jul 1784 - 1785 Keki Abdi Pasha (1st time) (d. 1789)
(de facto to 1784)
1784 - 1785 Muhammad Taha Zadah
+ Genj Ahmad Hummusa
(de facto)
13 Feb 1785 - 30 Mar 1785 Hazinedar Sahin Ali Pasha (2nd time)
1785 Abd�lcelilzade S�leyman Pasha
1785 Haci Mustafa Pasha
1786 � 178. H�seyin Battal Pasha
1787 Uthman Pasha (did not take office)
1787 - 1789 Mikdad Ahmed Pasha
1789 - Mar/Apr 1789 Keki Abdi Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1790? - 179. Apci Ibrahim Pasha
179. � 1791 Bayrakli Kusa Mustafa Pasha
1791 S�leyman Fayzi Pasha (1st time) (d. 1794)
1792 Qilici Osman Pasha
1792 Osman Pasha
1792 Ibrahim Aga Kara Agazi
1793 � 1794 S�leyman Fayzi Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1794 � 1795 Abdullah Pasha al-Azm (d. 1810)
1795/6 - 1797? M�rialem Ebu Bekir Pasha
1797 Ell�ki Hasan Pasha
end 1797 - 1798? Tashrali Mustafa Pasha
1798 - .... Sherif Mehmed Pasha
1800/01 - 180. Azmz�de Nasuh Pasha (d. 1814)
1801/02 - 1803/04 Kataragasi Ibrahim Pasha (1st time)
180. - 1804 Ibrahim Pasha Qattar Agisi
1804 - 1805 Yasin Agha
+ Hasan bin al-Khallas
1805 � 180. Alaeddin Pasha
180. - c.1806 M�ftiz�de Ahmed Pasha
1807 - 1808 Kataragasi Ibrahim Pasha (2nd time)
1808 � 1809 K�r Yusuf Ziya�ddin Pasha (d. 1819)
1811/12 - 1813 Shemli Raghib Mehmed Pasha
Jan 1813 - 1816 Capan-odjlu Celaleddin Mehmed Pasha
1816 - 181. Laz Ahmed Pasha
1817 - 1818 M�ftizade Ahmed Pasha
1818 - 1820 Hurshid Ahmed Pasha
1820/21 - 1822 Beylanli Mustafa Pasha
1822 - Feb 1823 Behram Mehmed Pasha
Feb 1823 - Apr 1823 Seyyid Hasan Riza Pasha
May/Jun 1823 - 1824? Beylanli Mehmed Pasha
1824 � 1826/27 Mehmed Wahid Pasha
1826/27 - Aug 1827? Yusuf Muhlis Pasha
Aug 1827 - 1828 Mehemet Emin Rauf Pasha
Aug 1828 - 1828/29 Behram Mehmed Pasha
1828/29 - 1829/30? Ispartali Ibrahim Pasha
1829/30 - 1830? Ahmed Bey
1830 � 1830/31 Trabzonlu Ali Pasha
1830/31 - Nov 1831? Bendereli Selim Mehmed Pasha
27 May 1832 - 10 Oct 1840 Ismail Bey -Egyptian governor
Jul 1840 - Aug 1842 Ayasli Esad Mehemet Muhlis Pasha
Aug 1842 - Jan 1845 Yozgatli Mehemet Vecihi Pasha
Feb 1845 - Jun 1846 Dellalzade Osman Pasha
Jul 1846 - Aug 1848 Musrafa Mazhar Pasha (d. 1852)
Aug 1848 - Sep 1848 Halil Kamil Pasha
Aug 1849 - Oct 1850 Mustafa Zarif Pasha (d. 1863)
Oct 1850 - Sep 1851 Kibrisli Mehmed Pasha (b. 1813 - d. 1865)
Sep 1851 - Nov 1852 Osman Nuri Pasha
Nov 1852 - Dec 1854 Arnavut S�leyman Pasha Re'fet (b. 1807 - d. 1864)
Jan 1855 - Dec 1855 Tepedenlizade Ismail Rahmi Pasha
Dec 1855 - Jan 1857 Nasuhzade Mehemet Hamdi Pasha
Jan 1857 - Aug 1857 Mustafa Sherifi Pasha
Aug 1857 - Aug 1858 M�hendis Mehmed Kamil Pasha
Aug 1858 - May 1860 Bostan�ibashizade Mehemet Reshid (d. 1876)
Pasha
May 1860 - Dec 1860 Sehsuvarzade Ismail Hakki Pasha
Dec 1860 - Feb 1863 Ramazanoglu Mehemet Ismet Pasha
Feb 1863 - Jan 1866 Mustafa S�reyya Pasha (1st time) (b. 1825 - d. 1879)
Jan 1866 - Feb 1868 Ahmed �evdet Pasha (b. 1822 � d. 1895)
May 1868 � Jan 1869 Rashid Nashid Pasha
Jan 1869 - Jan 1872 Lof�ali Ibrahim Dervish Pasha (b. 1822 - d. 1896)
Jan 1872 - Jun 1872 Mustafa S�reyya Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jun 1872 - May 1873 Haci Ali Pasha K�tahyali
May 1873 - Jun 1874 Babanli Ahmed Pasha
Dec 1874 - Mar 1875 Hasan Samih Pasha
Mar 1875 � Jun 1876 Sakizli Esad Muhlis Pasha (d. 1876)
Jun 1876 - Feb 1878 Kartalli Mehmed Emin Pasha (b. 1840 - d. 1892)
Feb 1878 - Mar 1879 Kibrizli Mehemet Kamil Pasha (b. 1832 - d. 1913)
Mar 1879 - Sep 1879 Abdullah Gh�lib Pasha (b. 1829 � d. 1905)
Sep 1879 - Jan 1881 Ingiliz Mehemet Said Pasha (b. 1830 - d. 1896)
Jan 1881 - Dec 1886 �emil Huseyin Pasha (d. 1890)
Dec 1886 - Oct 1887 Topal Osman Nuri Pasha (1st time)
Oct 1887 - Mar 1890 Hasan Haqqi Pasha (1st time) (b. 1826 - d. 1896)
Mar 1890 - Dec 1892 Yenisehirli Arif Pasha
Dec 1892 - Jun 1894 Topal Osman Nuri Pasha (2nd time)
Jun 1894 � Nov 1895 Hasan Haqqi Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
Nov 1895 - Jan 1896 Mustafa Zihni Pasha (b. 1838 - d. 1912)
Jan 1896 - Jul 1900 K�seraif Mehemet Raif Pasha (b. 1836 - d. 1911)
Jul 1900 - Sep 1902 Enis Pasha
Sep 1902 � Aug 1904 Mecid Efendi (acting)
Aug 1904 � Aug 1905 Osman Kazim Pasha
Aug 1905 - Sep 1906 Mehemet Nazim Pasha (b. 1870 - d. 1926)
Sep 1908 - Sep 1909 Ahmed Reshid Pasha (b. 1870 - d. 1955)
Sep 1909 - Aug 1910 Fahri Pasha
Aug 1910 - Jul 1911 Kadri Huseyin Kazim Bey (b. 1870 - d. 1934)
Jul 1911 - Jun 1912 Ali Mazhar Bey
Jun 1912 - Aug 1912 Ali Galib Bey (b. 1849 - d. 1919)
Aug 1912 � Dec 1912 Mustafa Vefiq Pasha (b. 18.. - d. 1912)
Jan 1913 - Jun 1913 Ali M�nif Bey (b. 1874 - d. 1951)
Jul 1913 - Jun 1915 Mehemet Celal Bey (b. 1863 - d. 1926)
Oct 1915 - Apr 1917 Renda Mustafa Abdulhalik Bey (b. 1881 - d. 1957)
(1st time)
Apr 1917 - Apr 1918 Tevfik Bey
Jun 1918 - Sep 1918 Bayindir Mustafa Atif Bey (b. 1883 - d. 1977)
Sep 1918 - Oct 1918 Renda Mustafa Abdulhalik Bey (s.a.)
(2nd time)
Governors General of the State of Aleppo
4 Oct 1920 - 5 Mar 1923 Muhammad Kamil Basha al-Kudsi (b. 1845 - d. 1926)
(Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi)
5 Mar 1923 - 17 Jan 1924 Mustafa Bey Barmada (b. 1883 � d. 1953)
18 Jan 1924 - 1 Jan 1925 Mar'i Basha al-Mallah (b. 1856 � d. 1930)

French Delegates of the High Commissioner
1920 - 1922 Marie Cl�ment Maurice de Lamothe (b. 1866 - d. 1929)
1922 - 1924 Gaston Henri Billotte (b. 1875 � d. 1940)
1925 Jacques Reclus (b. 1879 - d. 1960)

Zor (Deir ez-Zor)

1516 Part of the Ottoman Empire.
1832 - 1840 Egyptian occupation (as part of Aleppo).
1864 Sanjak of Zor (Deyr-i-Zor sancağı) at Deir Ez-Zor as a
district (kaymakam) of Aleppo.
1877/78 Zor _sanjak_split from Aleppo, directly dependent on Istanbul.
6 Nov 1918 Ottoman administration departs.
6 Nov 1918 - 1 Dec 1918 Under local administration.
1 Dec 1918 Part of Syria.
11 Jan 1919 - 27 Dec 1919 Occupied by British forces from Iraq.
24 Jul 1920 - 23 Nov 1920 Under local administration.
6 Nov 1921 ez-Zor, Raqqa, and Hasakah annexed to the Government of Aleppo
(follows Aleppo from this era).

Kaymakam (district administrator)
1864 - 1865

(6 months) Omar Pasha
1865 - 1866 Khalil Bey
1866 (6 months) Ahmed Helmy Effendi
1866 - 1868 Osman Effendi
1868 Hosni Pasha
1868 - 1871 Arslan Pasha
1871 - 1874 Omar Pash
1874 - 1876 Qasim Pasha
1876 - 1877 Hussein Pasha al-Halabi
Mutesarrifs
1877 - 1879 Ali Pasha al-Sharif
1879 - 1881 Hassan Pasha al-Fariq
1881 - 1883 Muhammad Rashid Pasha
1883 Yusef Tala Pasha
1883 - 1885 Ibrahim Pasha
1885 - 1889 Ahmed Tawfiq Pasha
1889 Hafez Pasha
1889 - 1893 Salih Pasha
1893 Mustafa Rifki Pasha
1893 - 1897 Ismail Zuhdi Bey
1897 - 1900 Ahmed Shukri Pasha
1900 - 1902 Ahmed Rashid Pasha
1902 - 1903 Hussein Muharram Bey
1903 - 1908 Rashid Pasha
1908 - 1910 Jamal Bey
1910 - 1912 Jalal Bey
1912 - 1916 Ali Saeaduh Bey
1916 - 1917 Zkai Bey
1917 - 1918 Abdul Qadir Bey
1918 - 6 Nov 1918 Hilmi Bey
Mayor
6 Nov 1918 - 1 Dec 1918 Haji Fadel Abboud al-Hassan (b. 1872 - d. 1936)
(1st time)
24 Jul 1920 - 23 Nov 1920 Haji Fadel Abboud al-Hassan (s.a.)
(2nd time)

D amascus

1 Dec 1920 - 28 Jun 1922

1 Dec 1920 State of Damascus (Dawlat Dimashq = �tat de Damas).
28 Jun 1922 Incorporated into Syria.

Governor of the State of Damascus
20 Dec 1920 - 28 Jun 1922 Haqqi Bey bin Abdul Qadir al-Azm (b. 1864 - d. 1955)

Delegates of the High Commissioner Aug 1920 - Dec 1922 Georges Albert Julien Catroux (b. 1877 - d. 1969)
Dec 1922 - Dec 1924 Ernest Marie Hubert Schoeffler (b. 1877 - d. 1952)

Alawite Territory (Latakia)

1 Sep 1920 Territory of Alawites (Bilad al-'Alawiyyun = Territoire des Alaouites).
28 Jun 1922 - 1 Jan 1925 Part of the Federation of Syrian States.
12 Jul 1922 Renamed State of Alawites (Dawlat al-'Alawiyyun = �tat des Alaouites).
1 Jan 1925 Constituted an independent state.
14 May 1930 Latakia (al-Ladhiqiyya = Lattaqui�), an autonomous state.
5 Dec 1936 Incorporated into Syria.
4 Feb 1937 Delegate of the High Commissioner in Latakia ceased to exercise
the functions of Governor of Latakia (retroactively effective
from 11 Jan 1937).

Administrators
3 Nov 1918 - 1919 Minault
1919 - Sep 1920 de la RocheAdministrators of the Territory of Alawites 20 Sep 1920 - 20? Sep 1921 Marie Joseph �mile Ni�ger (b. 1874 - d. 1951)
20? Sep 1921 - 12 Jul 1922 Gaston Henri Gustave Billotte (b. 1875 - d. 1940)
Governors of the State of Alawites 12 Jul 1922 - Nov 1922 Gaston Henri Gustave Billotte (s.a.)
17 Nov 1922 - Jan 1923 Desclaux (acting)
1 Jan 1923 - 16 Jul 1925 L�on Henri Charles Cayla (b. 1881 - d. 1965)
4 May 1923 - Sep 1923 Ren� Victor Eug�ne Fauconnier (b. 1877 - d. 1925)
(acting for Cayla)
Jan 1925 - 16 Jul 1925 Antoine Privat-Aubouard (b. 1874 - d. 1934)
(acting for Cayla)
16 Jul 1925 - 4 Feb 1937 Ernest Marie Hubert Schoeffler (b. 1877 - d. 1952)
17 Jun 1932 - Sep 1932 Pierre Lafond
(acting for Schoeffler)
Delegates of the High Commissioner 4 Feb 1937 - Oct 1938 Eug�ne Paul Aim� Joseph Cahour (b. 1885 - d. 1954)
1 Oct 1938 - Dec 1939 Pierre Bart (b. 1889 - d. 1964)
7 Dec 1939 - Dec 1940 Fran�ois Malartre (b. 1865 - d. 1951)
10 Dec 1940 - Oct 1941 Jean Janvier Vital Jourdan
27 Oct 1941 - Oct 1942 Raoul Charles Magrin-Vernerey (b. 1892 - d. 1964)
25 Oct 1942 - 1945 Robert L�once Marcel des Essars (b. 1898 - d. 1967)

Alexandretta (Hatay): see under Turkey

Great Lebanon: see Lebanon

Jebel Druze

1 May 1921 Autonomous
24 Oct 1922 Jebel Druze (Jabal al-Duruz = Dj�bel Druze) organized as a
self-governing territory.
2 Dec 1936 Incorporated into Syria.

Governors
1 May 1921 - 15 Sep 1923 Amir Salim Basha bin Ismali (b. 18.. - d. 1923)
al-Atrash
Jan 1923 - Jul 1923 Trenga (acting for al-Atrash) (b. 1881 - d. 1971)
(French adviser May 1921 - Jul 1923)
Sep 1923 - 6 Mar 1924 Trenga (interim) (s.a.)
6 Mar 1924 - 14 Oct 1925 Gabriel Marie Victor Carbillet (b. 1884 - d. 1940)
(interim to 1 Oct 1924)
28 May 1925 - 6 Jul 1925 Antoine Raynaud
(acting for Carbillet)
6 Jul 1925 - 14 Oct 1925 Tommy Martin (acting for Carbillet)
18 Jul 1925 - 1 Jun 1927 Amir Sultan Basha bin Badhuqan (b. 1885 - d. 1982)
al-Atrash
(Head of the State of Syria; in rebellion)
14 Oct 1925 - 1927 Charles Andr�a (b. 1871 - d. 1954)
1927 Marie Joseph L�on Augustin Henry (b. 1870 - d. 1942)
1927 - 1932 Abel Jean Ernest Cl�ment-Grandcourt(b. 1873 - d. 1948)
3 Feb 1932 - 28 Jan 1934 Claude Gabriel Renaud Massiet (b. 1877 - d. 1947)
1934 - Feb 1935 Justin Antoine Devicq
5 Feb 1935 - 4 Feb 1937 Pierre Joseph Fran�ois Tarrit (b. 1881 - d. 1965)
1937 - 1941 Paul Bouvier (b. 1885 - d. 1972)
1941 Raoul Charles Magrin-Vernerey (b. 1892 - d. 1964)
"Monclar"
1941 � Jul/Sep 1943 Fernand Fran�ois Michel Oliva-Roget(b. 1891 - d. 1949)

Prefects
1936 - 1937 Nasib al-Bakri (b. 1888 - d. 1966)
1937 - 1938 Bahig al-Hatib (acting)
17 Feb 1938 - 1939 Hasan al-Atrash (b. 1905 - d. 1977)

Golan Heights (UNDOF)

29 Sep 1918 British occupation of Quneitra (Kuneitra).
23 Dec 1920 Franco-British Convention places the bulk of the Golan Heights
in the French Mandate of Syria.
22 Dec 1943 Golan Heights part of independent Syria.
20 Jul 1949 Israeli-Syrian armistice. Demilitarized zones in El Auja
on Israeli side and near Sea of Galilee are established
under UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) protection.
21 Sep 1956 El Auja demilitarized zone occupied by Israel.
31 Aug 1964 Quneitra governorate declared by splitting it from the Rif
Dimashq governorate by Syria (not fully effected).
9/10 Jun 1967 Israel occupies the entire Golan Heights.
6-8 Oct 1973 Partial Syrian re-occupation.
1 Jun 1974 United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) established.
6 Jun 1974 Israeli forces withdraw from Quneitra.
14 Dec 1981 Golan Heights annexed by Israel (not internationally recognized,
except by the U.S. from 25 Mar 2019).

Commanders of United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)
3 Jun 1974 - 14 Dec 1974 Gonzalo Brice�o Zevallos (Peru) (b. 1923 - d. 2012)
(interim)
15 Dec 1974 - 21 Apr 1979 Johann "Hannes" Philipp (Austria) (b. 1930 - d. 2024)
(officer in charge to 7 Jul 1975)
22 Apr 1979 - 25 Feb 1981 G�nther G. Greindl (Austria) (b. 1939)
(officer in charge to 30 Nov 1979)
28 Feb 1981 - 19 Feb 1982 Erkki Rainer Kaira (Finland) (b. 1926 - d. 1991)
19 Feb 1982 - 31 May 1982 Walter Schmitt (Austria)
(acting)
1 Jun 1982 - 31 May 1985 Carl-Gustav St�hl (Sweden) (b. 1920 - d. 2016)
1 Jun 1985 - 31 May 1986 Johan Edvin Birger Gustav H�gglund (b. 1938)
(Finland)
31 May 1986 - 30 Jun 1986 William Allan Douglas Yuill (Canada) (b. 1929 - d. 2016)
(acting)
1 Jul 1986 - 10 Sep 1988 Gustaf A. Welin (Swedish) (b. 1930 - d. 2008)
10 Sep 1988 - Sep 1991 Adolf Radauer (Austria) (b. 1935 - d. 2017)
Sep 1991 - 30 Nov 1994 Roman Misztal (Poland) (b. 1932 - d. 2017)
6 Jan 1995 - 31 May 1997 Johannes C. Kosters (Netherlands) (b. 1940 - d. 2006)
1 Jun 1997 - 31 Aug 1998 David "Dave" Stapleton (Ireland) (b. 1937 - d. 2016)
Sep 1998 - 30 Jun 2000 Hugh Cameron Ross (Canada) (b. 1949)
1 Aug 2000 - 13 Aug 2003 Bo Lennart Wranker (Sweden) (b. 1946)
13 Aug 2003 - 16 Jan 2004 Franciszek Gągor (Poland) (b. 1951 - d. 2010)
16 Jan 2004 - 17 Jan 2007 Bala Nanda Sharma (Nepal) (b. 1949)
23 Jan 2007 - 1 Mar 2010 Wolfgang Jilke (Austria) (b. 1949)
1 Mar 2010 - 13 Aug 2012 Natalio C. Ecarma III (Philippines) (b. 1955)
14 Aug 2012 - 2 Jan 2015 Iqbal Singh Singha (India) (b. 1956)
2 Jan 2015 - 8 Feb 2015 Anthony Hanlon (Ireland) (acting)
8 Feb 2015 - 7 Feb 2016 Purna Chandra Thapa (Nepal) (b. 1960)
7 Feb 2016 - 30 Sep 2017 Jai Shanker Menon (India) (b. 1959)
1 Oct 2017 - 13 Oct 2017 Mauri Tapani Koskela (Finland) (b. 1960)
(acting)
13 Oct 2017 - 19 Apr 2019 Francis Vib-Sanziri (Ghana) (b. 1957 - d. 2019)
20 Apr 2019 - 9 Jun 2019 Kuldip Pattok (India)(acting)
9 Jun 2019 - 18 Oct 2019 Shivaram Kharel (Nepal) (acting) (b. 1963)
18 Oct 2019 - 26 Jul 2020 Maureen O'Brien (f)(Ireland)(acting) (b. 1965)
26 Jul 2020 - Jul 2022 Ishwar Hamal (Nepal)
Jul 2022 - 15 Sep 2022 Anita Asmah (f)(Ghana) (acting)
15 Sep 2022 - Nirmal Kumar Thapa (Nepal)

� Ben Cahoon