DR .DHANAPAL VENKATACHALAM | Kerala University Of Health Sciences (original) (raw)

Papers by DR .DHANAPAL VENKATACHALAM

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Apr 20, 2023

The objective of the study was to evaluate the major known active principleembelin of Embeliaribe... more The objective of the study was to evaluate the major known active principleembelin of Embeliaribes for possible antidepressant activity..EmbeliaribesBurm (Family: Myrsinaceae) is extensively used in Indian traditional medicine for treating various disease conditions including chronic inflammatory disorders, heart and urinary conditions, snake and insect bites and tumour. Methodology: Fractionation of the methanlic extract of dried powdered fruits using column chromatography over silica gel afforded embelin. Experimental depression was induced by subjecting mice to tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST) experimental models. Intraperitonial administration of embelin (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) 30 min prior to induction of experimental depression resulted in dosedependent reduction of immobility under both test conditions. Results: The effects of embelin on immobility time of mice in the TST at the doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, embelin induced antidepressant-like effect with significance level of p < 0.05; p < 0.001 respectively when compared with the control group. The positive control, imipramine, administered at the dose of 15 mg/kg did also show antidepressant-like effect comparable with that of 5 mg/kg embelin (p > 0.001).As with the FST, treatment of mice with 2.5 and 5 mg/kg of embelin given by intra peritoneal route significantly decreased immobility in the FST. The data obtained at these two doses were significantly different from the control group (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively). The positive control, imipramine, did also shorten immobility time in the FST (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The result concludes that,the major bioactive constituent of Embeliaribes, embelin, exhibited significant activity in mice TST and FST experimental models. The observed potent activity at doses lower than the standard antidepressant drug, imipramine, suggests the potential of embelin and Embeliaribes for treating mental depression.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Sep 3, 2022

Ziziphus jujube Mill. (Z. jujuba) is a traditional herb with a long history of use for nutrition ... more Ziziphus jujube Mill. (Z. jujuba) is a traditional herb with a long history of use for nutrition and the treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases. It grows mostly in South and East Asia particularly in India, as well as in Australia and Europe. Mounting evidence shows the health benefits of Z. jujuba, including anticancer, anti-inflammation, anti-obesity, antioxidant, and hepato-protective properties, which are due to its bioactive compounds. Chemotherapy, such as with cis-diamminedichloroplatinium (CDDP, cisplatin) and its derivatives, is widely used in cancer treatment. It is an effective treatment for human cancers, including ovarian cancer; however, drug resistance is a major obstacle to successful treatment. A better understanding of the mechanisms and strategies for overcoming chemo resistance can greatly improve therapeutic outcomes for patients. In this review article, the bioactive compounds present in Z. Jujube are explained. The high prevalence of many different cancers worldwide has recently attracted the attention of many researchers. This is why our research group focused on studying the anticancer activity of Z. Jujube as well as its impact on chemo resistance both in vivo and in vitro. We hope that these studies can lead to a promising future for cancer patients.

Depression is the leading cause of disability and the fourth leading contributor to the global bu... more Depression is the leading cause of disability and the fourth leading contributor to the global burden of disease in 2000. Today, depression is already the secondcause in the age category 15-44 years for both sexes combined. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti‐depressant activity of ethanol extract of the leaves of Drypetusroxburgii belonging to family Euphorbiaceae by using actophotometer and forced swimming test (FST) in Swiss albino mice. The albino mice were treated with ethanol extract at a dose of 500mg/kg orally and behaviour was observed on actophotometer and FST. The results showed that ethanol extract at a dose of 500mg/kg of the leaves of Drypetusroxburgii has anti-depressant activity.

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY, 2014

Patient counseling is a critical component of dispensing process that provides information, advic... more Patient counseling is a critical component of dispensing process that provides information, advice and assistance to help patients using their medication properly. The objective of our study was to analyze whether patient counseling services are provided or not and how efficiently it is being conducted. For this purpose a questionnaire based cross sectional survey of pharmacists was done in different hospital set ups of the Karachi city with a sample size of 30. The results show that counseling services are provided by all the Hospitals in which survey was conducted, medication charts are used by 15 (50 %) samples while patient education program is not organized by 18 (60 %) samples. The results obtained from the survey conclude that patient counseling is conceptually present in all hospital setups but not done efficiently or in appropriate manner. Steps should be taken by the authorities, pharmacists and the patients to make counseling more effective.

Objective: To investigate the total phenol content, the total flavonoid content and antioxidant p... more Objective: To investigate the total phenol content, the total flavonoid content and antioxidant properties of Ethanolic and Aqueous extracts of the whole plant of Euphorbia hirta. Methodology: We determined the total phenolic and flavonoid content by using Folin-Coicalteu assays and Aluminium chloride colorimetric method. In addition, the antioxidant activity of two extracts was tested by DPPH (1, 1’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay and superoxide radical scavenging assay. Results: The total phenol contents in aqueous and ethanol extracts were calculated as 277.64±2.46 and 293.74±2.48, mg/g, respectively. Analysis of the phenolic contents in these extracts of Euphorbia hirta have revealed that the ethanolic extract contained the maximum phenolic content in terms of gallic acid equivalents, than aqueous extract. The total flavonoid content in aqueous and ethanol extracts were calculated as 27.37±0.39 QE mg/g and 41.32±1.69 QE mg/g. The flavonoid contents of ethanol extract had the higher amount of flavonoid contents than aqueous extract. The antioxidant activity of two extracts was tested by DPPH (1,1’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay and superoxide radical scavenging assay. From this result it states that ethanolic extract has a strong percentage of inhibition with lower IC50 value than aqueous extract. These results indicate that there was a direct correlation between total phenol and antioxidant activity. Conclusions: The result concludes that the whole plant of Euphorbia hirta posses antioxidant activity.

PharmaTutor, 2019

The methanol extract of murraya koenigii (leaf) were investigated for their antibacterial activit... more The methanol extract of murraya koenigii (leaf) were investigated for their antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus using cup plate agar diffusion method and methanol extract produces best results. Various investigations like physiochemical standard, preliminary phytochemical screening of the plant was carried out and parameters were reported. The present paper deals with investigation of various phytochemical present in methanol extract and in vitro antibacterial activity against the s.aureus. The literature survey does not exist antibacterial activity of murraya koenigii (leaf) in methanol extract against s.aureus. It is concluded that the plant studied may source of antibacterial plant.

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2015

Increased industrialization and urbanization globally have resulted in the enormous discharge of ... more Increased industrialization and urbanization globally have resulted in the enormous discharge of industrial effluents with colored pigments such as dyes from textile industries and toxic heavy metal ion such as arsenic (As 3+) from electronic, wood and leather tanning industries (Kartal & Imamura 2005) mercury (Hg 2+) from electrochemical, metal extraction and refining industries, etc. seriously polluting soil and water bodies. The typical concentration range of As 3+ and Hg 2+ metal ion reported for industrial effluents were 0.25 to 100 mg/L and 0.1 to 100 mg/L, respectively (Krishnan & Anirudhan 2002, Mohan & Pittman 2007). Such toxic metal ion and dyes beyond certain concentration limits in effluents could cause potential hazards such as skin, lung and kidney cancers and affect digestive system (Sivaraj et al. 2001) of mankind and harmful to other living beings if improperly handled. A very high exposure to inorganic arsenic could cause infertility, skin disturbances, declined resistance to infections, heart disruption, DNA and brain damage (Musico et al. 2013). Inorganic mercury poisoning was associated with psychological changes, spontaneous abortion and congenital malformation. In addition, the organic monomethylmercury causes damage to the brain and the central nervous system and reduction in root growth of aquatic plants. The unabsorbed dyes from the textile dying effluents were having low biochemical oxygen demand and high chemical oxygen demand

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2014

Objective: Numerous herbal plants are available naturally; they having different chemical constit... more Objective: Numerous herbal plants are available naturally; they having different chemical constituents used in cosmetics preparations. This review is based on focusing on the cosmeceuticals intended to enhance the health and beauty of skin. Methods: The isolated compounds from the herbal plants like coconut oil, sunflower oil, ojoba oil, olive oil, aloe-vera, were studied their skin care effects and adverse reaction. The herbs like rhodiolarosea, carrot, gingko, and turmeric were studied for their anti-aging property. Herbal plants like henna, neem were studied their antidandruff treatment. Herbal likes green tea, calendula, turmeric, shitake, rose oil were evaluated their skin protection capacity. Amla, eucalyptus oil were tested their hair growth character and also studied the antioxidant property of some vitamins. Results: The results obtained from the study, proved that effective and safe, when used as a moisturizer with absence of adverse reaction. Herbs are rich in vitamins, t...

Hydrogels - From Tradition to Innovative Platforms With Multiple Applications [Working Title]

Synthetic polymer hydrogels and modified natural polymer hydrogels are widely and increasingly us... more Synthetic polymer hydrogels and modified natural polymer hydrogels are widely and increasingly used in agriculture, health care textiles, effluent treatment, drug delivery, tissue engineering, civil concrete structure, etc. Among them, the use of hydrogels in agricultural and horticultural sectors as matrices for the controlled release of water, various primary and secondary nutrients has drawn significant attraction from researchers, scientists, and industry persons due to their smartness with reference to controlled release characteristics based on plant requirement. Since the use of these hydrogels for controlled release application ensures the minimum utilization of water and plant nutrients in fields. Besides, this will bring down the overloading of fertilizer, soil contamination, and water pollution such as eutrophication, nitrate pollution, and micronutrient imbalance. This chapter is focused on the class of hydrogels that are used for the controlled release application in th...

Human to human transmitted disease is the game of corona virus disease (COVID-19) transmission an... more Human to human transmitted disease is the game of corona virus disease (COVID-19) transmission and it had been declared an emergency global pandemic that caused major disastrous in respiratory system to more than five million people and killing more than half a billion deaths across the globe. Besides lower acute respiratory syndrome, there is damage to alveolar with severe inflammatory exudation. COVID-19 patients often have lower immunosuppressive CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells and most patients in intensive care units (ICU) need mechanical ventilation, hence longer stay in hospitals. These patients have been discovered to develop fungal co-infections. COVID-19 patients develop what is known as mucormycosis a black fungal infection which is deadly leading to loss of sight and hearing and eventually death. This chapter will focus on mucormycosis, black fungus caused during post Covid 19 complications.

Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity... more Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of methanolic extract of zizyphus jujuba leaves in normal and streptozotocin inducing diabetic rats. Zizyphus jujuba Lam. is also called as Baer tree, belongs to the family Rhamnaceae. It is used primarily for its fruits. Jujube, a delicious fruit, is an effective herbal remedy improving stamina and muscular strength and aids weight gain, strengthens liver function and increases immune system resistance. Methods: The dried bark was powdered and extracted with various solvents by successive soxhlet hot extraction process with increasing order of polarity. On phytochemical investigation, the methanol extract and aqueous extract has shown steroids, flavonoids and tannins. The zizyphus jujuba was reported for the many of biological activity, and hypoglycaemic activity of the same has not been reported so far. Streptozotocin is used to induce diabetic in rats and the blood lipid levels were estimated using commercial kits available in the market. The methanolic extract of Zizyphus jujuba was administered at the doses 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg. Results : The methanolic extracts of Zizyphus jujuba 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg produced significant decreased p<0.01) in blood glucose level after 2,4 and 6 hour of treatment as compared to untreated diabetic rats respectively as 503±3.

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate antipyretic activity of crude methanol extr... more Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate antipyretic activity of crude methanol extract of Zizyphus jujuba leaves. Z.jujuba commonly called, Red date or Chinese date or Bera (Pushto), belonging to family Rhamnaceae, is used primarily for its fruits. Jujube, a delicious fruit, is an effective herbal remedy improving stamina and muscular strength and aids weight gain, strengthens liver function and increases immune system resistance. Methodology: The anti-pyretic activity of methanolic extract of Zizyphus jujuba Lam leaves was evaluated to Brewer's yeast induced pyrexia in rats with respect to control group. Results: In the first hour, the antipyretic effect of methanol extract of Zizyphus jujuba (200 and 400 mg/kg) was significant (p<0.05, and p <0.01 respectively). The results suggests that Zizyphus jujuba at a dose of 200mg/kg caused a highly significant reduction at third hour (p<0.001). However, the effect increases significantly at the dose of 400 mg/kg having (p<0.01) at first, second and fourth hour. The antipyretic effect was comparable with that of a standard Paracetamol. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that the MEZJ has better potential against Pyrexia which supports the traditional claims in folklore medicine. Phytochemical investigation suggests the presence of saponin in the leaves which may be responsible for the anti-ulcer activity.

International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 2018

Objective: To study detailed Pharmacognostic profile and preliminary phytochemical investigation ... more Objective: To study detailed Pharmacognostic profile and preliminary phytochemical investigation and isolation of volatile oil, and TLC and GLC analysis of volatile oil of the leaves of Sphaeranthus indicus (Linn.) commonly known as Globethistle belongs to the family Asteraceae. The leaves of Sphaeranthus indicus (Linn.) used traditionally in Ayurveda for hyperlipidemia, epilepsy, mental illness, jaundice, diabetes, leprosy, fever cough, gastropathy, hernia, hemorrhoids, helminthiasis, dyspepsia and skin diseases and AIDS. The reports showed that it is also used for hypertensive, anxiolytic, neuroleptic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, bronchodilator, anti-hyperglycaemic and hepato protective. It grows in rice fields, dry waste places and cultivated lands in tropical parts of India. Methods: Leaf of Sphaeranthus indicus (Linn.) was studied by Macroscopical, Microscopical,Quantitative Microscopy, Physicochemical, Phytochemical analysis of leaf powder and extracts, i...

Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 2017

Rice paddy environment is an exceptional reservoir for different microorganisms (Pathogenic and N... more Rice paddy environment is an exceptional reservoir for different microorganisms (Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic). Fertilizers, Fungicides, Antibiotics and Insecticides were used for boosting rice paddy growth and preventing agronomy diseases. Enormous use of fertilizers, Fungicides, Antibiotics and Insecticides will develop drug resistance in the microorganisms present in the crop [figure-1]. Ninety dried rice paddy samples were collected from different places around regions of Kerala. Forty rod-shaped gram-stain-Positive endospore forming obligate aerobic bacteria were isolated from the samples. All the forty strains were subjected to for antibiotic susceptibility by using the standard antibiotic disc (Cefoxitin). Significant drug resistance and massive growth observed in the strain (SCOP-2) among other isolated bacteria. SCOP-2 was subjected for sensitivity to differ different Antimicrobial disc by using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The results show that SCOP-2 drug resistant...

Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2018

To investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of ethanol extract of Enicostemma lit... more To investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of ethanol extract of Enicostemma littorale Blume (Ens) against CCl 4 induced hepatic injury in albino rats. Male albino rats of six numbers in each group were undertaken for study. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of E. littorale Blume (Ens) ethanol extract at a dosage of 100 & 200 mg/kg body weight was evaluated. The degree of hepatoprotection was assessed by measuring the activity levels of the marker enzymes such as serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and total bilirubin. Lipid peroxidation caused by free radicals was assessed by measuring the activity levels of the tissue antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD). The CCl 4

Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2019

Objective: The present study was designed to check in-vitro efficacy of Antibacterial and antifun... more Objective: The present study was designed to check in-vitro efficacy of Antibacterial and antifungal activity of aqueous and hexane extracts of stem of Justicia gendarussa against selected bacterial and fungal strains. Justicia gendarussa, belonging to the family Acanthaceae, commonly known as ‘‘vatham kolli’ was used in treatment of bronchitis, inflammation, eye diseases, ear ache, vaginal discharges, rheumatism, dysentery, eczema and jaundice. Methodology: Hexane and aqueous extracts of Justicia gendarussa was used for antimicrobial screening. Antibacterial activity was tested against pathogenic bacterial strains Eschericha coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Also antifungal activity was tested against one human pathogenic fungal strain i.e. Candida albicans. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of Justicia gendarussa extract was carried out by using disc diffusion method. Results: Aqueous extract of Justicia gendarussa showed the largest zone of inhibition (5mm) against Eschericha...

South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology, 2019

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate in-vitro efficacy of antibacterial, and ant... more Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate in-vitro efficacy of antibacterial, and antifungal activities of chloroform extract of leaf of Sida cordifolia L. against some human pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. S. cordifolia (Malvaceae) is used as anti-rheumatic, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-asthmatic, nasal decongestant, antiviral, laxative, diuretic, aphrodisiac, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective and in the treatment of Parkinson disease. Methodology: Chloroform extract of S.cordifolia was used for antimicrobial screening. Antibacterial activity was tested against pathogenic bacterial strains Eschericha coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Also antifungal activity was tested against one human pathogenic fungal strain i.e. Candida albicans. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of S. cordifolia extract was carried out by using disc diffusion method. Results: Chloroform extract of S. cordifolia showed the largest zone of inhibition (10mm) against S. aureus at 50µgm/mL and...

Pharmaceutical and Biological Evaluations, 2018

Objective: Plumeria rubra is an important traditional medicinal plant used in various ailments an... more Objective: Plumeria rubra is an important traditional medicinal plant used in various ailments and the indigenous plant as a medicament for treatment of various inflammatory conditions is well documented in literature. The analgesic activity was evaluated by hot-plate and acetic acid induced writhing methods.Methods: The leaves of P. rubra were collected from the local area in and around Palakkad, Kerala (India). About 1500 g of the powder was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus for 12 h using 5.0 L of Ethanol as solvent. The test extracts was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg while Pentazocine (5 mg/kg) and diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg) served as standards.Results: The ethanolic extract of 200 mg/kg having significant analgesic activity in Acetic acid induced abdominal writhing response and percentage of inhibition (PI) (p<0.01 )when compared to control.. The Ethanolic extract of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg exhibited significant analgesic activity in the hot...

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Apr 20, 2023

The objective of the study was to evaluate the major known active principleembelin of Embeliaribe... more The objective of the study was to evaluate the major known active principleembelin of Embeliaribes for possible antidepressant activity..EmbeliaribesBurm (Family: Myrsinaceae) is extensively used in Indian traditional medicine for treating various disease conditions including chronic inflammatory disorders, heart and urinary conditions, snake and insect bites and tumour. Methodology: Fractionation of the methanlic extract of dried powdered fruits using column chromatography over silica gel afforded embelin. Experimental depression was induced by subjecting mice to tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST) experimental models. Intraperitonial administration of embelin (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) 30 min prior to induction of experimental depression resulted in dosedependent reduction of immobility under both test conditions. Results: The effects of embelin on immobility time of mice in the TST at the doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, embelin induced antidepressant-like effect with significance level of p < 0.05; p < 0.001 respectively when compared with the control group. The positive control, imipramine, administered at the dose of 15 mg/kg did also show antidepressant-like effect comparable with that of 5 mg/kg embelin (p > 0.001).As with the FST, treatment of mice with 2.5 and 5 mg/kg of embelin given by intra peritoneal route significantly decreased immobility in the FST. The data obtained at these two doses were significantly different from the control group (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively). The positive control, imipramine, did also shorten immobility time in the FST (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The result concludes that,the major bioactive constituent of Embeliaribes, embelin, exhibited significant activity in mice TST and FST experimental models. The observed potent activity at doses lower than the standard antidepressant drug, imipramine, suggests the potential of embelin and Embeliaribes for treating mental depression.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Sep 3, 2022

Ziziphus jujube Mill. (Z. jujuba) is a traditional herb with a long history of use for nutrition ... more Ziziphus jujube Mill. (Z. jujuba) is a traditional herb with a long history of use for nutrition and the treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases. It grows mostly in South and East Asia particularly in India, as well as in Australia and Europe. Mounting evidence shows the health benefits of Z. jujuba, including anticancer, anti-inflammation, anti-obesity, antioxidant, and hepato-protective properties, which are due to its bioactive compounds. Chemotherapy, such as with cis-diamminedichloroplatinium (CDDP, cisplatin) and its derivatives, is widely used in cancer treatment. It is an effective treatment for human cancers, including ovarian cancer; however, drug resistance is a major obstacle to successful treatment. A better understanding of the mechanisms and strategies for overcoming chemo resistance can greatly improve therapeutic outcomes for patients. In this review article, the bioactive compounds present in Z. Jujube are explained. The high prevalence of many different cancers worldwide has recently attracted the attention of many researchers. This is why our research group focused on studying the anticancer activity of Z. Jujube as well as its impact on chemo resistance both in vivo and in vitro. We hope that these studies can lead to a promising future for cancer patients.

Depression is the leading cause of disability and the fourth leading contributor to the global bu... more Depression is the leading cause of disability and the fourth leading contributor to the global burden of disease in 2000. Today, depression is already the secondcause in the age category 15-44 years for both sexes combined. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti‐depressant activity of ethanol extract of the leaves of Drypetusroxburgii belonging to family Euphorbiaceae by using actophotometer and forced swimming test (FST) in Swiss albino mice. The albino mice were treated with ethanol extract at a dose of 500mg/kg orally and behaviour was observed on actophotometer and FST. The results showed that ethanol extract at a dose of 500mg/kg of the leaves of Drypetusroxburgii has anti-depressant activity.

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY, 2014

Patient counseling is a critical component of dispensing process that provides information, advic... more Patient counseling is a critical component of dispensing process that provides information, advice and assistance to help patients using their medication properly. The objective of our study was to analyze whether patient counseling services are provided or not and how efficiently it is being conducted. For this purpose a questionnaire based cross sectional survey of pharmacists was done in different hospital set ups of the Karachi city with a sample size of 30. The results show that counseling services are provided by all the Hospitals in which survey was conducted, medication charts are used by 15 (50 %) samples while patient education program is not organized by 18 (60 %) samples. The results obtained from the survey conclude that patient counseling is conceptually present in all hospital setups but not done efficiently or in appropriate manner. Steps should be taken by the authorities, pharmacists and the patients to make counseling more effective.

Objective: To investigate the total phenol content, the total flavonoid content and antioxidant p... more Objective: To investigate the total phenol content, the total flavonoid content and antioxidant properties of Ethanolic and Aqueous extracts of the whole plant of Euphorbia hirta. Methodology: We determined the total phenolic and flavonoid content by using Folin-Coicalteu assays and Aluminium chloride colorimetric method. In addition, the antioxidant activity of two extracts was tested by DPPH (1, 1’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay and superoxide radical scavenging assay. Results: The total phenol contents in aqueous and ethanol extracts were calculated as 277.64±2.46 and 293.74±2.48, mg/g, respectively. Analysis of the phenolic contents in these extracts of Euphorbia hirta have revealed that the ethanolic extract contained the maximum phenolic content in terms of gallic acid equivalents, than aqueous extract. The total flavonoid content in aqueous and ethanol extracts were calculated as 27.37±0.39 QE mg/g and 41.32±1.69 QE mg/g. The flavonoid contents of ethanol extract had the higher amount of flavonoid contents than aqueous extract. The antioxidant activity of two extracts was tested by DPPH (1,1’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay and superoxide radical scavenging assay. From this result it states that ethanolic extract has a strong percentage of inhibition with lower IC50 value than aqueous extract. These results indicate that there was a direct correlation between total phenol and antioxidant activity. Conclusions: The result concludes that the whole plant of Euphorbia hirta posses antioxidant activity.

PharmaTutor, 2019

The methanol extract of murraya koenigii (leaf) were investigated for their antibacterial activit... more The methanol extract of murraya koenigii (leaf) were investigated for their antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus using cup plate agar diffusion method and methanol extract produces best results. Various investigations like physiochemical standard, preliminary phytochemical screening of the plant was carried out and parameters were reported. The present paper deals with investigation of various phytochemical present in methanol extract and in vitro antibacterial activity against the s.aureus. The literature survey does not exist antibacterial activity of murraya koenigii (leaf) in methanol extract against s.aureus. It is concluded that the plant studied may source of antibacterial plant.

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2015

Increased industrialization and urbanization globally have resulted in the enormous discharge of ... more Increased industrialization and urbanization globally have resulted in the enormous discharge of industrial effluents with colored pigments such as dyes from textile industries and toxic heavy metal ion such as arsenic (As 3+) from electronic, wood and leather tanning industries (Kartal & Imamura 2005) mercury (Hg 2+) from electrochemical, metal extraction and refining industries, etc. seriously polluting soil and water bodies. The typical concentration range of As 3+ and Hg 2+ metal ion reported for industrial effluents were 0.25 to 100 mg/L and 0.1 to 100 mg/L, respectively (Krishnan & Anirudhan 2002, Mohan & Pittman 2007). Such toxic metal ion and dyes beyond certain concentration limits in effluents could cause potential hazards such as skin, lung and kidney cancers and affect digestive system (Sivaraj et al. 2001) of mankind and harmful to other living beings if improperly handled. A very high exposure to inorganic arsenic could cause infertility, skin disturbances, declined resistance to infections, heart disruption, DNA and brain damage (Musico et al. 2013). Inorganic mercury poisoning was associated with psychological changes, spontaneous abortion and congenital malformation. In addition, the organic monomethylmercury causes damage to the brain and the central nervous system and reduction in root growth of aquatic plants. The unabsorbed dyes from the textile dying effluents were having low biochemical oxygen demand and high chemical oxygen demand

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2014

Objective: Numerous herbal plants are available naturally; they having different chemical constit... more Objective: Numerous herbal plants are available naturally; they having different chemical constituents used in cosmetics preparations. This review is based on focusing on the cosmeceuticals intended to enhance the health and beauty of skin. Methods: The isolated compounds from the herbal plants like coconut oil, sunflower oil, ojoba oil, olive oil, aloe-vera, were studied their skin care effects and adverse reaction. The herbs like rhodiolarosea, carrot, gingko, and turmeric were studied for their anti-aging property. Herbal plants like henna, neem were studied their antidandruff treatment. Herbal likes green tea, calendula, turmeric, shitake, rose oil were evaluated their skin protection capacity. Amla, eucalyptus oil were tested their hair growth character and also studied the antioxidant property of some vitamins. Results: The results obtained from the study, proved that effective and safe, when used as a moisturizer with absence of adverse reaction. Herbs are rich in vitamins, t...

Hydrogels - From Tradition to Innovative Platforms With Multiple Applications [Working Title]

Synthetic polymer hydrogels and modified natural polymer hydrogels are widely and increasingly us... more Synthetic polymer hydrogels and modified natural polymer hydrogels are widely and increasingly used in agriculture, health care textiles, effluent treatment, drug delivery, tissue engineering, civil concrete structure, etc. Among them, the use of hydrogels in agricultural and horticultural sectors as matrices for the controlled release of water, various primary and secondary nutrients has drawn significant attraction from researchers, scientists, and industry persons due to their smartness with reference to controlled release characteristics based on plant requirement. Since the use of these hydrogels for controlled release application ensures the minimum utilization of water and plant nutrients in fields. Besides, this will bring down the overloading of fertilizer, soil contamination, and water pollution such as eutrophication, nitrate pollution, and micronutrient imbalance. This chapter is focused on the class of hydrogels that are used for the controlled release application in th...

Human to human transmitted disease is the game of corona virus disease (COVID-19) transmission an... more Human to human transmitted disease is the game of corona virus disease (COVID-19) transmission and it had been declared an emergency global pandemic that caused major disastrous in respiratory system to more than five million people and killing more than half a billion deaths across the globe. Besides lower acute respiratory syndrome, there is damage to alveolar with severe inflammatory exudation. COVID-19 patients often have lower immunosuppressive CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells and most patients in intensive care units (ICU) need mechanical ventilation, hence longer stay in hospitals. These patients have been discovered to develop fungal co-infections. COVID-19 patients develop what is known as mucormycosis a black fungal infection which is deadly leading to loss of sight and hearing and eventually death. This chapter will focus on mucormycosis, black fungus caused during post Covid 19 complications.

Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity... more Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of methanolic extract of zizyphus jujuba leaves in normal and streptozotocin inducing diabetic rats. Zizyphus jujuba Lam. is also called as Baer tree, belongs to the family Rhamnaceae. It is used primarily for its fruits. Jujube, a delicious fruit, is an effective herbal remedy improving stamina and muscular strength and aids weight gain, strengthens liver function and increases immune system resistance. Methods: The dried bark was powdered and extracted with various solvents by successive soxhlet hot extraction process with increasing order of polarity. On phytochemical investigation, the methanol extract and aqueous extract has shown steroids, flavonoids and tannins. The zizyphus jujuba was reported for the many of biological activity, and hypoglycaemic activity of the same has not been reported so far. Streptozotocin is used to induce diabetic in rats and the blood lipid levels were estimated using commercial kits available in the market. The methanolic extract of Zizyphus jujuba was administered at the doses 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg. Results : The methanolic extracts of Zizyphus jujuba 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg produced significant decreased p<0.01) in blood glucose level after 2,4 and 6 hour of treatment as compared to untreated diabetic rats respectively as 503±3.

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate antipyretic activity of crude methanol extr... more Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate antipyretic activity of crude methanol extract of Zizyphus jujuba leaves. Z.jujuba commonly called, Red date or Chinese date or Bera (Pushto), belonging to family Rhamnaceae, is used primarily for its fruits. Jujube, a delicious fruit, is an effective herbal remedy improving stamina and muscular strength and aids weight gain, strengthens liver function and increases immune system resistance. Methodology: The anti-pyretic activity of methanolic extract of Zizyphus jujuba Lam leaves was evaluated to Brewer's yeast induced pyrexia in rats with respect to control group. Results: In the first hour, the antipyretic effect of methanol extract of Zizyphus jujuba (200 and 400 mg/kg) was significant (p<0.05, and p <0.01 respectively). The results suggests that Zizyphus jujuba at a dose of 200mg/kg caused a highly significant reduction at third hour (p<0.001). However, the effect increases significantly at the dose of 400 mg/kg having (p<0.01) at first, second and fourth hour. The antipyretic effect was comparable with that of a standard Paracetamol. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that the MEZJ has better potential against Pyrexia which supports the traditional claims in folklore medicine. Phytochemical investigation suggests the presence of saponin in the leaves which may be responsible for the anti-ulcer activity.

International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 2018

Objective: To study detailed Pharmacognostic profile and preliminary phytochemical investigation ... more Objective: To study detailed Pharmacognostic profile and preliminary phytochemical investigation and isolation of volatile oil, and TLC and GLC analysis of volatile oil of the leaves of Sphaeranthus indicus (Linn.) commonly known as Globethistle belongs to the family Asteraceae. The leaves of Sphaeranthus indicus (Linn.) used traditionally in Ayurveda for hyperlipidemia, epilepsy, mental illness, jaundice, diabetes, leprosy, fever cough, gastropathy, hernia, hemorrhoids, helminthiasis, dyspepsia and skin diseases and AIDS. The reports showed that it is also used for hypertensive, anxiolytic, neuroleptic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, bronchodilator, anti-hyperglycaemic and hepato protective. It grows in rice fields, dry waste places and cultivated lands in tropical parts of India. Methods: Leaf of Sphaeranthus indicus (Linn.) was studied by Macroscopical, Microscopical,Quantitative Microscopy, Physicochemical, Phytochemical analysis of leaf powder and extracts, i...

Journal of Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 2017

Rice paddy environment is an exceptional reservoir for different microorganisms (Pathogenic and N... more Rice paddy environment is an exceptional reservoir for different microorganisms (Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic). Fertilizers, Fungicides, Antibiotics and Insecticides were used for boosting rice paddy growth and preventing agronomy diseases. Enormous use of fertilizers, Fungicides, Antibiotics and Insecticides will develop drug resistance in the microorganisms present in the crop [figure-1]. Ninety dried rice paddy samples were collected from different places around regions of Kerala. Forty rod-shaped gram-stain-Positive endospore forming obligate aerobic bacteria were isolated from the samples. All the forty strains were subjected to for antibiotic susceptibility by using the standard antibiotic disc (Cefoxitin). Significant drug resistance and massive growth observed in the strain (SCOP-2) among other isolated bacteria. SCOP-2 was subjected for sensitivity to differ different Antimicrobial disc by using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The results show that SCOP-2 drug resistant...

Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2018

To investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of ethanol extract of Enicostemma lit... more To investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of ethanol extract of Enicostemma littorale Blume (Ens) against CCl 4 induced hepatic injury in albino rats. Male albino rats of six numbers in each group were undertaken for study. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of E. littorale Blume (Ens) ethanol extract at a dosage of 100 & 200 mg/kg body weight was evaluated. The degree of hepatoprotection was assessed by measuring the activity levels of the marker enzymes such as serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and total bilirubin. Lipid peroxidation caused by free radicals was assessed by measuring the activity levels of the tissue antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD). The CCl 4

Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2019

Objective: The present study was designed to check in-vitro efficacy of Antibacterial and antifun... more Objective: The present study was designed to check in-vitro efficacy of Antibacterial and antifungal activity of aqueous and hexane extracts of stem of Justicia gendarussa against selected bacterial and fungal strains. Justicia gendarussa, belonging to the family Acanthaceae, commonly known as ‘‘vatham kolli’ was used in treatment of bronchitis, inflammation, eye diseases, ear ache, vaginal discharges, rheumatism, dysentery, eczema and jaundice. Methodology: Hexane and aqueous extracts of Justicia gendarussa was used for antimicrobial screening. Antibacterial activity was tested against pathogenic bacterial strains Eschericha coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Also antifungal activity was tested against one human pathogenic fungal strain i.e. Candida albicans. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of Justicia gendarussa extract was carried out by using disc diffusion method. Results: Aqueous extract of Justicia gendarussa showed the largest zone of inhibition (5mm) against Eschericha...

South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology, 2019

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate in-vitro efficacy of antibacterial, and ant... more Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate in-vitro efficacy of antibacterial, and antifungal activities of chloroform extract of leaf of Sida cordifolia L. against some human pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. S. cordifolia (Malvaceae) is used as anti-rheumatic, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-asthmatic, nasal decongestant, antiviral, laxative, diuretic, aphrodisiac, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective and in the treatment of Parkinson disease. Methodology: Chloroform extract of S.cordifolia was used for antimicrobial screening. Antibacterial activity was tested against pathogenic bacterial strains Eschericha coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Also antifungal activity was tested against one human pathogenic fungal strain i.e. Candida albicans. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of S. cordifolia extract was carried out by using disc diffusion method. Results: Chloroform extract of S. cordifolia showed the largest zone of inhibition (10mm) against S. aureus at 50µgm/mL and...

Pharmaceutical and Biological Evaluations, 2018

Objective: Plumeria rubra is an important traditional medicinal plant used in various ailments an... more Objective: Plumeria rubra is an important traditional medicinal plant used in various ailments and the indigenous plant as a medicament for treatment of various inflammatory conditions is well documented in literature. The analgesic activity was evaluated by hot-plate and acetic acid induced writhing methods.Methods: The leaves of P. rubra were collected from the local area in and around Palakkad, Kerala (India). About 1500 g of the powder was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus for 12 h using 5.0 L of Ethanol as solvent. The test extracts was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg while Pentazocine (5 mg/kg) and diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg) served as standards.Results: The ethanolic extract of 200 mg/kg having significant analgesic activity in Acetic acid induced abdominal writhing response and percentage of inhibition (PI) (p<0.01 )when compared to control.. The Ethanolic extract of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg exhibited significant analgesic activity in the hot...

Objective: To study detailed pharmacognostic profile and preliminary phytochemical investigation ... more Objective: To study detailed pharmacognostic profile and preliminary phytochemical investigation and TLC profiles to evaluate the characters of leaves and stem of Euphorbia hirta (Euphorbiaceae) which is often used traditionally in Ayurveda for female disorders, respiratory ailments (cough, coryza, bronchitis, and asthma), worm infestations in children, dysentery, jaundice, pimples, gonorrhoea, digestive problems, and tumours. Methods: Leaf and stem samples of E. hirta were studied by Macroscopical, Microscopical, Physicochemical, Phytochemical analysis of powder of the plant and other methods for standardization recommended by WHO. Results: Macroscopically, the leaves are simple, opposite, faintly toothed, Elliptic, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, pinnate, bluntly pointed apex, partly fused base, dark green above pale beneath, Mild Characteristic odour, bitter and peppery taste. A small, erect or ascending annual herb reaching up to 50 cm with hairy stems. Microscopically, the leaf showed the presence of Ground tissue, Kranz tissue, Collateral vascular bundles, Hypo stomatic lamina, Anomocytic stomata, Lipriform type of xylem fibres, pith, are the diagnostic features noted from anatomical study. The salient features of stem were small epidermal cells with papillate outer tangential walls, the outer ground tissue to homogenous, parenchymatous and the cells are circular and compact. The central ground tissue is the pith. Vascular tissues comprises short radial rows of narrow xylem elements and thick walled lignified fibers. Phloem occurs both on the outer portion of the xylem cylinder and on its inner portion. Powder microscopy of leaf revealed the presence of parenchyma cells, xylem fibres and epidermis with anomocytic stomata. The investigations also included leaf surface data; quantitative leaf microscopy. Physiochemical parameters such as loss on drying, extractive values and ash values were also determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of steroids, carbohydrates, flavanoids, proteins, alkaloids and saponin. Conclusions: The results of the study can serve as a valuable source of information and provide suitable standards for identification of this plant material in future investigations and applications.