eN - Weblio 英和・和英辞典 (original) (raw)

出典:『Wiktionary』 (2026/05/15 22:07 UTC 版)

発音

IPA: /ən/, [ən], [n̩]
In many accents, -en routinely gives up its vowel syllable when given additional suffixes. For example, fatten /ˈfæt.ən/ + -ing /-ɪŋ/ can be /ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/ or /ˈfæt.nɪŋ/.
- Even in many accents where this habitual syllable deletion is less usual, the syllable loss may still predominate for certain formations that have become common words in their own right, such as gardener /ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/.
- Syllable loss is sometimes prevented to avoid merging with more normalized derivatives, such as for keeping lightening /ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/ from being pronounced identically to the established term lightning /ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/ (notice the e is no longer written), even though they derive from a combination of lighten + -ing.
  * But syllable loss may resume with inflections that are not in danger of merging with an established word, such as enlightening, which can be pronounced /ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/ or /ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/ because "enlightning" is not a used word.

語源 1

From 中期英語 -n, -en, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare 中期英語 take(n), took, taken (“take, took, taken”)), from 古期英語 -en and Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Old Norse taka, tók, tekinn (“take, took, taken”)), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-inaz, a variant of *-anaz. In 中期英語, the suffix was often weakened to -e or disappeared (compare Southern 中期英語 do(n), dud(e), ydo (“do, did, done”)), but not in others (compare cume(n), com, ycume (“come, came, come”)), from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós.

接尾辞

-en

(no longer productive) Denotes the past participle form when attached to a verb.
‎_take_ + ‎-en → ‎_taken_
‎_forgive_ + ‎-en → ‎_forgiven_
‎_prove_ + ‎-en → ‎_proven_

派生語

語源 2

From 中期英語 -en, -n, the plural suffix of weak nouns (_n_-stems), from 古期英語 -an, from Proto-West Germanic *-an m, *-ōn f or n, from Proto-Germanic *-an- m, *-ōn- f or n, from Proto-Indo-European *-on-, _o_-grade form of the _n_-stem suffix.

Reinforced by the early 中期英語 dative plural ending -en, from late 古期英語 -an, weakened form of earlier -um.

接尾辞

-en

Used to denote the plural form of a small number of English nouns, the majority of whose etymologies go back to the n-stem (i.e. weak noun) declension of Germanic languages.
Examples in general modern use:
‎aurochs + ‎-en → ‎aurochsen
‎brother + ‎-en → ‎brethren (religious sense)
‎child + ‎-en → ‎children (cf. childer)
‎ox + ‎-en → ‎oxen
Archaic or dialectal examples:
‎bee + ‎-en → ‎been
‎cheese + ‎-en → ‎cheesen
‎ky (“cows”) + ‎-en → ‎kine
‎knee + ‎-en → ‎kneen
‎eyre (“eggs”) + ‎-en → ‎eyren
‎eye + ‎-en → ‎eyen
‎feather + ‎-en → ‎feathern
‎fox + ‎-en → ‎foxen
‎horse + ‎-en → ‎horsen
‎hose + ‎-en → ‎hosen
‎house + ‎-en → ‎housen
‎pease + ‎-en → ‎peasen
‎shoe + ‎-en → ‎shoon
‎sister + ‎-en → ‎sistren
‎tree + ‎-en → ‎treen
- 1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester, page 200:
  Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes.
(nonstandard, rare, often dialectal or humorous) Used to form the plural of nouns.
‎box + ‎-en → ‎boxen
‎VAX + ‎-en → ‎VAXen
- 2007 October 1, James Patrick Kelly, John Kessel, Rewired: The Post-Cyberpunk Anthology‎, →ISBN, page 398:
  There was one other user logged in, “scaredy,” and he checked the process monitor and saw that scaredy had spawned all the hundreds of processes that were probing him and plenty of other boxen.
- 2012 April 17, Jenny Lawson, Let's Pretend This Never Happened‎, →ISBN:
  Victor and I are having a huge argument about whether or not to feed the foxen. Victor says yes, because they're adorable and— according to the neighbors—are quite tame. I say no, because we have a fat little pug who likes to frolic outside occasionally and I don't want to see him eaten. I thought we were on the same page about the fox, but then Victor went and threw an apple at it. And I was all, “What the fuck? We don't feed the foxen,” and he said, “I was throwing the apple at it to chase it away,” but Victor is a tremendous liar, and he didn't go to pick up the apple, probably because he knows that foxen love apple cider.
- 2015, David Greygoose, Brunt Boggart‎, published 27 September 2018, →ISBN:
  For now the boys grew whiskers and hung fox pelts from their shoulders and the girlen all wore scarlet skirts and braided ribbons through their hair.

使用する際の注意点

Not productive, outside of occasional humorous use, particularly in computer hacker subculture. Notable examples are boxen, Unixen, VAXen, all of which are modelled on oxen.
This ending is also found on some plurals that were borrowed intact from Dutch or German, like klompen, lagerstätten, lederhosen.

派生語

派生語

別の表記

-n (postvocalically)
-in (rare)

接尾辞

-en (adjective-forming suffix, comparative more -en, superlative most -en)

Pertaining to, having the qualities of, resembling, or like.
‎_wolf_ + ‎-en → ‎_wolven_
‎_peach_ + ‎-en → ‎peachen
‎_goat_ + ‎-en → ‎_goaten_
When attached to certain nouns that are the names of a material, it forms an adjective whose meaning is, made of (noun).
Current examples used in a literal and sometimes metaphorical sense:
‎_wood_ + ‎-en → ‎_wooden_
‎_gold_ + ‎-en → ‎_golden_
‎_wheat_ + ‎-en → ‎_wheaten_
‎_oat_ + ‎-en → ‎_oaten_
‎_silk_ + ‎-en → ‎_silken_
‎_earth_ + ‎-en → ‎_earthen_
‎_flax_ + ‎-en → ‎_flaxen_
‎_lead_ + ‎-en → ‎_leaden_
‎_wool_ + ‎-en → ‎_woollen_
‎_oak_ + ‎-en → ‎_oaken_
Examples where a metaphorical sense is common but the literal sense is rare or archaic:
‎_brass_ + ‎-en → ‎_brazen_ ("shameless")
Rare or archaic examples:
‎_ash_ + ‎-en → ‎_ashen_ ("made of ash-tree wood"; ashen "grey like ashes, appalled" is still current)
‎_beech_ + ‎-en → ‎_beechen_ ("made of wood from, or otherwise concerning, the beech tree")
‎_box_ + ‎-en → ‎_boxen_ ("made of boxwood")
‎_bronze_ + ‎-en → ‎bronzen
‎_silver_ + ‎-en → ‎_silvern_
‎_cedar_ + ‎-en → ‎_cedarn_
‎_leather_ + ‎-en → ‎_leathern_
‎_copper_ + ‎-en → ‎_coppern_
‎_paper_ + ‎-en → ‎_papern_
‎_brick_ + ‎-en → ‎_bricken_
‎_board_ + ‎-en → ‎_boarden_
‎_tree_ + ‎-en → ‎_treen_
‎_hemp_ + ‎-en → ‎_hempen_
Orphan examples:
‎_line_ (“flax”) + ‎-en → ‎_linen_

派生語

接尾辞

-en

(obsolete) Used to form the infinitive of verbs.
- c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene v], page 204, column 2, line 39:
- c. 1607–1608 (date written), William Shakespeare, [George Wilkins?], The Late, and Much Admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. […], London: […] [William White and Thomas Creede] for Henry Gosson, […], published 1609, →OCLC, [Act II]:

使用する際の注意点

Having begun to fade by the 15th century, it was used in Early Modern English primarily to show archaic or rustic speech; there are no undoubted traces of it in the modern traditional dialects.
The weakening and loss of the marker caused some verbs to blend with verbs marked by Etymology 3; for example, Middle English leren (“to teach”) blended with lernen (“to learn”), which resulted in learn having a (dialectal) double meaning.

派生語

接尾辞

-en

(obsolete) Used to form the plural present tense of verbs.
- c. 1607–1608 (date written), William Shakespeare, [George Wilkins?], The Late, and Much Admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. […], London: […] [William White and Thomas Creede] for Henry Gosson, […], published 1609, →OCLC, [Act II, prologue], signature C, verso:
  All things perish, whether man or pelf, / Should not escape but from itself;
(obsolete) Used to form the plural past tense of verbs.
- 1860, Sir James Phillips Kay-Shuttleworth, “The Attack on the Eagle Mill—The Ride to the Rescue”, in Scarsdale, or, Life on the Yorkshire-Lancashire Border, Thirty Years Ago, volume 1, London: Smith, Elder & Co., page 61:
  Nau, if ony chap ax you wheere yone getten these, yo mun say, yo hadden um fro ' t' boggart o' Deerpley Fell. Good-bye, meaustur; and nau, lads, let's to our wark.
  Now, if anybody asks you where those [people over there] get these [things], you must say you had 'em from the boggard of Deerpley Fell. Goodbye, master; and now, lads, let's [go back] to our work.

使用する際の注意点

Though it slightly outlived the homophonous infinitival ending in the standard language, verbal plural -en disappeared from it during the 15th century except as a conscious archaism, despite being maintained in the traditional dialects of England 's northwestern Midlands (Cheshire, Derbyshire, southern Lancashire, Shropshire, and Staffordshire) and northeastern Wales, though it was lost there in the past tense over the course of the 19th century.

派生語

bergapten
citropten
isobergapten
vaccenic

参照

↑ The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language by David Crystal (1995, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN), page 200

接尾辞

-en n

(causes i-mutation) used to create diminutive neuter nouns
‎mæġeþ (“girl”) + ‎-en → ‎mæġden (“girl,” originally “little girl”)
‎cocc (“rooster”) + ‎-en → ‎ċycen, ċicen (“chick”)
‎broþ (“broth, brewing”) + ‎-en → ‎bryþen (“brewing, drink”)

語形変化

Neuter

singular	plural
nominative	-en	-enu
accusative	-en	-enu
genitive	-enes	-ena
dative	-ene	-enum

語源 2

Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *-ini, from Proto-Germanic *-inī.

接尾辞

-en f

(often causes i-mutation) used to create feminine nouns from other nouns
‎god (“(male) god”) + ‎-en → ‎gyden (“goddess”) (with i-mutation)
‎þēow (“(male) servant”) + ‎-en → ‎þēowen (“female servant”) (without i-mutation)

語形変化

Feminine

Strong _ō_-stem:

singular	plural
nominative	-en	-enna, -enne
accusative	-enne	-enna, -enne
genitive	-enne	-enna
dative	-enne	-ennum

派生語

接尾辞

-en

(causes i-mutation) adjectival suffix meaning "material made of, consisting of”, also sometimes “characteristic of”.
‎_gold_ (“gold”) + ‎-en → ‎_gylden_ (“golden”)
‎ātor (“poison”) + ‎-en → ‎ǣtren (“venomous, poisonous”)
‎_stān_ (“stone”) + ‎-en → ‎_stǣnen_ (“stonen”)
‎āc (“oak”) + ‎-en → ‎ǣcen (“oaken”)
‎_trēow_ (“tree”) + ‎-en → ‎triewen (“wooden”)
‎līn (“flax”) + ‎-en → ‎līnen (“linen”)
‎sǣ (“sea”) + ‎-en → ‎sǣn (“marine”)
‎_fæder_ (“father”) + ‎-en → ‎_fæderen_ (“paternal”)

語形変化

派生した語

Middle English: -en
- English: -en
- Scots: -en, -in

接尾辞

-en

(verbal suffix) past participle ending of strong verbs
ġecumen ― come
ġecorfen ― carved
ġeswōgen ― swooned

接尾辞

-en

(adjective suffix) meaning belonging to or characterised by
‎_tungol_ (“star”) + ‎-en → ‎tunglen (“of the stars, sidereal, starry”)
‎_fæder_ (“father”) + ‎-en → ‎_fæderen_ (“paternal, of a father”)
‎_hund_ (“dog, hound”) + ‎-en → ‎hunden (“canine”)

接尾辞

-en f

(causes i-mutation) forms nouns from class 1 weak verbs
‎byrgan (“to bury”) + ‎-en → ‎byrgen (“burying, grave”)
‎sellan (“to give, grant”) + ‎-en → ‎selen (“giving, gift”)
‎þicgan (“to take, accept”) + ‎-en → ‎þigen (“taking”) (inflected as strong and weak)

語形変化

Strong _ō_-stem:

singular	plural
nominative	-en	-enna, -enne
accusative	-enne	-enna, -enne
genitive	-enne	-enna
dative	-enne	-ennum

中期英語

語源 1

From 古期英語 -en and Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs, from Proto-Norse -ᛁᚾᚨᛉ (*-inaz), both from Proto-Germanic *-inaz, *-anaz (past participle ending of strong verbs).

別の表記

-e
-n (after vowels and, especially later, /r/)

接尾辞

-en

Denotes the past participle form when attached to a strong verb.

使用する際の注意点

In many cases, y- and -en were added together as a circumfix, though y- is best preserved in those dialects which reduce this suffix to -e.
The full -en was better-preserved in the Northern and Midland Middle English, whereas in Southern and Kentish Middle English, it was often weakened to -e.