Aluminium Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

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- Mechanical Engineering, Nanotechnology, Nanoscience, Aluminium
- by Frode Grytten
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- Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Materials Science

Today, due to its lightness and superior properties, the use of Aluminum (Al) materials has increased considerably. In the production of Powder Metal (PM) or nanomaterials, it is possible to form the materials required by the additives to be added into the main composition. When recent studies investigated, it has been seen that the Graphene NanoPlate (GNP) additive improves the mechanical properties of almost all materials. In this review study, the properties of GNP added to Aluminum PM and Nanomaterials are investigated. Also, the mechanical properties of Al-GNP materials sintered with different methods such as hot pressing, hot extrusion, and plasma sintering are investigated and compared among themselves.

- by Erim Akkaya and +1
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- Sintering, Powder Metallurgy, Nanomaterials, Aluminium

The paper provides an overview of tribological properties of nanocomposites with aluminium matrix. Nanocomposites represent a new generation of composite materials with better properties than conventional composite materials. The paper presents and explains the most common methods of nanocomposites production. In addition, the overview of tribological properties is presented through the equipment used for testing; amount, size and type of reinforcement; matrix material and manufacturing process; and test conditions. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 15 August 2016 Accepted 3 September 2016 Available online 30 September 2016

There are unexplained links between human exposure to aluminium and the incidence, progression and aetiology of Alzheimer's disease. The null hypothesis which underlies any link is that there would be no Alzheimer's disease in the effective absence of a body burden of aluminium. To test this the latter would have to be reduced to and retained at a level that was commensurate with an Alzheimer's disease-free population. In the absence of recent human interference in the biogeochemical cycle of aluminium the reaction of silicic acid with aluminium has acted as a geochemical control of the biological availability of aluminium. This same mechanism might now be applied to both the removal of aluminium from the body and the reduced entry of aluminium into the body while ensuring that essential metals, such as iron, are unaffected. Based upon the premise that urinary aluminium is the best non-invasive estimate of body burden of aluminium patients with Alzheimer's disease were asked to drink 1.5 L of a silicic acid-rich mineral water each day for five days and, by comparison of their urinary excretion of aluminium pre-and post this simple procedure, the influence upon their body burden of aluminium was determined. Drinking the mineral water increased significantly (P < 0.001) their urinary excretion of silicic acid (34.3 ± 15.2 to 55.7 ± 14.2 µmol/mmol creatinine) and concomitantly reduced significantly (P = 0.037) their urinary excretion of aluminium (86.0 ± 24.3 to 62.2 ± 23.2 nmol/mmol creatinine). The latter was achieved without any significant (P > 0.05) influence upon the urinary excretion of iron (20.7 ± 9.5 to 21.7 ± 13.8 nmol/mmol creatinine). The reduction in urinary aluminium supported the future longer-term use of silicic acid as non-invasive therapy for reducing the body burden of aluminium in Alzheimer's disease.

- by Stanislav Strekopytov
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- Alzheimer's Disease, Aluminum, Aluminium

Since the 1960s, Ghana has been evaluating the prospect of having an integrated bauxite and aluminium industry as part of its industrial development by utilising its 960 million metric tonnes estimated bauxite reserves (second largest reserves of bauxite deposits in Africa besides Guinea), primarily located at Awaso, Nyinahin and Kyebi. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the sector including the Ghana Integrated bauxite and Bauxite and Aluminium Development (GIBAD) Bill as a basis for advocacy. The paper will be used to engage key stakeholders including relevant civil society organisations and government institutions to understand these issues and to elicit cogent ideas and necessary action that will yield efficiency, transparency and accountability within the sector. Policy recommendations on development of the proposed integrated bauxite and aluminium project include among others: (1) a transparent and well-defined contract or production based agreement that satisfies the terms of a model contract and with clauses for renegotiation of terms; (2) regulatory alignment to enhance transparency and prompt permitting processes at each stage of the project; (3) financing model based on best case scenarios under an Infrastructure-for-Cash scheme; and (4) local content and value addition across the entire value chain.

- by Theophilus Acheampong and +1
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- Mining, Extractive industries, Aluminium, Bauxite Mining

Disk brakes are using from so many years in automotive and still researches are going on in this field for decreasing the temperature effect so that by this we can operate easily. Many new materials are introduced for the disk brake rotor to withstand high temperature produced during braking action. Apart from the high temperature property, the disc rotor materials must also have high thermal conductivity property, as this property decides the amount of heat dissipation to the air stream from the disk rotor. A brake material with good temperature and high thermal conductivity property gives maximum efficiency by overcoming the problem of thermo-mechanical instability [TEI] in the rotor which is more common in low thermal conductivity brake rotor material. In the present work, a Grey cast iron material and metal-ceramic has been chosen for the disk brake rotor. Number of methods before already introduced to know the history of the different materials related to disk brakes, analysis will be done in 2d and 3d in analytical and numerical methods. With different types of assumptions these numerical methods ranges from finite differences to finite elements. To conclude the temperature history for the Grey cast iron material, and metal-ceramic, a numerical simulation technique called finite element method is used. Transient analysis is carried out in ANSYS to predict temperature distribution as a function of time in the disk brake rotor. The results from the transient analysis are compared. As the brake rotor can be treated as the coupled field problem, it is mandatory to do structural analysis after performing thermal analysis in ANSYS to study the stability and rigidity behavior of the rotor material. The results from the transient analysis are given as the input to the structural analysis in order to conclude the stress distribution and displacement in disk brake rotor under thermal loading. The stability behavior of different brake rotor material is compared to facilitate the conceptual design of the disk brake system.

- by IJSRD Journal
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- Ansys, Aluminium, TEI, Partially Stabilized Zirconia

The brake system is an important part of an automobile. It plays a vital role in helping the driver to reduce the speed of an automobile or to stop the automobile. Initially, when automobiles were first introduced, they were equipped with drum brakes. These drum brakes were cheap, easy to install and atmospheric agents cannot hinder their performance. Despite these advantages, the major disadvantage of the drum brake system is the poor heat dissipation. To tackle this problem, the automotive engineers came up with the disc brake system. The brake rotor is one of the most critical components of the disc brake system. The brake rotor is made up of a pure metal or a metal with certain reinforcements. These brake rotors are circular with perforations made in a particular manner to enable faster dissipation. These perforations help to reduce the weight of the disc brake rotor. The disc brake rotor is fixed to the wheel hub with brake calipers. In this review article, I will be critically analyzing various research articles on the thermal and mechanical properties of various brake rotor materials used in automobiles.

- by IJRAME Journal
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- Ceramic Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Automobile, Automobiles
- by Geoff Scamans
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- Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Materials Science

The fatigue resistance of an aluminium alloy used for casting engine blocks was studied. The tests were carried out with specimens machined from the bulkheads of V8 engine blocks cast by the low pressure process. The samples were obtained from two different locations in the bulkheads to evaluate the effect of microstructural refining as the material was cut from regions in which the secondary dendrite arm spacing was within two different sizes, namely 30 and 45 lm. The samples were tested either in their as-cast and heat treating conditions in a computer controlled servohydraulic machine. The tests were fully reversible following staircase schedules. The specimens were fatigued to fracture or up to 107 cycles.
The results show that fatigue cracks nucleate in pores located close to the surface of the specimen. It is concluded that the fatigue resistance is affected by heat treating and microstructural refining. The enhancement in fatigue resistance due to microstructural refining is documented. An analysis was carried out to predict the cycles to failure that the material is able to sustain.

- by Javier Rodrigo González López
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- Microstructure, Porosity, Aluminium Alloys, Aluminium

Four thousand eight hundred (4800) questionnaires targeted at establishing the frequency, causes and nature of injuries sustained in road accidents by commercial motorcycle operators within a period of five (5) years (2006 - 2010) were administered on operators, Motorcycle Hire Association (MOHA), Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) and the Transport Unit of the Nigerian Police Force in four major commercial towns of Benue State, Nigeria. Victims were also interviewed on nature of injuries sustained. Analysis of results revealed that, over speeding accounted for 22.9 % of accidents. Brake failure and non-compliant to traffic rules had 17.8 % respectively, followed by sudden stoppage by the law enforcement agent 15.4 %, recklessness 14.2 % and poor state of the road 11.8 %. Similarly, 38 %, 35 %, and 26 % of injuries recorded in Makurdi were fractures, bruises, and head injuries respectively. Oturkpo recorded 31 % bruises,
30 % fractures and 38 % head injuries. While Gboko recorded 24 % bruises, 22 % fractures and 53.8 % head injuries. ZakiBiam had 25 % bruises, 27 % fractures, and 46.9 % head
injuries. Conclusively Makurdi had 646 accidents, followed by
Oturkpo with 582, Gboko with 520 and Zaki-Biam with 330. These ranking can be justified by the population of the commercial towns. There is an urgent need to enforce the use of safety helmets and speed limits to reduce the number of accidents and the resulting injuries sustained by the users of this mode of transport. This paper also proposed a synergy of stakeholders aimed at manpower development of riders in line with the contemporary Science, Technology and Innovations (STI) policy on Nigeria.

- by kazeem Abubakar
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- Information, Mechanical properties, Magnesium, Copper

Aluminium was a vital raw material during the Second World War, as it was used in numerous assets that were fundamental to the new military strategy of aerial warfare. The United Kingdom’s war machine depended heavily on it for the manufacture and repair of aircraft, and as a core component in incendiaries, high explosives, and “Window” foil. Fundamentally, aluminium can be used over and over again without loss of properties. From 1940 to 1944, a third of the UK’s total requirements of aluminium and aluminium alloys were met by secondary material, without which another 100,000 tons of virgin ingot would have had to be imported from North America per year. The technique of scrap aluminium segregation and utilisation developed during this period produced ingot which in the first grade was of equal value and used as virgin material. Crucially, scrap was already in the UK, and thus provided its war machine with thousands of tons of additional virgin and secondary aluminium at a time when it faced uncertainty over aluminium imports from across the dangerous North Atlantic. All this suggests that the natural resource of aluminium, in its secondary form of scrap, was fundamental to Britain’s war effort: it was a vital component in tools of war, and it was already present in the country. Recycling remains a major aspect of continued aluminium use, with more than a third of all the aluminium currently produced globally originating from new, traded, and old scrap.

- by Nathan Petch
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- History, Economic History, Environmental History, Recycling

In recent years the use of composites is increasing rapidly and likely to increase more rapidly in the future. In the present industrial scenario composites with Aluminium alloy as base are having importance within elevating fields of engineering. The application of Agro-ash like RHA, PKSA, CCA, and BA in reinforcement is becoming more relevant because of their ability to enhance the various properties of the composite material. Apart from increasing various properties of the material manufacturing cost of the composite reduces. Unnecessary use of synthetic filler can be avoided which leads to the safety of the environment. This paper highlights the use of Agro ash additives for producing a composite with good mechanical properties. In order to find out various mechanical behavior of AMMCs various tests are carried out by using different percentage of Reinforcements. Different types of fabrication methods are used produce the composite material added with Agro ash

- by IJRASET Publication
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- Mechanical properties, Metal Matrix Composites, Reinforcement, Aluminium

This report represents a concise account of the experience I acquired on the various machines, equipment’s and laboratory procedures together with plant process during this period of attachment at the Alscon Township water Treatment Plant... more

- by Nsikak-Jeuel J Ituh
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- Water, Water quality, Water and wastewater treatment, Water Treatment
- by Sara Kljajić
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- Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Aluminum, Aluminium
- by Selvaraj Amirtham A
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- Mechanical Engineering, Metal matrix composite, Aerospace, Silicon Carbide
- by Kavic Eng.c.c. and +1
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- Composite Materials and Structures, Composite Materials, Nano Composites, Aluminum
- by Kasper Reitzel
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- Engineering, Earth Sciences, Limnology, Environmental Monitoring
- by Djamel Ghernaout and +1
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- Green Chemistry, Water Treatment, Natural Organic matter (NOM), Microchannel
- by Batuhan Turkselci
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- Materials Science, Metallurgy, Materials Science and Engineering, Metal Casting

Streszczenie: W artykule przedstawiono szczegółowy proces wytwarzania puszek aluminiowych do napojów gazowanych na drodze zróżnicowanej obróbki plastycznej oraz zagadnienia związane z ich recyklingiem i wtórnym wykorzystaniem.
Abstract: This article presents particular process of producing aluminum cans used for carbonated drinks by using various forming processes. It also presents issues connected with recycling process, ecology and secondary use of cans.

- by Justyna Wiśniewska and +1
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- Recycling, Plastic Processing and Manufacturing, Aluminium, Obróbka Plastyczna

The coagulation/flocculation (C/F) processes are mainly due to charge neutralisation (CN) and sweep flocculation (SF) mechanisms. However, the SF mechanism has also its CN property moreover than its well-known weighting characteristic. On this weighting characteristic, the literature has usually focused without taking in consideration the SF’s CN property. This review discusses the implicated mechanisms in destabilisation of colloids and aggregation of flocs. Colloids are very small particles that have extremely large surface area. The consequence of this smallness in size and mass and largeness in surface area is that in colloidal suspensions: gravitational effects are negligible and surface phenomena predominate. Hence, during C/F process, colloids are removed by CN and SF mechanisms which act on the anionic charge of the colloid by its neutralisation prior to its removal by sedimentation/filtration. The sweep flocs can be described as large aggregates of Al(OH)3/Fe(OH)3 that are formed when Al/Fe salt is added to water. Further, sweep flocs are positively charged and the colloids of clay minerals abundantly found in the water are negatively charged. As a result, the colloidal particles are electrostatically attached to the sweep flocs in the neutral pH water as to the hydrolysed metalliccations. Even if researches have greatly elucidated the growth, breaking and the re-growth of flocs, further research is required to understand CN and SF mechanisms and optimise the C/F process at the nano level.

- by Djamel Ghernaout
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- Reaction Mechanisms, Aluminium, Colloid, Coagulation/flocculation
- by Widyaningsih B.S.
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- Manufacturing, Crack, Metal Casting, Aluminium Alloys

In situ composites are a class of composite materials in which the reinforcement is formed within the matrix by reaction during the processing. In situ method of composite synthesis has been widely followed by researchers because of several advantages over conventional stir casting such as ﬁne particle size, clean interface, and good wettability of the reinforcement with the matrix and homogeneous distribution of the reinforcement compared to other processes. Besides this, in situ processing of composites by casting route is also economical and amenable for large scale production as compared to other methods such as powder metallurgy and spray forming. Commonly used reinforcements for Al and its alloys which can be produced in situ are Al2O3, AlN, TiB2, TiC, ZrB2, and Mg2Si. The aim of this paper is to review the current research and development in aluminum-based in situ composites by casting route.

- by Onyeji Raymond Ejike
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- Silicon Carbide, Metal Matrix Composites, Reinforcement, Aluminium
- by Alexandro Leon
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- Materials Science, Steel Structure, Teknik Mesin, Aluminium

Ever more stringent regulations on greenhouse gas emissions from transportation
motivate efforts to revisit materials used for vehicles1. High-strength aluminium alloys
often used in aircrafts could help reduce the weight of automobiles, but are
susceptible to environmental degradation2,3. Hydrogen ‘embrittlement’ is often
indicated as the main culprit4; however, the exact mechanisms underpinning failure
are not precisely known: atomic-scale analysis of H inside an alloy remains a challenge,
and this prevents deploying alloy design strategies to enhance the durability of the
materials. Here we performed near-atomic-scale analysis of H trapped in
second-phase particles and at grain boundaries in a high-strength 7xxx Al alloy. We
used these observations to guide atomistic ab initio calculations, which show that the
co-segregation of alloying elements and H favours grain boundary decohesion, and
the strong partitioning of H into the second-phase particles removes solute H from
the matrix, hence preventing H embrittlement. Our insights further advance the
mechanistic understanding of H-assisted embrittlement in Al alloys, emphasizing the
role of H traps in minimizing cracking and guiding new alloy design.

Protection of aluminium alloys is most commonly done by forming anodic films. Anodic films can also be formed on metals like titanium, zinc, magnesium, niobium, and tantalum. Aluminium alloy parts are anodized to greatly increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer for corrosion resistance. A thin aluminium oxide film, that seals the aluminium from further oxidation when it is exposed to air. The anodizing process increases the thickness of the oxidized surface. Anodizing is accomplished by immersing the aluminium into an acid electrolyte bath and passing an electric current through the medium. In an anodizing cell, the aluminium work piece is made the anode by connecting it to the positive terminal of a dc power supply and the cathode is connected to the negative terminal of the dc source. Sealing is needed to seal the pores in oxide layer to prevent further corrosion. Oxide layer on the anodized aluminium has a highly ordered, porous structure that allows for secondary processes such as dyeing, printing and sealing. Nanowires and nanotubes can be made by using the pores in the oxide layer as templates.

- by J4R - Journal for Research
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- Corrosion, Sealing, Aluminium, Anodizing

Strict requirements that are put on mechanical constructions from the aspect of increase of exploitation periods and reduction of their weights, therefore of
their prices as well, implicate developments and applications of new composite materials with matrices of lightweight metals. Composite materials with
metal matrices are used for engine cylinders, pistons, disc and drum brakes, Cardan shafts and for other elements in automotive and aviation industry. The
most important type of metallic materials is composite materials with matrices of aluminium alloys due to a set of their beneficial properties. Improvement
of mechanical, especially tribological properties of hybrid composites were provided by the use of certain reinforce materials such as SiC, Al2O3 and
graphite in defined weight or volumetric share. New developed hybrid composites with aluminium matrices have significantly higher resistance to wear,
higher specific stiffness and higher resistance to fatigue. By the increase of quantities of produced elements made of hybrid composites, decrease of their
prices is induced that even further enlarge their applications. The applications of aluminium hybrid composites are considered from the aspect and with
the focus on automotive industry

- by Ilyas Alfurqon
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- Kimia, Aluminium, Laporan Praktikum Kimia, Kimia Unsur

The relationship between microstructure and properties is not widely assessed in parts produced by additive manufacturing, particularly for aluminum. These relationships can be used by engineers to develop new materials, additive processes, and additively manufactured parts for a variety of applications. Thus, the tensile, compressive, and microstructural properties of common aluminum weld filler alloys (ER1100, ER4043, ER4943, ER4047, and ER5356) were evaluated following gas metal arc weld (GMAW)-based metal 3-D printing to identify optimal alloy systems for this type of additive manufacturing. The porosities in all test specimens were found to be less than 2%, with interdendritic shrinkage in 4000 series alloys vs. intergranular shrinkage in 5356. The 4000 series alloys performed better than 1100 and 5356 with respect to printed bead width, porosity, strength, and defect sensitivity. In comparison to standard wrought and weld alloys, the 3-D printed specimens exhibited similar or superior mechanical properties with only minor exceptions. Long print times allow for stress relieving and annealing that improved the print properties of the 4000 series and 5356 alloys. Overall the GMAW-based 3-D parts printed from aluminum alloys exhibited similar mechanical properties to those fabricated using more conventional processing techniques.

- by Joshua Pearce
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- Engineering, Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science

Transformational growth amongst the various critical metals' markets would reduce supply concerns for industrial consumers and governments, whilst also providing commercial opportunities for the upstream industry. However, despite rapid market growth amongst some critical metal markets over the last decade, as a group they have lagged the market growth rates of the non-ferrous industrial and precious metals sectors. Research into the growth prospects of the critical metal markets is clearly required; however, their limited economic history and a paucity of data make this difficult. The economic history of the metals and mining industry as a whole, however, is better documented, and thus may provide insights into the potential for market growth amongst the critical metals. This paper therefore reviews the economic history of metals and mining, and in particular, that of the aluminium, nickel and uranium industries in an attempt to understand the key drivers behind transformational growth within the metals' markets. This historical review suggests that a combination of breakthroughs in discovery, supply and demand are required to catalyse transformational market growth; and thus that parties seeking to benefit from the transformational growth of the critical metals' markets must approach these markets in an integrated manner, considering each of the discovery, supply and demand issues in turn, rather than focusing on one specific constraint.

- by John P Sykes and +1
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- History, Microeconomics, Mining, Mining History
- by Emeka Peter
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- Engineering, Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering

This Handbook / Guidance Note has been prepared to identify and flag issues a prudent underwriter ought to consider and evaluate relating to the aluminum industry risk selection, determination and calculation of loss estimates when... more

Alloy development can simplify low-cost gas metal arc weld (GMAW)-based 3-D printing by making it easier to print quality parts with minimal metallurgical or welding experience. Previous work found good properties in aluminum alloys, particularly in the aluminum-silicon 4943 (Al-5.5%Si-0.4%Mg) and 4047 (Al-11.6%Si) alloys. These alloys were easy to print, but could benefit from alloying to increase ductility and to minimize or redistribute porosity. The purpose of this study was to modify 4943 and 4047 alloys and rapidly screen their performance for use as feedstock for improved 3-D printability. The 4047 and 4943-based alloys were modified with additions of magnesium, strontium, titanium boride, and combinations thereof. Wedge-shaped castings were used to efficiently screen alloying additions over the same ranges of solidification rates as those observed in GMAW-based 3-D printing. The alloying additions were most effective at modifying the high-silicon 4047 alloy whereas no change in microstructure was observed in the low-silicon 4943 alloy. Strontium was an effective modifier of the high-silicon alloy. Titanium boride was not observed to have a grain refining effect on aluminum dendrites on its own, although the combination of strontium and titanium boride produced the most refined eutectic structure in the high-silicon alloy. Future work should evaluate the singular effects of strontium, titanium boride, and the combination of strontium and titanium boride additions in weld-based 3-D printing.

- by Joshua Pearce
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- Welding Technology, Welding Engineering, 3D printing, Additive Manufacturing

In friction stir welding (FSW), pin profile has more influence on material flow especially in welding of dissimilar materials with different yield strengths. In the dissimilar welding of aluminium and copper, the material flow behaviour is complex to understand and thus a study is needed to reveal the mechanism of flow behaviour and the resultant mechanical properties. Three pin profiles, whorl pin profile (WPP), plain taper pin profile (PTP) and taper treaded pin profile (TTP) were chosen. The effects of pin profile on the microstructure, microhardness and tensile properties were studied. Optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and EDS analysis were used to characterize the microstructural features. Among the three pin profiles, PTP profile results in defect-free stir zone and maximum joint properties of yield strength of 101 MPa, tensile strength of 116 MPa and joint efficiency of 68% compared with the other pin profiles. However, the microhardness plots are more or less identical for all the pin profiles but follows fluctuating trend. This is attributed to the heterogeneous distribution of hard Cu particle. The superior joint properties are mainly attributed to the defect-free stir zone formation and dispersion strengthening.

- by AK Darwins
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- Mechanical Engineering, Microstructure, Mechanical properties, Copper

Hybrid materials with the metal matrix are important engineering materials due to their outstanding mechanical and tribological properties. Here are presented selected tribological properties of the hybrid composites with the matrix made of aluminum alloy and reinforced by the silicon carbide and graphite particles. The tribological characteristics of such materials are superior to characteristics of the matrix – the aluminum alloy, as well as to characteristics of the classical metal-matrix composites with a single reinforcing material. Those characteristics depend on the volume fractions of the reinforcing components, sizes of the reinforcing particles, as well as on the fabrication process of the hybrid composites. The considered tribological characteristics are the friction coefficient and the wear rate as functions of the load levels and the volume fractions of the graphite and the SiC particles. The wear rate increases with increase of the load and the Gr particles content and with reduction of the SiC particles content. The friction coefficient increases with the load, as well as with the SiC particles content increase.

- by Blaza Stojanovic and +2
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- Engineering, Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science

The automotive industry has to find technical solutions to prevent corrosion problem in order to satisfy customer expectations and material reliability for more robust products. The study highlighted the enhancement of resistivity of galvanic corrosion between steel and aluminum parts on the engine mount system. Different aluminum alloys linked to bolts with various coatings were performed for overcoming the rust issue observed in China. Salt spray tests referred from ASTM B117 were conducted on each sample for observing the prevention of rusting problem. SEM-EDX analyzes were made for each sample as the morphological investigation. Experiments conducted with various material configurations proved that using Al44300 with S450 coated nut overcome the galvanic corrosion problem by combining the less electronegativity and isolation.

- by Özak Durmuş
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- Corrosion Science, Automotive Industry, Corrosion Engineering, Galvanic Corrosion

Guinea holds a third of the world's bauxite reserves, tops the list with about 7.4 billion Metric tons (MT) and mines only 7% of the world total, being the biggest exporter. Ghana's reserve is approximately 160 million MT with traces in Mozambique and Nigeria. Australia, second to Guinea in reserve, and China top the world production chart with the former producing about 31% and the latter about 16%. This is an indication that African countries lack the critical inputs necessary to derive the competitive beneficiation of the Aluminium industry, hence the low downstream value addition observed on the continent. Aluminium and its alloys find application in aerospace, automotive, building and kitchen utensil industries. This light metal may drastically change the landscape of energy demand of automobile industry before 2040 with about 187 kg lighter than the steel electric vehicle and demand up 13 percent in 2017. A promising X7475 alloy (Al-Zinc group) has the potentials to change the account of Aluminium Industry in Africa if well harnessed. This study fully appreciated data from the monthly Primary Aluminium Production of International Aluminium Institute (IAI). Data were processed in Microsoft Excel and used to peddle X7475 alloy as an option for African countries to explore. The study suggests that African countries should collaborate with governments, Industries, Financial Institutes and Academics to develop homegrown aluminium alloys targeted at closing the demand gap created by the electric vehicles (EVs) industry and beyond.

- by kazeem Abubakar
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- Aluminium Alloys, Aluminium Alloy Development, Aluminium Industry, Aluminium

A piston is a reciprocating part of an engine which is bound by a cylinder and plays the role of changing the heat and pressure energy produced by rapid combustion of fuel in the combustion cycle into mechanical work. Since the piston is acted upon by so much forces, it has to be designed in such a way that it can withstand all of them without any shear failure. Over the past decades, Aluminium has managed to prevail as the best material to be used as piston, but after the discovery of aluminium alloys, the latter has taken the privilege. Aluminium alloys are much light and possess great moduli and thermal properties which puts them in the front seat. In this paper we have done a comparative study of structural and thermal behavior of piston when designed using commonly used Aluminium and Al 6082-T6 alloy. The results were quite appealing and satisfying to choose Al 6082-T6 to serve as a better piston material over the conventional aluminium and other alloys. For this, piston was modeled in Solidworks 14 and analysed in Ansys 15.

- by Dr. S. Masroor and +1
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- Thermodynamics, Physical Chemistry, Aluminium, Synergism

Nama aluminium diturunkan dari kata “alumen” yang memiliki arti garam pahit. Lalu kata “alum” yang merujuk pada senyawa garam rangkap Kal(SO4)2.12H2O. Semula Humphry Davy megusulkan unsur ini dengan sebutan “alumium”, namun kemudian berubah menjadi “aluminum”. Nama tersebut ternyata masih diubah lagi menjadi “aluminium” yang kemudian menjadi populer di seluruh dunia kecuali di Amerika Utara tempat American Chemical Society (Himpunan Masyarakat Kimia Amerika) pada tahun 1925 memutuskan untuk tetap menggunakan istilah “aluminum” dalam publikasinya.

Percentage aluminium saturation as a criterion for liming acid soils in Nigeria was examined. Surface soil (0-15 cm) samples with extreme
acidity (3.8-4.9), formed on coastal plain sands (Obio-Akpor and Egor) and sandstone (Nsukka), as part of the soils occurring over the sedimentary
rocks in the humid region of southern Nigeria were collected to grow a hybrid maize (DMR White) in pots in green house for six weeks. Four
rates ranging from 0 to 3 tons/ha of calcium oxide (CaO) were used as the lime, ranging from 0 to 3 tons/ha for six weeks in greenhouse. The
treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Soil chemical properties tested were significantly
(P<0.05) influenced by increased rates of lime application. Soil pH increased from 4.6 in the unlimed soils to 6.7 in soils treated with 3 t/ha CaO.
The exchangeable calcium increased from an average of 0.44 cmolkg-1 at a pH 4.6 and 3.96 cmolkg-1 at a pH 6.7. Liming depressed the uptake of
manganese and zinc in all the soils but increased the uptake of calcium and phosphorus. The exchangeable aluminium and percentage aluminium
saturation decreased with increasing rates of lime application. Available Phosphorus was low even with a reduction of soluble aluminium in
the soil solution, indicating that for proper management of these soils, liming should be supplemented with adequate phosphorus fertilization.
Increase in calcium uptake at 3 t/ha was not reflected in the dry matter yield of maize compared to 1 t/ha of lime thus, the 3 t/ha of lime can be
regarded as fertilizer rather than as soil amendment. The percentage aluminium saturation was reduced from the mean value of (68.7 to ≤ 33.3)%
at 1 t/ha of lime established to be the most suitable criteria for liming acid soils of Nigeria; hence, it is recommended for maize cultivation.

- by Sophia Mathis
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- Acid Soil, Aluminium, Sandy Coastal Plain

This study considers Technical and economic viability of an extrusion plant depends on the minimization of defects that lead to product rejection. Attempts at improvement of extrusion quality and productivity thus translate straightaway into an analysis of product defects. Aluminum extrusion is most widely and preferable metal forming process done in industries. There also problem of different kind of defects generated during extrusion. Every time practical trial and error experiments are time consuming, costly and not validated to find effects of changing various parameters to increase productivity and reduce defects. In this research work simulation of direct extrusion of Aluminum alloy (6063) in the form of round circular billet to round circular solid profile is done. Analysis was based on TaguchiÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s L9 orthogonal array. The simulation software Hyperxtrude, which is customized software for various extrusion analyses, is used for analysis. Also analytical calculation is generated to compare both analytical and simulation results. Both results are closely matched.

- by IJSRD Journal
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- Finite Element Analysis, Aluminium, Extrusion, HyperXtrude
- by Ahmed Boucherit and +1
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- Electromagnetism, Electromagnetic Fields, Humic acid, Aluminium