Journal de Afrikana - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Journal de Afrikana
Herbal medicines are skyrocketing worldwide and considered safe by the general public due to thei... more Herbal medicines are skyrocketing worldwide and considered safe by the general public due to their natural origin. It is believed to possess a long history of use, patient tolerance, cheaper cost, fewer side effects. Contrary to the belief of being natural and safe products, herbal plants produce toxic substances as secondary metabolites that are sometimes not easily distinguishable from the pharmacological active compounds. Some herbal medicines have been directly linked with wide spectrum of untoward effects due to presence of active compounds. In almost 90% of published case reports says that herbal medicines induced adverse effects have been reversed towards normalcy upon discontinuation of these medicines by the patient which shows the prevalence of herbal medicine. It has to emphasize that though herbal medicines usage is inevitable against wide spectrum of diseases and there also considerable amount of risk it possess. Hence, it is suggested that herbal medicines use in human should carefully be monitored, pharmacovigilance and herb drug and herb food interaction studies are further warranted and it is need of the hour.
In this paper, a fitted non standard finite difference method is proposed for solving singularly ... more In this paper, a fitted non standard finite difference method is proposed for solving singularly perturbed differential-difference equations with delay and advanced shifts. Taylor series is used to tackle the delay and advanced shifts to replace the given problem as singularly perturbed two–point boundary value problem. A fitting factor is introduced in the non standard finite difference scheme which takes care of the rapid changes that occur in the boundary layer due to perturbation parameter. From the theory asymptotic solution of singular perturbations the fitting factor is obtained. Thomas algorithm is used to solve the tridiagonal system of the discretization equation. The existence and uniqueness of the discrete problem along with stability estimates are discussed. The convergence of the method is analyzed. Maximum absolute errors of several numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the proposed method.
The developed new method for the simultaneous estimation of Amoldipine besylate and Valsartan in ... more The developed new method for the simultaneous estimation of Amoldipine besylate and Valsartan in tablet formulations is simple, rapid, selective, precise and accurate .The present work has been developed by non isocratic reverse phase high performance liquid Chromatography assay method. The separation was carried out by using column Symmetry C18, (150 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ) (Make: Waters), in mobile phase consisted of Acetonitrile and pH 3.0 triethylamine buffer. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, column oven temperature 35 oC, the injection volume was 10 μL, and detection was performed at 237 nm using a photodiode array detector (PDA), Run time 20 min. The retention time of amlodipine besylate and valsartan, was noted to be 5.2 min and 8.5min respectively, indicative of rather shorter analysis time. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The proposed method was found to be accurate, reproducible, and consistent. Validation of RP-LC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Amlodipine Besylate and Valsartan in Bulk and Its Pharmaceutical Formulations,
Insulin like peptide sequences have been the metabolic regulator in both invertebrate and vertebr... more Insulin like peptide sequences have been the metabolic regulator in both invertebrate and vertebrates. During the molecular evolution it has been altered significantly with amino acid substitution at various sites. In humans it is the chief hormone involved in carbohydrate metabolism and related pathways but differs with other insulin peptides of lower classes. As anatomically and physiologically aves share farthermost features with mammalia. Therefore, in present study in silico comparsion of both avian and human insulin was carried out to analyze the patterns of substitution in the mother sequences of chain A and chain B. Target sequences were retrieved from NCBI and were locally aligned to sort the amino acid differences at various sites. Avian amino acids Histidine, Asparagine and Threonine of position 8, 9 and 10 of chain A are substituted by Threonine, Serine and Isoleucine respectively in humans; while Alanine of 1, 2 and 30 position of avian chain B is replaced by Phenylalanine, Valine and Tyrosine in humans. 27 th position of aves is preoccupied by Serine while human insulin carries Threonine. All the substitutions involved the replacement in non receptor and ligand binding sites which bespeaks functional conformity in both the aligned groups. Cysteine residues were invariably constant indicating conservation of secondary structure and stability. In silico comparative study of avian and human insulin chain A and chain B, journal de afrikana, 2016, 3(4); 252-261.
In this paper, a uniformly convergent completely exponential fitted finite difference method is c... more In this paper, a uniformly convergent completely exponential fitted finite difference method is constructed for the solution of two parameters singularly perturbed two-point boundary value problem having dual boundary layer on a uniform mesh. In this method, the discretization equation is developed using higher order finite difference approximations for the derivative terms. Two fitting factors are inserted in the finite difference scheme to take care of the two parameters of the problem. The discretization equation is solved by using the tridiagonal solver discrete invariant imbedding. Convergence of the method is analyzed and the maximum absolute errors with comparison for the standard examples are tabulated to show the efficiency of the method.
Roghan baiza e murgh (RBM) is derived from the yolk of hen's egg (Zardi-e-baiza-e-murgh). RBM was... more Roghan baiza e murgh (RBM) is derived from the yolk of hen's egg (Zardi-e-baiza-e-murgh). RBM was traditionally extracted from the yolks by a simple process of expression and through Patal Jantar. Modern methods of extraction include liquid-liquid extraction using common solvents such as petroleum ether. To check adulteration in RBM, there is a need to establish standards for this oil and also compare the differences in the standard RBM prepared by classical technique and modern method. The objective of this study was pharmaceutical evaluation of RBM prepared through classical method as well as through modern method and physicochemical analysis of the two products. A remarkable high yield percentage of RBM was noted in case of liquid-liquid extraction method as compared to the traditional method and some significant differences were also noted in organoleptic characteristics as well as in other chemical parameters while comparing the two products. There is a scope of pharmaceutical betterment for preparing RBM, which can be commercially exploited for a large scale production. The clinical aspect of the two products is yet to be examined and this should also be compared and evaluated. Preparation of Unani Formulation Roghan Baiza-e-Murgh and its Physicochemical Analysis,
journal de afrikana, 2016, 3(3); 225-232.
Serine protease inhibitors have been reported from several species of Momordica and trypsin is on... more Serine protease inhibitors have been reported from several species of Momordica and trypsin is one of the representative enzymes of serine proteases. The present study was performed to characterize the seed protein from Momordica dioica for its antitrypsin potential and antifungal activity. BAEE (N-α-Benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester hydrochloride) substrate based method was used for analysis of antitrypsin activity in seed protein. 94.91% of inhibition was obtained in crude extract, whereas the purified protein of Momordica dioica with trypsin inhibitory activity (MdTi) confirmed 73.99% of inhibition. Antifungal activity was checked in both crude extract as well as in purified protein MdTi against Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oryzae and Candida albicans. No antifungal activity could be confirmed in crude extract and the purified protein MdTi. The MALDI MS analysis of MdTi was performed for identification of the protein. The MS/MS ion search in Swissprot/Mascot database performed using the data obtained in MALDI MS showed that the inhibitor is similar to the squash type trypsin inhibitor of Momordica cochinchinensis.
A total of 25 fungal species were isolated from soil samples using soil dilution techniques colle... more A total of 25 fungal species were isolated from soil samples using soil dilution techniques collected from municipal waste located in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. Out of which two fungal isolates were found to be responsible for the production of silver nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and the maximum absorbance was found to be at 414 and 420nm, respectively. The particle size and shape was studied by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The nature of the nanoparticles was identified by Elemental analysis (EDAX). The synthesized nanoparticles are identified as spherical, rod as well as irregular shaped having size of 48-68nm. The synthesis of nanoparticles by biological method has greater advantages over the physical and chemical methods, as it is environmentally safe or eco-friendly and economically one. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles is the ecofriendly, safe and cost effective way and its antibacterial properties also used in clinical purposes to cure or minimizing the diseases.
Background: The Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaves belongs to the family Malvaceae is found mainly in ... more Background: The Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaves belongs to the family Malvaceae is found mainly in India. The Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaves reported to contain flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and carbohydrates Objective: A Study on pharmacological evaluation for hypoglycemic property of Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaves Methods: The extract of dried leaves of Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaves were screened for their effects on Hypoglycmic activity in normal rats. The extracts were tested for hypoglycemic activity in normal rat and also extracts are screened for their effects on serum glucose level in glucose over loaded rat .The hypoglycemic potential of extracts was evaluated in normal healthy rats. Result: The plant leaves extracts exhibited Hibiscus rosa sinensis effect in glucose loaded rats, rabbits. Oral admisntration of Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaves for 21 days significantly reduced blood glucose level. Conclusion: The study reveals for the first time the hypoglycemic activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaves in both glucose fed normal rats. Acute and chronic studies proven that root extracts showed Hibiscus rosa sinensis effect in normal rats.
Simple, sensitive and accurate UV and two visible spectrophotometric methods were developed for t... more Simple, sensitive and accurate UV and two visible spectrophotometric methods were developed for the analysis of Empagliflozin in pharmaceutical formulations. Method M1 based on the UV absorption of drug in UV region that shows absorption maxima at 247nm. Method M2 and M3 based on the oxidative coupling reaction of drug with 1 10 phenanthroline and Potassium ferricyanide that shows maximum absorbance at 438nm and 782nm for method M2 and M3 respectively. Linearity range was found to be 2-12µg/ml for UV method [M1], 5-30µg/ml for 1 10 phenanthroline method [M2] and 10-60µg/ml for Potassium ferricyanide method [M3]. The methods were validated as per ICH guidelines. The proposed methods have been applied for the estimation of Empagliflozin in tablets. The developed method was simple, accurate, reliable and economical. The proposed method is specific without and interference of excepients and hence can be used for the routine analysis of Empagliflozin in bulk and in pharmaceutical formulation.
Bioadhesion can be defined as a phenomenon of interfacial molecular attractive forces in the mids... more Bioadhesion can be defined as a phenomenon of interfacial molecular attractive forces in the midst of the surfaces of the biological substrate and the natural or synthetic polymers, which allows the polymer to adhere to the biological surface for an extended period of time. [1-4] Bioadhesive polymeric systems have been used since extent in the development of products for various biomedical applications which include denture adhesives and surgical glue. Considerable attention has been focused in recent years on the delivery of drugs through the oral mucosa which have a high first pass metabolism or degrade in the gastrointestinal tract. Buccal delivery involves the administration of the desired drug through the buccal mucosal membrane lining of the oral cavity. Unlike oral drug delivery, which presents a hostile environment for drugs, especially proteins and polypeptides, due to acid hydrolysis and the hepatic first-pass effect, the mucosal lining of buccal tissues provides a much milder environment for drug absorption. Mucoadhesive controlled-release devices can improve the effectiveness of a drug by maintaining the drug concentration between the effective and toxic levels, inhibiting the dilution of the drug in the body fluids, and allowing targeting and localization of a drug at a specific site. Mucoadhesive characteristics are a factor of both the bioadhesive polymer and the medium in which the polymer will reside. Buccal dosage forms can be of Matrix or Reservoir types. However, this route could become a significant means for the delivery of a range of active agents in the coming years, if the barriers to buccal drug delivery are overcome.
Despite a significant work on 1, 2, 4-triazoles, continuous efforts are still being made to ident... more Despite a significant work on 1, 2, 4-triazoles, continuous efforts are still being made to identify novel heterocyclic compounds with potent biological activities. Scientists develop a lot of new compounds having 1, 2, 4-triazole nucleus and screened them for their different biological activities such as antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antiulcer, antihistaminic, antiprotozoal, antitubercular, antiviral and anticancer. This review focuses on the various synthetic approaches of triazole derivatives and their anticancer activity.
![Research paper thumbnail of Synthesis, Evaluation and Molecular docking studies of some Novel Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives Associated with 7-Methoxy Quinoline](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46306687/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized from 4-hydrazino-7-methoxy quinoline(2)wi... more Pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized from 4-hydrazino-7-methoxy quinoline(2)with thoxymethylenecyanoacetate afforded ethyl 5-amino-1-(7-
methoxyquinolin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate(3). The
compound (3) washydrolysed to get 5-amino-1-(7-
methoxyquinolin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (4) and
then reacted with acetic anhydride to afford 1-(7-
methoxyquinolin-4-yl)-6-methylpyrazolo[3,4-d][1,3]oxazin-
4(1H)-one(5), which was condensed with different aromatic
amines to give a series of 5-substituted 1-(7-methoxyquinolin-4-yl)-6-methyl-5-aryl-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one(6). The newly synthesized title compounds were
characterized and evaluatedfor their antibacterial, antioxidant activity and molecular docking studies.
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of acute and chronic toxicity of Butac... more The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of acute and chronic toxicity of Butachlor, herbicide on biochemical indices of Indian major carp Labeo rohita. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of Butachlor was found to be 0.85 mgl-1 by using Finney’s Probit Method. Fish were exposed to sublethal doses of 1/10th 96 h LC50 (0.21 mgl-1) and the alterations were evaluated by using various methods for the period of 1day and 10 days respectively. A significant
increase in AST, activity was observed in muscle (75.82 % - highest), kidney (0.88% - lowest), ALT activity was noticed in kidney (64.82 % - highest) and in muscle (2.70 % - lowest), the ACP activity level elevated was observed in kidney (28.82 % - highest) and in gill (1.71% - lowest). The acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) enzyme decreased was observed in kidney (52.24 % - highest) and in muscle (1.17 % - lowest) for 1day. Similarly, during 10 days sublethal exposure, AST activity elevated in kidney (86.59 % - highest) and intestine (58.96 % - lowest), ALT activity also increased in kidney (138.66 % - highest) and (42.01 % - lowest) in gill tissues. The ACP percent change was noticed in brain (48.64% - highest) and (26.51% - lowest) in kidney. The AChE activity decreased in kidney (75.17% - highest) and in intestine (48.84 % - lowest), compared to the control group fish (P < 0.05) during the experimentation. Hence, the percent change of biochemical constituent’s has gradually increased or decreased due to of internal organ in all tissues. This might be due to enhanced enzyme turnover under pesticide stress.
Objective: Chronic cigarette smoke (CS) induces significant inflammation leading to emphysema due... more Objective: Chronic cigarette smoke (CS) induces significant
inflammation leading to emphysema due to an imbalance of
oxidant/antioxidant mechanism. Methods: The mice were randomly divided into five groups of eight mice’s each. Wistar mice were
exposed to cigarette smoke for 16 weeks, 2 cigarettes for 15 min/ twice daily, 6 days/wk. The control animals (C) inhaled clean room air. Biochemical markers in blood and lung tissues were analyzed.
Results: Present study revealed that the CS induced oxidative stress enhanced the lipid peroxidation indicated by augmented levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in lung tissue. The increased activity levels of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), decreased activity levels of superoxide-dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT),
glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the lung tissue of CS exposed animals indicate the augmented oxidative stress. The antioxidants vitamins duo E and C were significant decreased in the serum of CS exposed animals. The studies on the Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) revealed
alveolar macrophage apoptosis in CS animals. Conclusions: The
present study revealed that the supplementation of vitamin E and C (50 mg/kg body weight) attenuate the effects of oxidative study in CS exposed animals.
Ethnically Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don. is deployed in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus a... more Ethnically Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don. is deployed in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its related oxidant pathologies, but none of the ethno-medicinal documentation or its further clinical evaluation specifies its variant/s. Therefore, the present study was targeted to sieve out the most efficient variant through in vivo screening of its six variants i.e. pacifica white , cora white , albus with red eye , peppermint cooler, pacifica liliac and grape cooler. Experimental diabetes was induced through intraperitoneal streptozotocin and glibenclamide was used as a reference drug to mark the equi-marker biochemical profile of the variant. Four biochemical parameters viz. (i) glycemic status –plasma insulin and C-peptide (ii) enzymatic antioxidants - superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and glucose- 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (iii) non- enzymatic antioxidants- total reduced glutathione, Vitamin C and Vitamin E and (iv) lipid peroxidation were evaluated in different experimental groups. Among the screened variants pacifica white and cora white were akin to reference drug, variant albus with red eye signified negligible hypoglycemic effect while others showed differential array in regulation of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Objective: To investigate antioxidant potential of ethyl acetate extract of Eupatorium triplinerv... more Objective: To investigate antioxidant potential of ethyl acetate extract of Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl Methods: The study was done by using various In vitro methods such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), Nitric oxide, Superoxide anion radical scavenging, Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging, Iron chelating, Ferric reducing antioxidant power, (FRAP) and Total antioxidant activity. Phytochemical constituents, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of the extract at different concentrations (50,100,150,200 and 250 μg/mL) were
determined. Results: Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl leaves showed high free radical scavenging activity as evidenced by the low IC50values in DPPH (116.7 μg/mL), Superoxide anion(165.0 μg/mL), ABTS (326.0μg/mL), Nitric oxide(172.1μg/mL), H2O2(153.7μg/mL),Iron chelating (208.4μg/mL) FRAP(265.0μg/mL) and Total antioxidant activity(226.0μg/mL). Furthermore the TPC (37.48) and TFC (44.28) of the extract were found to be 40.77 Gallic acid equivalent per gram of extract and
48.56 mg quercetin equivalent per gram of extract respectively.
Conclusions: The results of present comprehensive analysis
demonstrated that Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl leaves possess high phenolic, flavonoid contents and potential antioxidant activity and could be used as a viable source of natural antioxidants and might be exploited for functional foods and nutriceuticals applications.
Skeletal muscle relaxant activity of the aqueous leaf extract of Carica Papaya was investigated b... more Skeletal muscle relaxant activity of the aqueous leaf extract of
Carica Papaya was investigated by testing the effects of the extract on wistar rat using rota-rod apparatus model, inclined screen test, climbing test. Experiments were carried out on male rat and the
animals were randomly allotted to the different control and test groups. The extracts (aqueous) contain alkaloids, carpine,
pseudocarpine, glycosides, saponin, and flavonoids. It was found that aqueous extracts up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight, did not show any toxic manifestations or death. The extract was administered orally at a dose of 200 mg/kg. Diazepam in a dose of 4 mg/kg (s.c.) was used as a standard. Aqueous extract at the dose level of 200 mg/kg body weight showed significant skeletal muscle relaxant activity. On the bases of these results we can conclude that the Carica papaya may be used to develop herbal medicines against the same.
In the present work of synthesis of the oxadiazole derivatives of ibuprofen, first of all the ibu... more In the present work of synthesis of the oxadiazole derivatives of
ibuprofen, first of all the ibuprofen was converted into its conversion to
hydrazide. The synthesized hydrazide of ibuprofen was treated with
POCl3 and selected (aliphatic and aromatic) acids to form the five final
compounds viz. A, B, C, D, E. All compounds were characterized on the
basis of IR and 1HNMR spectral data. The 5 analogues were synthesized
in order to ascertain the effect of substituted oxadiazole on antiinflammatory
efficacy, which showed good anti-inflammatory activity
as compared to parent drug. Furthermore, the SAR studies of the
derivatives were important to correlate the pharmacological activity
with the proposed new moiety
Among the high land legume crops, field pea is the second important stable food grain and it is i... more Among the high land legume crops, field pea is the second important stable
food grain and it is important low-input break crops throughout the highlands
of Ethiopia. The experiment on the effect of intra and inter-row spacing on
filed pea was conducted for three year at Adet Agricultural research station
and for one year at Debere tabor and Mota research station. Two inter-row
spacing (20cm and 25cm) and three intra-row spacing’s (5 cm, 10 cm and 15
cm) were evaluated using two released varieties (Sefinesh and Megeri) in
factorial randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The data was
analyzed using SAS-JMP5 (2002) computer software. Except the intra row
spacing and the interaction effect between variety and intra row spacing, most
the main and interaction effects were not significantly affect the agronomic
attributes of both varieties. The highest and the lowest plant height for both
varieties were recorded at the lowest and the highest intra row spacing,
respectively. However, the highest seed yield and thousand seed weight were
recorded when both varieties were planted at 10 cm intra row spacing. In the
case of interaction effect between variety and intra row spacing, the highest
seed yield was recorded when Megeri was planted at 10 cm intra row spacing
but statistically on par with 5 cm and when Sefinesh was planted at 10 cm, 15
cm intra row spacing. However, both varieties gave the maximum seed yield
when they were planted at 10 cm intra row spacing. On the other hand ,inter
row spacing (20 cm and 25 cm) and the interaction effect between variety and
inter row spacing did not gave significant yield difference. In conclusion,
planting both varieties of field pea at 20 cm inter row spacing and 10 cm intra
row spacing gave the optimum seed yield for both varieties in all
experimental and similar areas. This study demonstrated that planting both
field pea varieties at 20 cm/25cm inter and 10 cm intra row spacing
significantly modify field pea yield and yield components by for exploiting
the resources of the environment and gave a higher seed yield compared with
the other plant spacing, suggesting that they could be used as management
tools for increased yield in the high lands of the region. However, further
separate research for each variety in different agro ecology of the region
should be conducted to see the combined effect of more inter and intra row
spacing.
Herbal medicines are skyrocketing worldwide and considered safe by the general public due to thei... more Herbal medicines are skyrocketing worldwide and considered safe by the general public due to their natural origin. It is believed to possess a long history of use, patient tolerance, cheaper cost, fewer side effects. Contrary to the belief of being natural and safe products, herbal plants produce toxic substances as secondary metabolites that are sometimes not easily distinguishable from the pharmacological active compounds. Some herbal medicines have been directly linked with wide spectrum of untoward effects due to presence of active compounds. In almost 90% of published case reports says that herbal medicines induced adverse effects have been reversed towards normalcy upon discontinuation of these medicines by the patient which shows the prevalence of herbal medicine. It has to emphasize that though herbal medicines usage is inevitable against wide spectrum of diseases and there also considerable amount of risk it possess. Hence, it is suggested that herbal medicines use in human should carefully be monitored, pharmacovigilance and herb drug and herb food interaction studies are further warranted and it is need of the hour.
In this paper, a fitted non standard finite difference method is proposed for solving singularly ... more In this paper, a fitted non standard finite difference method is proposed for solving singularly perturbed differential-difference equations with delay and advanced shifts. Taylor series is used to tackle the delay and advanced shifts to replace the given problem as singularly perturbed two–point boundary value problem. A fitting factor is introduced in the non standard finite difference scheme which takes care of the rapid changes that occur in the boundary layer due to perturbation parameter. From the theory asymptotic solution of singular perturbations the fitting factor is obtained. Thomas algorithm is used to solve the tridiagonal system of the discretization equation. The existence and uniqueness of the discrete problem along with stability estimates are discussed. The convergence of the method is analyzed. Maximum absolute errors of several numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the proposed method.
The developed new method for the simultaneous estimation of Amoldipine besylate and Valsartan in ... more The developed new method for the simultaneous estimation of Amoldipine besylate and Valsartan in tablet formulations is simple, rapid, selective, precise and accurate .The present work has been developed by non isocratic reverse phase high performance liquid Chromatography assay method. The separation was carried out by using column Symmetry C18, (150 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 µ) (Make: Waters), in mobile phase consisted of Acetonitrile and pH 3.0 triethylamine buffer. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, column oven temperature 35 oC, the injection volume was 10 μL, and detection was performed at 237 nm using a photodiode array detector (PDA), Run time 20 min. The retention time of amlodipine besylate and valsartan, was noted to be 5.2 min and 8.5min respectively, indicative of rather shorter analysis time. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The proposed method was found to be accurate, reproducible, and consistent. Validation of RP-LC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Amlodipine Besylate and Valsartan in Bulk and Its Pharmaceutical Formulations,
Insulin like peptide sequences have been the metabolic regulator in both invertebrate and vertebr... more Insulin like peptide sequences have been the metabolic regulator in both invertebrate and vertebrates. During the molecular evolution it has been altered significantly with amino acid substitution at various sites. In humans it is the chief hormone involved in carbohydrate metabolism and related pathways but differs with other insulin peptides of lower classes. As anatomically and physiologically aves share farthermost features with mammalia. Therefore, in present study in silico comparsion of both avian and human insulin was carried out to analyze the patterns of substitution in the mother sequences of chain A and chain B. Target sequences were retrieved from NCBI and were locally aligned to sort the amino acid differences at various sites. Avian amino acids Histidine, Asparagine and Threonine of position 8, 9 and 10 of chain A are substituted by Threonine, Serine and Isoleucine respectively in humans; while Alanine of 1, 2 and 30 position of avian chain B is replaced by Phenylalanine, Valine and Tyrosine in humans. 27 th position of aves is preoccupied by Serine while human insulin carries Threonine. All the substitutions involved the replacement in non receptor and ligand binding sites which bespeaks functional conformity in both the aligned groups. Cysteine residues were invariably constant indicating conservation of secondary structure and stability. In silico comparative study of avian and human insulin chain A and chain B, journal de afrikana, 2016, 3(4); 252-261.
In this paper, a uniformly convergent completely exponential fitted finite difference method is c... more In this paper, a uniformly convergent completely exponential fitted finite difference method is constructed for the solution of two parameters singularly perturbed two-point boundary value problem having dual boundary layer on a uniform mesh. In this method, the discretization equation is developed using higher order finite difference approximations for the derivative terms. Two fitting factors are inserted in the finite difference scheme to take care of the two parameters of the problem. The discretization equation is solved by using the tridiagonal solver discrete invariant imbedding. Convergence of the method is analyzed and the maximum absolute errors with comparison for the standard examples are tabulated to show the efficiency of the method.
Roghan baiza e murgh (RBM) is derived from the yolk of hen's egg (Zardi-e-baiza-e-murgh). RBM was... more Roghan baiza e murgh (RBM) is derived from the yolk of hen's egg (Zardi-e-baiza-e-murgh). RBM was traditionally extracted from the yolks by a simple process of expression and through Patal Jantar. Modern methods of extraction include liquid-liquid extraction using common solvents such as petroleum ether. To check adulteration in RBM, there is a need to establish standards for this oil and also compare the differences in the standard RBM prepared by classical technique and modern method. The objective of this study was pharmaceutical evaluation of RBM prepared through classical method as well as through modern method and physicochemical analysis of the two products. A remarkable high yield percentage of RBM was noted in case of liquid-liquid extraction method as compared to the traditional method and some significant differences were also noted in organoleptic characteristics as well as in other chemical parameters while comparing the two products. There is a scope of pharmaceutical betterment for preparing RBM, which can be commercially exploited for a large scale production. The clinical aspect of the two products is yet to be examined and this should also be compared and evaluated. Preparation of Unani Formulation Roghan Baiza-e-Murgh and its Physicochemical Analysis,
journal de afrikana, 2016, 3(3); 225-232.
Serine protease inhibitors have been reported from several species of Momordica and trypsin is on... more Serine protease inhibitors have been reported from several species of Momordica and trypsin is one of the representative enzymes of serine proteases. The present study was performed to characterize the seed protein from Momordica dioica for its antitrypsin potential and antifungal activity. BAEE (N-α-Benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester hydrochloride) substrate based method was used for analysis of antitrypsin activity in seed protein. 94.91% of inhibition was obtained in crude extract, whereas the purified protein of Momordica dioica with trypsin inhibitory activity (MdTi) confirmed 73.99% of inhibition. Antifungal activity was checked in both crude extract as well as in purified protein MdTi against Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oryzae and Candida albicans. No antifungal activity could be confirmed in crude extract and the purified protein MdTi. The MALDI MS analysis of MdTi was performed for identification of the protein. The MS/MS ion search in Swissprot/Mascot database performed using the data obtained in MALDI MS showed that the inhibitor is similar to the squash type trypsin inhibitor of Momordica cochinchinensis.
A total of 25 fungal species were isolated from soil samples using soil dilution techniques colle... more A total of 25 fungal species were isolated from soil samples using soil dilution techniques collected from municipal waste located in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. Out of which two fungal isolates were found to be responsible for the production of silver nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and the maximum absorbance was found to be at 414 and 420nm, respectively. The particle size and shape was studied by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The nature of the nanoparticles was identified by Elemental analysis (EDAX). The synthesized nanoparticles are identified as spherical, rod as well as irregular shaped having size of 48-68nm. The synthesis of nanoparticles by biological method has greater advantages over the physical and chemical methods, as it is environmentally safe or eco-friendly and economically one. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles is the ecofriendly, safe and cost effective way and its antibacterial properties also used in clinical purposes to cure or minimizing the diseases.
Background: The Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaves belongs to the family Malvaceae is found mainly in ... more Background: The Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaves belongs to the family Malvaceae is found mainly in India. The Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaves reported to contain flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and carbohydrates Objective: A Study on pharmacological evaluation for hypoglycemic property of Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaves Methods: The extract of dried leaves of Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaves were screened for their effects on Hypoglycmic activity in normal rats. The extracts were tested for hypoglycemic activity in normal rat and also extracts are screened for their effects on serum glucose level in glucose over loaded rat .The hypoglycemic potential of extracts was evaluated in normal healthy rats. Result: The plant leaves extracts exhibited Hibiscus rosa sinensis effect in glucose loaded rats, rabbits. Oral admisntration of Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaves for 21 days significantly reduced blood glucose level. Conclusion: The study reveals for the first time the hypoglycemic activity of Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaves in both glucose fed normal rats. Acute and chronic studies proven that root extracts showed Hibiscus rosa sinensis effect in normal rats.
Simple, sensitive and accurate UV and two visible spectrophotometric methods were developed for t... more Simple, sensitive and accurate UV and two visible spectrophotometric methods were developed for the analysis of Empagliflozin in pharmaceutical formulations. Method M1 based on the UV absorption of drug in UV region that shows absorption maxima at 247nm. Method M2 and M3 based on the oxidative coupling reaction of drug with 1 10 phenanthroline and Potassium ferricyanide that shows maximum absorbance at 438nm and 782nm for method M2 and M3 respectively. Linearity range was found to be 2-12µg/ml for UV method [M1], 5-30µg/ml for 1 10 phenanthroline method [M2] and 10-60µg/ml for Potassium ferricyanide method [M3]. The methods were validated as per ICH guidelines. The proposed methods have been applied for the estimation of Empagliflozin in tablets. The developed method was simple, accurate, reliable and economical. The proposed method is specific without and interference of excepients and hence can be used for the routine analysis of Empagliflozin in bulk and in pharmaceutical formulation.
Bioadhesion can be defined as a phenomenon of interfacial molecular attractive forces in the mids... more Bioadhesion can be defined as a phenomenon of interfacial molecular attractive forces in the midst of the surfaces of the biological substrate and the natural or synthetic polymers, which allows the polymer to adhere to the biological surface for an extended period of time. [1-4] Bioadhesive polymeric systems have been used since extent in the development of products for various biomedical applications which include denture adhesives and surgical glue. Considerable attention has been focused in recent years on the delivery of drugs through the oral mucosa which have a high first pass metabolism or degrade in the gastrointestinal tract. Buccal delivery involves the administration of the desired drug through the buccal mucosal membrane lining of the oral cavity. Unlike oral drug delivery, which presents a hostile environment for drugs, especially proteins and polypeptides, due to acid hydrolysis and the hepatic first-pass effect, the mucosal lining of buccal tissues provides a much milder environment for drug absorption. Mucoadhesive controlled-release devices can improve the effectiveness of a drug by maintaining the drug concentration between the effective and toxic levels, inhibiting the dilution of the drug in the body fluids, and allowing targeting and localization of a drug at a specific site. Mucoadhesive characteristics are a factor of both the bioadhesive polymer and the medium in which the polymer will reside. Buccal dosage forms can be of Matrix or Reservoir types. However, this route could become a significant means for the delivery of a range of active agents in the coming years, if the barriers to buccal drug delivery are overcome.
Despite a significant work on 1, 2, 4-triazoles, continuous efforts are still being made to ident... more Despite a significant work on 1, 2, 4-triazoles, continuous efforts are still being made to identify novel heterocyclic compounds with potent biological activities. Scientists develop a lot of new compounds having 1, 2, 4-triazole nucleus and screened them for their different biological activities such as antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antiulcer, antihistaminic, antiprotozoal, antitubercular, antiviral and anticancer. This review focuses on the various synthetic approaches of triazole derivatives and their anticancer activity.
Pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized from 4-hydrazino-7-methoxy quinoline(2)wi... more Pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized from 4-hydrazino-7-methoxy quinoline(2)with thoxymethylenecyanoacetate afforded ethyl 5-amino-1-(7-
methoxyquinolin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate(3). The
compound (3) washydrolysed to get 5-amino-1-(7-
methoxyquinolin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid (4) and
then reacted with acetic anhydride to afford 1-(7-
methoxyquinolin-4-yl)-6-methylpyrazolo[3,4-d][1,3]oxazin-
4(1H)-one(5), which was condensed with different aromatic
amines to give a series of 5-substituted 1-(7-methoxyquinolin-4-yl)-6-methyl-5-aryl-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one(6). The newly synthesized title compounds were
characterized and evaluatedfor their antibacterial, antioxidant activity and molecular docking studies.
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of acute and chronic toxicity of Butac... more The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of acute and chronic toxicity of Butachlor, herbicide on biochemical indices of Indian major carp Labeo rohita. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of Butachlor was found to be 0.85 mgl-1 by using Finney’s Probit Method. Fish were exposed to sublethal doses of 1/10th 96 h LC50 (0.21 mgl-1) and the alterations were evaluated by using various methods for the period of 1day and 10 days respectively. A significant
increase in AST, activity was observed in muscle (75.82 % - highest), kidney (0.88% - lowest), ALT activity was noticed in kidney (64.82 % - highest) and in muscle (2.70 % - lowest), the ACP activity level elevated was observed in kidney (28.82 % - highest) and in gill (1.71% - lowest). The acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) enzyme decreased was observed in kidney (52.24 % - highest) and in muscle (1.17 % - lowest) for 1day. Similarly, during 10 days sublethal exposure, AST activity elevated in kidney (86.59 % - highest) and intestine (58.96 % - lowest), ALT activity also increased in kidney (138.66 % - highest) and (42.01 % - lowest) in gill tissues. The ACP percent change was noticed in brain (48.64% - highest) and (26.51% - lowest) in kidney. The AChE activity decreased in kidney (75.17% - highest) and in intestine (48.84 % - lowest), compared to the control group fish (P < 0.05) during the experimentation. Hence, the percent change of biochemical constituent’s has gradually increased or decreased due to of internal organ in all tissues. This might be due to enhanced enzyme turnover under pesticide stress.
Objective: Chronic cigarette smoke (CS) induces significant inflammation leading to emphysema due... more Objective: Chronic cigarette smoke (CS) induces significant
inflammation leading to emphysema due to an imbalance of
oxidant/antioxidant mechanism. Methods: The mice were randomly divided into five groups of eight mice’s each. Wistar mice were
exposed to cigarette smoke for 16 weeks, 2 cigarettes for 15 min/ twice daily, 6 days/wk. The control animals (C) inhaled clean room air. Biochemical markers in blood and lung tissues were analyzed.
Results: Present study revealed that the CS induced oxidative stress enhanced the lipid peroxidation indicated by augmented levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in lung tissue. The increased activity levels of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), decreased activity levels of superoxide-dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT),
glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the lung tissue of CS exposed animals indicate the augmented oxidative stress. The antioxidants vitamins duo E and C were significant decreased in the serum of CS exposed animals. The studies on the Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) revealed
alveolar macrophage apoptosis in CS animals. Conclusions: The
present study revealed that the supplementation of vitamin E and C (50 mg/kg body weight) attenuate the effects of oxidative study in CS exposed animals.
Ethnically Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don. is deployed in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus a... more Ethnically Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don. is deployed in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its related oxidant pathologies, but none of the ethno-medicinal documentation or its further clinical evaluation specifies its variant/s. Therefore, the present study was targeted to sieve out the most efficient variant through in vivo screening of its six variants i.e. pacifica white , cora white , albus with red eye , peppermint cooler, pacifica liliac and grape cooler. Experimental diabetes was induced through intraperitoneal streptozotocin and glibenclamide was used as a reference drug to mark the equi-marker biochemical profile of the variant. Four biochemical parameters viz. (i) glycemic status –plasma insulin and C-peptide (ii) enzymatic antioxidants - superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and glucose- 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (iii) non- enzymatic antioxidants- total reduced glutathione, Vitamin C and Vitamin E and (iv) lipid peroxidation were evaluated in different experimental groups. Among the screened variants pacifica white and cora white were akin to reference drug, variant albus with red eye signified negligible hypoglycemic effect while others showed differential array in regulation of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Objective: To investigate antioxidant potential of ethyl acetate extract of Eupatorium triplinerv... more Objective: To investigate antioxidant potential of ethyl acetate extract of Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl Methods: The study was done by using various In vitro methods such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), Nitric oxide, Superoxide anion radical scavenging, Hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging, Iron chelating, Ferric reducing antioxidant power, (FRAP) and Total antioxidant activity. Phytochemical constituents, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of the extract at different concentrations (50,100,150,200 and 250 μg/mL) were
determined. Results: Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl leaves showed high free radical scavenging activity as evidenced by the low IC50values in DPPH (116.7 μg/mL), Superoxide anion(165.0 μg/mL), ABTS (326.0μg/mL), Nitric oxide(172.1μg/mL), H2O2(153.7μg/mL),Iron chelating (208.4μg/mL) FRAP(265.0μg/mL) and Total antioxidant activity(226.0μg/mL). Furthermore the TPC (37.48) and TFC (44.28) of the extract were found to be 40.77 Gallic acid equivalent per gram of extract and
48.56 mg quercetin equivalent per gram of extract respectively.
Conclusions: The results of present comprehensive analysis
demonstrated that Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl leaves possess high phenolic, flavonoid contents and potential antioxidant activity and could be used as a viable source of natural antioxidants and might be exploited for functional foods and nutriceuticals applications.
Skeletal muscle relaxant activity of the aqueous leaf extract of Carica Papaya was investigated b... more Skeletal muscle relaxant activity of the aqueous leaf extract of
Carica Papaya was investigated by testing the effects of the extract on wistar rat using rota-rod apparatus model, inclined screen test, climbing test. Experiments were carried out on male rat and the
animals were randomly allotted to the different control and test groups. The extracts (aqueous) contain alkaloids, carpine,
pseudocarpine, glycosides, saponin, and flavonoids. It was found that aqueous extracts up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight, did not show any toxic manifestations or death. The extract was administered orally at a dose of 200 mg/kg. Diazepam in a dose of 4 mg/kg (s.c.) was used as a standard. Aqueous extract at the dose level of 200 mg/kg body weight showed significant skeletal muscle relaxant activity. On the bases of these results we can conclude that the Carica papaya may be used to develop herbal medicines against the same.
In the present work of synthesis of the oxadiazole derivatives of ibuprofen, first of all the ibu... more In the present work of synthesis of the oxadiazole derivatives of
ibuprofen, first of all the ibuprofen was converted into its conversion to
hydrazide. The synthesized hydrazide of ibuprofen was treated with
POCl3 and selected (aliphatic and aromatic) acids to form the five final
compounds viz. A, B, C, D, E. All compounds were characterized on the
basis of IR and 1HNMR spectral data. The 5 analogues were synthesized
in order to ascertain the effect of substituted oxadiazole on antiinflammatory
efficacy, which showed good anti-inflammatory activity
as compared to parent drug. Furthermore, the SAR studies of the
derivatives were important to correlate the pharmacological activity
with the proposed new moiety
Among the high land legume crops, field pea is the second important stable food grain and it is i... more Among the high land legume crops, field pea is the second important stable
food grain and it is important low-input break crops throughout the highlands
of Ethiopia. The experiment on the effect of intra and inter-row spacing on
filed pea was conducted for three year at Adet Agricultural research station
and for one year at Debere tabor and Mota research station. Two inter-row
spacing (20cm and 25cm) and three intra-row spacing’s (5 cm, 10 cm and 15
cm) were evaluated using two released varieties (Sefinesh and Megeri) in
factorial randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The data was
analyzed using SAS-JMP5 (2002) computer software. Except the intra row
spacing and the interaction effect between variety and intra row spacing, most
the main and interaction effects were not significantly affect the agronomic
attributes of both varieties. The highest and the lowest plant height for both
varieties were recorded at the lowest and the highest intra row spacing,
respectively. However, the highest seed yield and thousand seed weight were
recorded when both varieties were planted at 10 cm intra row spacing. In the
case of interaction effect between variety and intra row spacing, the highest
seed yield was recorded when Megeri was planted at 10 cm intra row spacing
but statistically on par with 5 cm and when Sefinesh was planted at 10 cm, 15
cm intra row spacing. However, both varieties gave the maximum seed yield
when they were planted at 10 cm intra row spacing. On the other hand ,inter
row spacing (20 cm and 25 cm) and the interaction effect between variety and
inter row spacing did not gave significant yield difference. In conclusion,
planting both varieties of field pea at 20 cm inter row spacing and 10 cm intra
row spacing gave the optimum seed yield for both varieties in all
experimental and similar areas. This study demonstrated that planting both
field pea varieties at 20 cm/25cm inter and 10 cm intra row spacing
significantly modify field pea yield and yield components by for exploiting
the resources of the environment and gave a higher seed yield compared with
the other plant spacing, suggesting that they could be used as management
tools for increased yield in the high lands of the region. However, further
separate research for each variety in different agro ecology of the region
should be conducted to see the combined effect of more inter and intra row
spacing.