Adhesive Dentistry Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

The objective of implementing newer techniques in dentistry is to overcome the shortcomings of traditional ones. Dentistry, being a dynamic field, is always on the lookout for innovative techniques, and embracing newer technology has indeed improved patient care in many ways. Lasersare being used as an adjunct or alternative tool to conventional dental procedures. Many dental disciplines such as oral surgery, oral medicine, periodontics, paediatric dentistry, implantology, and operative dentistry have benefitted from the use of laser technology. Lasers have become an invaluable tool in many procedures, including caries removal, caries decontamination, caries prevention, cavity preparation, soft tissue surgeries, root canal decontamination, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, to name a few. Laser treatment in dentistry can be quicker and more efficient. Other benefits would include markedly less pain, lack of bleeding, minimal need of anaesthesia and reduced postoperative discomfort. Also, patients may be able to resume
their daily activities shortly after the treatment is rendered, owing to faster healing. However, the caveat would be that adequate training is a mandatory prerequisite before handling patients with these powerful instruments.

Currently, no consensus exists regarding the best adhesion protocol for zirconia used in dentistry; this is important particularly for restorations where mechanical retention is deficient. This systematic review analyzed the adhesion potential of resin-based and glass-ionomer luting cements to zirconia and aimed to highlight the possible dominant factors affecting the bond strength results to this substrate. Original scientific papers on adhesion to zirconia published in the MEDLINE (PubMed) database between 01/01/1995 and 01/06/2011 were included in this systematic review. The following MeSH terms, search terms, and their combinations were used: "Dental bonding", "Zirconium", "Zirconia", "Y-TZP", "Y-TZP ceramic", "Materials Testing/methods", "Test", "Cement", and "Resin bonding". Two reviewers performed screening and data abstraction. Descriptive statistics were performed and the frequencies o...

- by ARTURO ALEJANDRO GONZALEZ SAUCEDO
- •
- Materials Science, Dentistry, Dental Materials, Medicine
- by muhamad abu-hussein
- •
- Dental Research, Case Study Research, Dental Anthropology, Dental Health

Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of dental caries among children aged 8-12-years and to correlate it with the body mass index. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 562 school children between the age of 8-12 years were selected from 3 schools. One examiner conducted the clinical examination using World Health Organization (WHO) criteria to diagnose dental caries. The body mass index (BMI) was also recorded. Results: A high prevalence dental caries was observed among Overweight and obese children compared to normal weight children. Conclusion: The results showed an association between Body mass index and dental caries in children.A higher prevalence of dental caries was experienced among Overweight and Obese children.

Background: One of the most challenging aspects of providing medical care is attending to patients who have been contaminated with hazardous materials. HAZMAT is a term used to describe incidents involving hazardous materials or specialized teams who deal with these incidents. Hazardous materials are defined as substances that have the potential to harm a person or the environment upon contact. These can be gases, liquids, or solids and include radioactive and chemical materials. Biological organisms, such as viruses and bacteria, are also included among hazardous materials. Hospitals are required to protect their employees from the exposure of these materials that may occur as a result of patient care. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of healthcare professionals regarding Hazmat kit and its use in healthcare settings. Methods: A questionnaire comprising the KAP model's constructs, i.e. knowledge and attitude towards the use of Hazmat kit, as well as Hazmat kit practices, was used to collect data. The two constructs, knowledge and attitude, which are the main determinants of the KAP model were found to independently predict health care providers practices of managing hazardous spills. Knowledge of spill management was found to be the strongest predictor. Therefore, it is recommended that the hospitals and universities focus on the knowledge and attitude towards Hazmat kits in order to enhance their practices in hazardous spill management. Results: 750 members were chosen and were asked to participate in the survey, out of which only 161 responded. The rest denied due to lack of knowledge about it. 67.1% respondents were not aware of the Hazmat Kit and showed a favorable need of more strict policies towards safety for health care providers. They strongly recommended the need of conducting awareness through educational programs and emphasis on training be given to all health care professionals including the doctor, assistant, nurse and housekeeping staffs as well. 82.6% of the population believed that the difficulty in bringing this practice is due to lack of awareness despite other perceptions like the kit is expensive, consumes a lot of time, prefer disposing without kit. Though 94.4% of the population is currently not using Hazmat kits in their practice, 15.5% have positively responded towards its use. The respondent population consisted largely of Dental doctors, undergraduates and post graduates. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the study that the knowledge and awareness towards the usage of HAZMAT kits is inadequate among dental professionals. Hence, they were lacking regarding the practices of HAZMAT kit in the profession. However, the population showed a positive attitude towards learning through educational programs which gives hope in the better management of HAZMAT incidence. There is a need for hospitals to participate in community disaster planning for HAZMAT incidents. Therefore, it is recommended that the hospitals and universities focus on conducting hazardous spill management programs to enhance the preparedness of management of such events.

There is no consensus in the literature regarding the potential toxicity of universal dental adhesives (UDA). Being used in close proximity to the pulp, their biocompatibility should be an important factor in dental research. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of UDA in an in vitro model. The study was performed using a monocyte/macrophage peripheral blood SC cell line (ATCC CRL-9855) on four specific UDA, namely: All-Bond Universal (Bisco); CLEARFIL Universal Bond Quick (Kuraray); G-Premio BOND (GC); Single Bond Universal (3M ESPE). The cytotoxicity of the investigated UDA was measured using the XTT colorimetric assay. The genotoxicity of the analyzed compounds was evaluated using an alkaline version of the comet assay. Furthermore, flow cytometry (FC) apoptosis detection was performed using the FITC Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit I. FC cell-cycle arrest assessment was performed using propidium iodide staining. The study observed significant differ...

- by Jerzy Sokołowski
- •
- Dentistry, Dental Research, Toxicology, Polymers

Currently the BMD is only considered a risk factor that must be assessed in the context of age, sex, smoking, body weight, family history and / or personal fracture, etc [11, 27]. Management of osteoporosis patient by using medication... more

To investigate how light intensity changes as the distance increases from the tip of the light guide. Ten different curing light/light guide combinations were used. Light intensity was measured at 0, 3, 6, and 10 mm from the tip of the light guide with a radiometer. Measurements were repeated in five separate trials and the mean light intensity +/- standard deviation was calculated. The fiber density was measured at the entrance and exit of all ten light guides and the light dispersion patterns were recorded. Light intensity decreased as distance increased for all lights tested; however, the rate and extent of this decrease was not similar for all lights (p < 0.0001). Turbo light guides exhibited a more rapid decrease in intensity as the distance increased than standard light guides. At 10 mm, all the turbo light guides had lost over 80% of their intensity recorded at 0 mm. 1. The rate and extent of the decrease in intensity is not similar among curing lights (p < 0.0001). 2. ...

- by Richard Price
- •
- Materials Science, Dentistry, Humans, Lighting

Residual ridge resorption is a term that is used to describe the changes which affect the alveolar ridge following tooth extractions, which continue even after healing of the extraction socket throughout the life. The present study aims to evaluate the prevalence of different types of residual ridge resorption and its relation with demographic data among the Chennai population. This retrospective study was conducted among the patients visiting the outpatient department of a private dental
college. The data of patients with edentulous mandibles were evaluated from there available case sheets. The collected data was statistically analysed using IBM SPSS Software (20.0). We observed that, It can be seen that high well rounded is the most prevalent among all the age groups; The age group of 60-69 years shows the highest incidence of all the three types of RRR;There is no or little significant association between age and the type of RRR(Pearson chi-square value- 8.260; p-value- 0.603;phi- 0.145). It is observed that RRR is more prevalent among the male population; There is no or little significant association
between gender and the type of RRR(Pearson chi-square value- 2.529; p-value- 0.282; phi- 0.2); It can be seen that there is a significant association between the history of using a denture and the type of RRR(Pearson chi-square value-15.511 ; pvalue-0.001 ; phi-0.19 ). Within the limits of the study, It can be seen that high well rounded is the most prevalent among all the age groups; The age group of 60-69 years shows the highest incidence of all the three types of RRR; t is observed that
RRR is more prevalent among the male population; It can be seen that there is a significant association between the history of using a denture and the type of RRR.

Objectives: To investigate the effects of acidic beverages regarding brushing on surface roughness and erosion of bulk-fill restorative materials.
Methods: Sixty-seven specimens of each bulk-fill resin composite and giomer were prepared. Baseline data of surface roughness and erosion were recorded using a profilometer and surface characteristics were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Three groups of discs (n = 22) were alternately immersed in 300 mL of each beverage for 5 s and in 300 mL of artificial saliva for 5 s for 10 cycles. After immersion, specimens were divided into two subgroups, the brushing group with automatic toothbrush for 2 s with a force of 2 N and the non-brushing group. This process was repeated every 8 hours. Surface roughness and erosion was recorded again on day 7, 14, 21, and 28, and surface characteristics were examined on day 28. The specimens were
evaluated and data were analyzed by repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey’s honestly significant difference and t-test (α= 0.05).
Results: Coca-cola caused significantly greater roughness and erosion than other groups (P < 0.05). Giomer had significantly greater roughness and erosion than the bulk-fill resin composite (P < 0.05). Brushing groups caused a rougher surface than nonbrushing groups (P < 0.05).
Conclusions: The effects of coca-cola and orange juice on the surface roughness and erosion of bulk fill restorative materials depended on the physical and chemical composition of the restorative materials, pH of the beverages and brushing.

Background: Laser photobiomodulation can be a useful adjunctive method in tissue engineering in enhancement of proliferation
and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Buccal fat pad-derived stem cells (BFPSCs)has been introduced as a promising
source for craniofacial bone tissue engineering. Current study aimed to evaluate the effects of near infra-red photobiomodulation
on (BFPSCs)behavior.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study a pulsed mode of irradiations showed better viability results. Although the 3J/
cm2 0.3W, Pulsed irradiation showed significantly better results for viability and proliferation, however no statistically significant
effect was observed in osteogenic differentiation.

The core of endodontic instrumentation lies in the cleaning,
shaping and canal preparation. It is contemplated as an important step as it removes the vital and necrotic pulp which contains
the microflora that can cause failure of the endodontic treatment
[1, 2]. Furthermore, the debris that contains the chips of dentin,
other organic and inorganic content block the canals for proper
flow of sealer leading to a poor obturation. Several studies have
been conducted and regardthat the debris should be completely
removed for a successful endodontic treatment. For this purpose,
the canals are thoroughly instrumented with both hand and rotary
instruments in an effort to remove the debris totally.

Background: Dry socket is the most common complication following tooth extraction. However, it is a painful and annoying condition for the patient, and up to the present time the causes of this condition have not been precisely determined, and the proposed treatments aim to relieve symptoms, until the socket heals itself. Aim: The main objective of this study is to compare the efficacy of Alo evera extract and Alvogyl in pain relief associated with dry socket. Materials and Methods: 40 patients (ranged from 29 to 60 years), who had dry socket after tooth extraction in the molar region, were included in the study. They were divided equally and randomly into two groups: group A (Aloe vera) and group B (Alvogyl). Pain values were recorded in the two groups after 2, and 7 days. Results: After 2, and 7 days Aloe vera showed a statistically significant difference in relieving pain compared to Alvogyl (pvalue < 0.05). Conclusion: The use of Aloevera extract shows promising results in terms of pain relief in patients with dry socket.

Nanoparticles and nano-composites are major advanced materials used in many medical and dental applications. In this present investigation, we have prepared silymarin, chitosan and hydroxyapatite based nanocomposite using magnetic stirring. The prepared nanocomposite characterized using UV-vis spectroscopic analysis. The free radical scavenging activity of prepared nanocomposites was tested using DPPH assay. The results are statically analyzed and the antioxidant results are good for nanocomposite materials. Based on the results the prepred nanocomposites may used in various dental applications.

- by BELEN CANO
- •
- Adhesive Dentistry

The nose-lip-chin relationships are very important in determination of facial aesthetics [1]. The nasolabial angle defines the angular inclination of the columella as it meets the upper lip. The angle is formed between the intersection of a line tangent to the upper lip and sub nasal and a line tangent to the sub nasal and the most anterior point of the columella. This angle should measure 95 to 110 degrees in women and 90 to 95 degrees in men [2]. The mentolabial angle is the anterior angle formed by the intersection of a tangent to the lower lip) sublabiale to labraleinferius) and a tangent to the upperpart of the soft tissue chin pad (sublabiale to soft tissue pogonion).

Aesthetics has become one of the major concerns worldwide, in children, adolescents and adults. Malocclusion is a morphological variation that may or may not be associated with pathological conditions. Anomalies in the tooth position, number, form and developmental position of the teeth beyond normal limits will all contribute to malocclusion. A “diastema” is the space between adjacent teeth. Maxillary midline diastema is a common esthetic problem in both mixed and permanent dentition. It can occur as either a transient malocclusion or due to developmental, pathological and iatrogenic causes. Some other causes include genetic, physiological, supernumerary teeth, abnormal frenum attachment, habits, tooth material, pathology, iatrogenic, etc. The aim of this study was to assess the common etiological factors that are associated with midline diastema. With this knowledge, it would be easier for dentists to diagnose cases with better understanding of the cause and also formulating an ideal treatment plan. They can eliminate the malocclusion at earlier stages. A retrospective study was done in
an institutional setting to study the various etiological factors in the occurrence of a midline diastema. Among patients who visited the dental facility, the records of patients within the time period of June 2019 to March 2020 were chosen for this study. The patients detailed case sheets were analyzed using parameters such as age, gender and etiology. The data was sorted and was tabulated in excel. Analysis of the data was done in SPSS software. The association between age with etiology and gender with etiology were evaluated. A total of 236 patients were considered for this study. 69.9% being males and 30.1% being female patients with midline diastema. Midline diastema was seen to be more prevalent in the age groups of 20-40 years. It was least prevalent in 61-75 years age groups. The most common etiological factor that seemed to cause a midline diastema in the population was due to a high frenum attachment (39.83%). 23.31% of the patients had this as a generalized spacing due to habits, 12.29% of the patients had the presence of mesiodens. 10.17% of the patients were partially edentulous, 1.69% of the patients had peg laterals. Rotation of 11 and 21 was seen in 12.71% of the patients. Majority of the patients within the age group of 20-40 years had high frenum attachment. Patients within the age group of 61-75 years had a midline diastema due to their partial edentulism. The most common etiology for midline diastema was the presence of a high frenum attachment. The presences of various etiological factors have been overlooked. Regular dental visits can prevent such negligence and aid in improving esthetics.

Are you a student, doctor, or nurse and etc?This ebook suit for dentis which relate oral health. you can make this ebook as your reference or you can read it to develop your knowledge especially related with oral health. for complete ebook you can download or just read this ebook in your device. to read this ebook in your device you need to register or create an account here: https://www.searchmypdfs.com/register/pdf-improving-oral-health-for-the-elderly-download.pdf

- by Iroel Dot Org
- •
- Oral health, Adhesive Dentistry, Esthetic Dentistry

Advancements in computer systems and technologies have
revolutionized the field of dentistry as well. These advancements
can be seen with the introduction and evolution of CAD/CAM
systems. The demand for such systems has grown dramatically
over the past decade and a large variety of different CAD/CAM
systems have been developed and marketed. The popularity of
these systems can be attributed to their efficiency of designing,
manufacturing and precision.

Purpose: To compare the color stability and fracture strength of two hybrid ceramic (Suprinity and Enamic) veneers versus Lithium Disilicate ceramic veneers. materials and methods: Thirty freshly extracted maxillary central incisors were divided equally into three groups (n=10): group Em (IPS empress II, Ivoclar Vivadent) as a control, group VS (Suprinity, Vita Zahnfabrik), and group VE (Enamic, Vita Zahnfabrik). An incisal reduction of 1.5 mm was made with a butt-joint margin and 0.6 mm chamfer finish line was prepared on the labial surface of each specimen and on the middle of the proximal surfaces. Each group received different type of veneers according to the sample grouping. Using spectrophotometer (Nippon Densmoku industries), ΔE was recorded for each specimen before and after 15 days of immersion in a coffee solution considering the value of ΔE= 3.3 as clinically significant staining threshold. All the specimens were subjected to fracture strength test using universal testing machine (The Testometric Company Limited) using cross head speed of 0.5 mm/min at 135 degrees' angle. One-way ANOVA and chi-square were used for statistical analysis.

- by Mohammad M Rayyan
- •
- Prosthodontics, Aesthetics, Ceramics, Adhesive Dentistry

The specific biomechanical alterations related to vitality loss or endodontic procedures are confusing issues for the practitioner and have been controversially approached from a clinical standpoint. The aim of part 1 of this literature review is to present an overview of the current knowledge about composition changes, structural alterations, and status following endodontic therapy and restorative procedures. The basic search process included a systematic review of the PubMed/Medline database between 1990 and 2005, using single or combined key words to obtain the most comprehensive list of references; a perusal of the references of the relevant sources completed the review. Only negligible alterations in tissue moisture and composition attributable to vitality loss or endodontic therapy were reported. Loss of vitality followed by proper endodontic therapy proved to affect tooth biomechanical behavior only to a limited extent. Conversely, tooth strength is reduced in proportion to coronal tissue loss, due to either caries lesion or restorative procedures. Therefore, the best current approach for restoring endodontically treated teeth seems to (1) minimize tissue sacrifice, especially in the cervical area so that a ferrule effect can be created, (2) use adhesive procedures at both radicular and coronal levels to strengthen remaining tooth structure and optimize restoration stability and retention, and (3) use post and core materials with physical properties close to those of natural dentin, because of the limitations of current adhesive procedures.

- by Anri Martia
- •
- Restorative Dentistry And Endodontics, Adhesive Dentistry

Existen diversas soluciones antibacteriales, como la clorhexidina (CHX), que pueden ser utilizadas después de la preparación cavitaria para reducir la incidencia de sensibilidad postoperatoria, sin interferir con el procedimiento adhesivo. Además, la CHX es un inactivador temporal de las meta- loproteinasas, las cuales pueden ser activadas por los sistemas adhesivos autoacondicionantes o convencionales, degradando las fibras colágenas e influenciando en la capa híbrida y la resistencia de unión, afectando la durabilidad de la adhesión.

- by Natalia Henostroza and +2
- •
- Adhesive Dentistry

Introduction: Magnesium oxide (MgO) is an important inorganic material & has shown a promising role for applications in medicine. MgONPs have unique properties like high chemical stability, high photo catalytic activity and non-toxic nature. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anti inflammatory activity of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONps) using Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract. Materials and Methods: MgONPs were synthesised using Phyllanthus emblica fruit seed extract, and antioxidant & anti inflammatory activity of synthesized MgONPs were assessed using DPPH radical assay & by Albumin denaturation assay. Result and Discussion: The plant extract color was green and when it reacted with magnesium nitrate solution it changed to brown color which indicated the synthesis of MgONPs. The MgONPs have a characteristic band in the ultraviolet visible (UV) region due to their surface plasmon resonance. The peak was at a wavelength of 385.0 nm. DPPH assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of newly synthesized nanoparticles and it showed good antioxidant activity.Albumin Denaturation assay was used to evaluate the anti inflammatory activity of newly synthesized nanoparticles and the results showed excellent anti inflammatory activity. Conclusion: Biosynthesised MgONPs showed promising results for biomedical applications. Hence, it may be employed in large scale production and may be used in many medicinal applications.

The aim of this article is to analyze some of the issues related to the adhesive restoration of teeth with deep cervical and/or subgingival margins in the posterior area. Three different problems tend to occur during restoration: loss of dental substance, detection of subgingival cervical margins, and dentin sealing of the cervical margins. These conditions, together with the presence of medium/large-sized cavities associated with cuspal involvement and absence of cervical enamel, are indications for indirect adhesive restorations. Subgingival margins are associated with biological and technical problems such as difficulty in isolating the working field with a dental dam, adhesion procedures, impression taking, and final positioning of the restoration itself. A new classification is suggested based on two clinical parameters: 1) a technicaloperative parameter (possibility of correct isolation through the dental dam) and 2) a biological parameter (depending on the biologic width). Three different clinical situations and three different therapeutic approaches are identified (1st, 2nd, and 3rd, respectively): coronal relocation of the margin, surgical exposure of the margin, and clinical crown lengthening. The latter is associated with three further operative sequences: immediate, early, or delayed impression taking. The different therapeutic options are described and illustrated by several clinical cases. The surgical-restorative approach, whereby surgery is strictly associated with buildup, onlay preparation, and impression taking is particularly interesting. The restoration is cemented after only 1 week. This approach makes it possible to speed up the therapy by eliminating the intermediate phases associated with positioning the provisional restorations, and with fast and efficient healing of the soft marginal tissue.

Teknoloji ilerledikçe daha güzel dişlere sahip olmak isteyen hastaların sayısında büyük bir artış yaşanmaktadır. Aynı zamanda yeni tedavi şekilleri de ortaya çıkmaktadır. Gelin daha güzel bir gülümseye sahip olmanız için uygulanabilecek... more

- by Oğuz Marangoz
- •
- Dentistry, Dental Health, Dental, Adhesive Dentistry

Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a heterogeneous inherited disorder that disturbs the developing enamel structure. This enamel anomaly affects both the primary and permanent dentitions. The aim of this article was to describe through a series of cases, the therapeutic management of children with AI. The purpose of the treatments were to eliminate tooth sensitivity while enhancing aesthetics and restoring masticatory function. Treatment planning is related to the age of the patient, the type and severity of the disorder, and the oral health of the patient. Early diagnosis, preventive care and timely treatment are important to improve oral health in children with AI.

- by Dr.Çağrıhan Kılıç
- •
- Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Adhesive Dentistry, Esthetic Dentistry

Pour assurer au mieux les mouvements orthodontiques,
l’orthodontie a besoin de s’appuyer sur un ancrage fiable,
le plus fixe possible. Dans de nombreux cas, l’ancrage
intra-buccal ou même extra-buccal ne peut répondre aux
exigences d’ancrage du praticien orthodontiste. En assurant
un ancrage fixe, l’ancrage squelettique permet la mise
en oeuvre de mouvements complexes tels que ingressions
ou déplacements d’un groupe de dents. Cet article décrit
l’ancrage squelettique, son développement historique, ses
différentes applications, les paramètres à considérer, ses
avantages puis ses limitations. Un cas clinique est présenté
afin de montrer les différentes étapes du traitement ainsi
que le résultat obtenu. Orthodontistes et impantologistes
ont là une occasion de collaborer plus étroitement que par
le passé. Cette interaction devrait permettre des traitements
et des résultats considérés jusque-là comme impossibles à
mener et à obtenir.

- by Paul M Khoury
- •
- Dentistry, Restorative Dentistry And Endodontics, Dental Research, Dental Materials
- by Liviu Steier
- •
- Dentistry, Restorative Dentistry And Endodontics, Dental, Adhesive Dentistry

Dental biocorrosion can produce a devastating impact on oral health. The restorative phase of the treatment should not cause additional damage of the remaining sound tooth structure. Ultrathin occlusal veneers are a conservative alternative to traditional onlays and complete crowns for the treatment of severe biocorrosive lesions. This strategy is explained in the present case report through a full-mouth rehabilitation of a patient with moderate biocorrosion. Maxillary anterior teeth were restored using the bilaminar technique (lingual direct composite veneers with labial ceramic veneers) and posterior teeth using ultrathin CAD-CAM ceramic occlusal veneers. The technical aspects required for the implementation of this new restorative design are presented with a special emphasis on the control of tooth preparation based on diagnostic wax-up, provisionalization, and the use of CAD-CAM technology.

- by Tayane Holz
- •
- Adhesive Dentistry, CAD/CAM/CAE, Minimaly invasive dentistry, Occlusal veneers

COVID-19 has a global outbreak since its discovery in Hubei province, China in December 2019. Following this it had been
declared as a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern” on 30th January 2020 by the World health Organization
(WHO). Corona viridae, the causative species that is not new to the society, yet poses serious threat to life in under developed to well-developed nations. First occurrence of such enveloped, non-segmented, single-stranded RNA viruses with club
shaped projections was cited back in 1930’s attributing to cause respiratory infection in domesticated chickens. The human
corona viral illness was eminently noted around 1960’s wherein healthy human volunteers were relied on to detect the virus
involved in the causation of common cold, an infection of the upper respiratory tract. Tracing back the etiology of such sickness, emergence from the bats and transmission and adaptation in other mammals have occurred which had further led to
extensive layout of the malady. It was after the year 2003 when the human population was heavily affected, these infections
were thrown to limelight indicating the fierce nature of this mutated subspecies. Since then so many disease variants have been
identified including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV), the Middle Eastern Respiratory syndrome (MERSCoV), Bat corona virus (RaTG13) and the COVID 19 (The novel coronavirus- initially named to be SARS-CoV-2). Not just
the upper respiratory tract anymore, this disease had turned out to be more aggressive affecting the entire system causing a
complete shutdown. Knowing the various possible modes of spread of this contagious disease, dental fraternity poses most
risk due to transmission through contact, especially the aerosols. But the atypical nature of this virus, with increasing number
of mutated subspecies no possibility exists in using a routine antiviral drug to completely eradicate this infection. Diagnostics
can play an important role in the containment of COVID-19, enabling the rapid implementation of control measures that
limit the spread through case identification, isolation, and contact tracing.
This chapter focuses on the epidemiological report, the pathogenesis involved and the sequalae of occurrence of coronal viral
disease in humans with an update on the recent one, a brief overview of various diagnostic tools utilized including Molecular
assays,Nucleic acid testing (RT-PCR) ,CT Scans and a dental outlook on how the spread occurs along with methods by which
dental setup could be immunized to intercept any further viral ailment.

La aparición e introducción de las resinas compuestas dentro de la odontología restauradora, ha sido una de las contribuciones más significativas para la odontología en los últimos veinte años, ofreciéndonos ventajas que incluyen conservación de tejido dental sano, reducción de la microfiltración, prevención de la sensibilidad postoperatoria, refuerzo de la estructura dental y la transmisión de las fuerzas masticatorias. En la actualidad se han realizado mejoras en las formulación de sus componentes, el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas de colocación y la optimización de sus propiedades físicas y mecánicas contribuyeron a la mejora de este material, ejemplo de esto, es el desarrollo de las resinas fluidas o de baja viscosidad, que día tras día son más populares, además de incrementar sus indicaciones debido a sus propiedades. Una de estas indicaciones son las restauraciones, en cavidades clase V, donde hay mucha dificultad en obtener un óptimo sellado marginal de la restauración, debido a la gran microfiltración a ese nivel. Aunque este tipo de resinas posee una alta contracción de polimerización 4 a 7 % (factor que influye en la microfiltración), su gran elasticidad es un factor que contrarresta el esfuerzo interfacial. Con estas ventajas y desventajas que ofrecen tanto las resinas convencionales de moderada viscosidad y las resinas de baja viscosidad, nace el interés en realizar un trabajo de investigación que nos permita determinar la influencia de la viscosidad en la microfiltración de las restauraciones clase V con resina compuesta. La obtención de estos resultados juega un papel importante ya que nos ayudará a entender mejor el comportamiento de las resinas compuestas con respecto a su viscosidad y su uso correcto en las cavidades clase V.

- by Arturo Ulloa
- •
- Adhesive Dentistry
- by Gaye Sağlam
- •
- Prosthodontics, Adhesive Dentistry, Endodontically Treated Teeth

Classic bonded indirect ceramic or resin composite restorations necessitate at least 2 appointments. The present article describes an updated technique for the first appointment comprising cavity preparation, dentin sealing, impression,... more

- by Abdi Sameni and +1
- •
- Dental Implantology, Attrition, Adhesive Dentistry, Dental Implant

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Smile esthetic Index in evaluation of anterior esthetics. The current
study was designed to be photographic evaluation of 100 photos of subjects to evaluate the smile esthetic index. The study
was conducted in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. The photos were selected from the institute's patient database after obtaining patient consent. The smiles were graded based on the esthetic smile index and this score was compared to the mean of VAS score given to those photos by two other observers. The results of Esthetic Smile Index were compared with mean esthetic scores graded on 10 by two observers and Perason correlation was done. Positive Correlation was found between
these values (0.87). Smile Esthetic Index could be used for quantific

Marginal adaptation of provisional restorations is a critical property of these treatments. It is a function of the chemical composition, setting method, and aging procedures. Interim materials include polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyvinyl ethyl methacrylate (PVEMA), Bis-phenol A glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) composites, and urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) composites. This review summarizes and compares their marginal fit in the light of the potential disrupting factors and the underlying mechanisms. All these materials fail in moderate- or long-term durations under oral stresses and water sorption, and should be rapidly replaced by permanent restorations before damaging teeth and adjacent tissues.

Objective: The objective of this review was to evaluate the effect of air-drying time on the adhesion (bond) strength of adhesives to dentin in previously published studies and to conduct a meta-analysis to quantify the differences in the bond strength obtained after the different air-drying times. Methods: An electronic search was performed using the Medline, Cochrane library, and Scopus databases. The included studies were laboratory studies that investigated the effect of adhesive air-drying time on adhesion (bond) strength of resin-based adhesives to coronal dentin. Studies which evaluated the effect of adhesives air-drying time on physical and mechanical properties of adhesives, interfacial properties, bond strength to root dentin, enamel, or bond strength of indirect composite restoration or orthodontic bracket, were excluded. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed. Meta-analysis was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software, version 2.0 (Biostat, Englewood, NJ, USA). The results of the meta-analysis were subjected to a further one-way analysis of variance, followed by the Tukey post hoc multiple comparison using R-software, version 3.4.3 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Results: Thirteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria of this review, while only five studies were included in meta-analysis. The effect of adhesive air-drying time on the bond strength was significant in eight studies (61.5%), material-dependent in four studies (30.8%), and not significant in one study (7.7%). Eight studies (61.54%) presented a medium-risk of bias, three studies (23.08%) presented a low-risk of bias, and two studies (15.38%) presented a high-risk of bias. The analysis of micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) of adhesives showed statistically significant difference between different air-drying times (p < 0.05). The highest mean μTBS values were: 52.9 ± 11.38 MPa (obtained after air-drying of adhesives for 30 s), followed by 48.26 ± 9.77 MPa (15 s), and 37.76 ± 1.45 (25 s), while the lowest mean μTBS was 33.98 ± 2.30 MPa and 35.79 ± 6.63 MPa (5 s) obtained after 10 s and 5 s respectively. Conclusion: The air-drying time of adhesives is crucial to the adhesion strength to coronal dentin. Adhesive air-drying for shorter durations (5-10 s) may be insufficient to obtain adequately durable bonding to dentin, instead, Air-drying should be performed for longer durations (15-30 s), considering the pressure and distance of air-drying source.

- by Hamdi Hamama
- •
- Adhesive Dentistry

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the marginal adaptation and fracture resistance of feldspathic and Polymer-Infiltrated Ceramic Network (PICN) CAD/CAM endocrowns for maxillary premolars. Materials and Methods: Twenty extracted human permanent maxillary premolars were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10); Group CEREC (GC), which was produced by feldspathic ceramic and the Group Enamic (GE), which was produced by PICN. All teeth were endodontically treated and decoronated horizontally at 2 mm above the cemento-enamel junction. Endocrown preparations were done with 4 mm depth into the pulp chamber. Endocrowns were manufactured using CAD/CAM from ceramic blocks. Following adhesive cementation, all specimens were subjected to thermocycling. Marginal adaptation evaluated under SEM at 200 × magnification. Each specimen was fixed in a universal testing machine and a compressive load was applied at 45° to long axis of the teeth until failure. Failure load was recorded and failure modes were evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 19.0 software and data were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Results: There were no significant differences in the marginal adaptation between two groups (P > 0.05). GE presented significantly higher fracture resistance when compared to GC (P < 0.05). Failure pattern was similar and characterized by the tooth-ceramic fracture on the force-applied side. Conclusions: CAD/CAM fabricated feldspathic ceramic and PICN endocrowns provide sufficient marginal adaptation, but the PICN endocrowns shows higher fracture resistance than the feldspathic ceramic endocrowns.

- by Gaye Sağlam and +1
- •
- Prosthodontics, Adhesive Dentistry

Parent’s expectations are considered as parental attitudes which explain their hopes and aspirations towards their children. It has always been one of the famous stress factors amongst students. When it comes to choice of carrier, some parents tend to make decisions for their children while some chose to allow their child to follow its passion. These types of parents might differ in their expectation range.The aim of this is to study the varying expectations of parents of BDS students. The objectives are, torecognise the expectations of parents who forced their children to join BDS course.also to determine the expectations of parents whose children joined the BDS course willingly and to evaluate the difference between 2 types of expectation and to understand the advantage and disadvantage of parental expectation.

Statement of problem. Universal adhesives combine silane and various monomers in a single
bottle to make them more versatile. Their adhesive performance is unclear.
Purpose. The purpose of this in vitro study was to assess the effects of an additional silane
application before using a universal adhesive on the adhesion between a disilicate glass ceramic
and a composite resin by using a microshear bond strength test (mSBS) and fracture analysis
immediately and after thermocycling.
Material and methods. One hundred lithium disilicate glass ceramic disks were divided into 10
groups for bond strength testing according to the following 3 surface treatments: silane application
(built-in universal adhesive or with additional application), adhesive (Adper Single Bond Plus [SB,
3M ESPE], Scotchbond Universal Adhesive [U, 3M ESPE], and mixed U with Dual Cure Activator [DCA,
3M ESPE]); or thermocycling (half of the specimens were thermocycled 10 000 times). After surface
treatment, 5 resin cylinders were bonded to each disk and submitted to a mSBS test. The failure
mode was analyzed under a stereomicroscope and evaluated by scanning electron microscope and
energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Data from the mSBS test were analyzed by 3-way ANOVA
followed by the Tukey HSD post hoc test (a=.05).
Results. An additional silane application resulted in a higher mSBS result for all adhesive groups
(P<.05).
Conclusions. Ceramic surface treatment influenced the performance of adhesives, which may be
improved with an additional silane application.

- by Cesar Perez and +2
- •
- Dental Materials, Adhesive Dentistry, Luting Cements