Archaeology of the U.S. Southwest Research Papers (original) (raw)

There are several carved boulders on the Pajarito Plateau in the vicinity of Los Alamos and Bandelier National Monument, including boulders and bedrock carved to resemble miniature Southwestern pueblos or farming terraces. This paper... more

- by and +1
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- Rock Art (Archaeology), Archaeology of the U.S. Southwest, Los Alamos, Landscape and Rock Art

In the Gallina district, it is still unclear whether the violence originated with domestic (i.e. local) or foreign agents. This analysis will begin with a brief review of the relevant archaeology of the Gallina area. Following this, I set out to understand who the aggressors might be in this region by employing macroregional spatial analyses in two different case studies. Spatial analysis is ideal for understanding the source of violence in a region. For one, it is applicable at various scales. This is especially important in determining violence between local groups versus violence across a regional landscape. It is only by understanding the spatial patterns of violence that researchers can comprehensively demonstrate the difference between local versus regional, internal versus external patterns.

- by Lewis Borck
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- Archaeology, Anthropology, Spatial Analysis, Material Culture Studies

Towards the end of the thirteenth century, the Albuquerque Basin of New
Mexico saw a significant increase in population from Puebloan peoples
migrating into the valley. By the time of the Coronado expedition in 1541–1542, this area contained 12 large pueblos along the roughly 55 km long by 5 km wide Rio Grande floodplain, resulting in one of the densest concentrations of pueblos and agricultural fields in the Eastern Pueblo region. Zooarchaeological analyses of Classic Period faunal assemblages have yielded an abundance and diversity of wild bird remains with an emphasis towards migratory birds that reside in the region during the winter. These avifauna are almost entirely absent from the archaeological record of the preceding Developmental Period. This paper argues that changes in Puebloan farming practices between the two periods had a direct effect on shifting the traditional wintering grounds of these migratory birds northwards into the Albuquerque Basin.

Abstract: Before the United States government decided to wall out its neighbors to the south, before
the distinctions between countries boundaries needed to be defined, long before the Spanish entrada,
and thousands of years before the Mayans reached the peak of their civilization in Mexico, people
traversed the Borderlands of the Southwest. Ancient trails still are visible, lined with trail shrines, intaglios,
petroglyphs and artifacts. Projectile point styles defined their cultures and their chronologic placement.
The western Papagueria, specifically the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument (ORPI)and the Cabeza
Prieta National Wildlife Refuge (CPNWR), contain evidence of this ancient passing of souls across what is
defined as the US, Mexico border. These Federal entities are losing this amazing cultural heritage on a
daily and horrifying basis. To reconcile this loss, a group of avocational archeologists led and highly field
trained by respected southwest archaeologists Rick and Sandra Martynec, spent thousands of hours in
the field surveying methodically, recording, and with photographs and GPS coordinates.
We recorded the area, particularly of the CPNWR, for well over a decade. This report pertains to a series
of sites along this ancient trail system, and details a small, but intensely traveled area where evidence
points to continuity of travel for thousands of years, perhaps from the end of the Paleo period.

- by Rich Davis
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- Archaeology of the U.S. Southwest

Evidence from five Late Archaic/Early Agricultural period sites located in the middle and lower Santa Cruz River valley indicates that the local development of a ceramic container technology occurred over a relatively long period that extends back into "preceramic" times. Evidence for this development is reviewed and explanations for the emergence of pottery are evaluated with respect to the southeastern Arizona case.

Poor chronology has long plagued the Patayan archaeological tradition of the far-western reaches of the North American Southwest. Archaeologists typically rely upon ceramics to assign associated materials to the broadly defined Patayan I, II, and III periods. However, as data amass, it is becoming increasingly clear that the established date ranges for certain types of Patayan pottery tied to those periods are inaccurate, and that the overall chronology may benefit from revision. Consequently, there are renewed calls to reassess the ceramic typologies and identify attributes with utility for dating affiliated archaeological phenomena. Here I focus on one such attribute, the stucco surface treatment on Lower Colorado Buff Ware. While the prevailing typology regards stucco as diagnostic of the Patayan II and III periods (circa AD 1000– 1900), I present data that show stucco is conspicuously absent from contexts dating before AD 1400 but is rather common thereafter. I conclude Lowland Patayan potters began applying stucco to their wares between 1400 and 1600, and this attribute is therefore useful for dating associated material to a narrower AD 1400–1900 timeframe.

The Perry Mesa region of north-central Arizona was largely unoccupied prior to the middle 13th century. Between 1250 and 1300 CE, however, thousands of people moved into the area. We believe this was a highly diverse population, with disparate origins throughout the Southwest. 131 linear features have been noted in north-central Arizona. To date, 35 have been visited and identified as prehistoric, ritual racetracks. Early racetracks were few and far between, spread throughout the region. In the 14th century, the track network grew exponentially and became spatially focused atop Perry Mesa

- by Will Russell and +1
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- Religion, Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Southwestern United States (Archaeology in North America)
- by Tracy L. Brown
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- Ethnohistory, Native American Studies, Historical Anthropology, Indigenous Studies

There are two files: 1) the full text of the unpublished version of the dissertation (without figures due to their size) and 2) fragment of the published version of the dissertation.
Abstract:
The main objective of the dissertation is to examine Pueblo culture sites that date from the 13th century A.D. in the Mesa Verde region located in North American Southwest in terms of location and architectural features that suggest that these settlements were constructed for defensive purposes.
I examined these sites on both macro- and micro-regional scales: (1) examination at the macro-regional scale includes a study of 15 selected large sites - most are categorized as community centers; (2) study at the micro-regional scale includes examination of a total of 41 small sites that are in the general vicinity of one of the large sites, Castle Rock Pueblo. This cluster of settlements could have functioned as a community.
In addition to archaeological data I use other sources of information that include ethnohistoric records dating from the incursion of Spanish conquistadors beginning in the 16th century A.D., ethnographic accounts from the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as oral traditions of contemporary Pueblo people.
On the basis of analysis presented in the dissertation it seems that increasing conflict and violence was one of the main factors (probably along with the climate change) that contributed to the final migration and the depopulation of the Mesa Verde region by Pueblo people near the end of the 13th century A.D.

An overview essay written in connection with a 2012 NEH summer Institute looking at the question of the interconnections between the culture areas of Mesoamerica and the Ancient Southwest.

A rudimentary theory to explain the design of vernacular architecture is presented. Conceiving of architectural design as a social process, the theory focusses on the influence of utilitarian and symbolic functions as well as on the trade-offs between production and maintenance costs. A particular design is viewed as the outcome of a process of compromise among conflicting goals, influenced by factors of adaptation and social organization. The theory is used to generate an explanatory sketch for why the prehistoric Anasazi if the American Southwest went from pithouse to pueblo dwellers.

Introduction to Kiva Fall 2021 special issue focused on Diné (Navajo) archaeology. Discusses key themes within the area of study, as well as a short discussion of the five research articles (Weiner & Kelley 2021; Campbell 2021; Lee 2021; Two Bears 2021; and Wero & Martin 2021) that make up the issue. The other articles cover topics ranging from: Navajo insights about Chaco Canyon, reservation-era pastoralism, weaving craft traditions, boarding school ethnohistory, and the historical archaeology of uranium mining.

The Aztlander is hyperactive. Explore all of the Ancient Americas.

- by Matthew Liebmann and +1
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- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology, Southwestern United States (Archaeology in North America), Landscape Archaeology

The scale and intensity of Navajo (Diné) sheepherding in the American
Southwest has varied substantially over the centuries. In the 150 years since the signing of the Navajo Treaty of 1868, a variety of internal and external pressures have impacted the traditional pastoral practices of Diné communities. Phase 1 of the Early Navajo Pastoral Landscape Project focused on ethnoarchaeological investigations of the history, settlement patterns, and pastoral land usage of one Navajo family in Black Mesa Chapter, Arizona, Navajo Nation. This article presents the project’s findings and discusses their implications within the context of local and regional events, as well as methodological concerns relevant to the identification of sheepherding sites across the Navajo Nation and beyond.

In the Mimbres region of southwestern New Mexico, there are two notable periods of transition (around 1150 A.D. and again around 1300 A.D.) during the Postclassic Period. These periods are marked by dramatic changes in material culture, settlement reorganization, and population decline. The first represents the transition from the Classic Mimbres period (1000 to 1150 A.D.) to the Black Mountain phase (1150 to 1300 A.D.). The second represents the transition from the Black Mountain to the Cliff phase (1300 to 1450 A.D.). The scale (size of the population reorganizations), chronology (timing of the reorganizations), and nature (social processes behind the reorganizations) of these changes are not fully understood. Three processes have been proposed to account for the changes: depopulation followed by population replacement (immigration), population decrease with remaining groups changing material culture and reorganizing economic and social networks, or some combination of these scenarios. The Black Mountain site (LA 49), near Deming, NM, in the Lower Mimbres Valley, is the type site for the Black Mountain phase. It represents one of the largest Black Mountain phase settlements and also contains a large Cliff phase room block. Through field excavations and laboratory analyses, this dissertation explores whether the change in material culture represents cultural continuity or cultural change at the Black Mountain site. Multiple artifact classes (radiocarbon and dendrochronology data as well as ceramic and obsidian sourcing data) suggest the transitions represent both a continuation of resident groups and immigration of new populations. This dissertation also provides a comparison of Black Mountain phase data from other sites and provides evidence that the transition from the Classic to Postclassic periods was not a uniform process throughout the region.

New Mexico's Genizaro settlements were on the margins of the Spanish Colonial occupation of northern New Mexico. Individual communities, or poblaciones, were composed of dispersed buildings associated with households (ranchos), and defensive plaza sites that also helped meet Spanish Colonial architectural requirements. This paper examines two Genizaro settlements: the plaza site and ranchos of La Canada on the Rio Chicquito north of the Pueblo de Cochiti and a plaza site and ranchos on the Abiquiu Land Grant. The differences between rancho and plaza architectures reveal the contrasting needs for subsistence and defense of the people on the frontier of New Spain.

- by Emily Brown and +1
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- Archaeology of the U.S. Southwest, Genizaros, Spanish Colonial Architecture, Abiquiu

Poised between the Sonoran Desert and Colorado Plateau, Perry Mesa and Black Mesa constitute a rugged landform split by the Agua Fria River of central Arizona. This landscape was largely unoccupied prior to the late thirteenth century but witnessed a steady and rapid stream of immigrants beginning around A.D. 1250-1275. Today, the region is enjoying newfound archaeological attention, much of which is focused on why immigrants chose this place as a destination and how they survived after arrival. Our research and this article are more concerned with whether those who arrived did so as an homogenous population or as disparate groups. Elsewhere, we have suggested that what is referred to as the Perry Mesa Tradition began as a diverse collection of peoples from throughout the Southwest. Within a culture-history framework, we describe diversity in the local archaeological record and identify, where possible, nonlocal analogues. This effort is designed to synthesize past and current observations, illustrate opportunities for future research, and stimulate dialogue regarding demographic movement to and from Perry Mesa.

- by Will Russell and +1
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- Native American Studies, Archaeology, Southwestern United States (Archaeology in North America), Landscape Archaeology

A significant amount of research has been dedicated to understanding prehistoric Hopi migrations and the origins of respective clans. According to Hopi oral tradition, certain clans
originated in or passed through a southern location known as Palatkwapi. Legendary descriptions of Palatkwapi have been compared favorably to the archaeological record of Classic
period (ca. A.D. 1150-1450) Hohokam settlements in general and those of the lower Salt River valley in particular. Hopi oral history suggests that migrating gens marked their passage on the landscape with clan symbol petroglyphs. We examined Hohokam petroglyphs in the South Mountains of Phoenix, Arizona to determine whether motifs consistent with Hopi clans were present. Following the elimination of ubiquitous, literal, and overly simplified designs, our study identified motifs consistent with 13 historic Hopi clans. Twelve of these have been linked to Palatkwapi via Hopi oral tradition and the ethnohistoric record. Acknowledging the extraordinary time depth involved (i.e., over 1,500 years), the apparent presence of similar motifs throughout the Hohokam regional system, and the potential for coincidental design repetition, we are currently incapable of determining whether proto-Hopi¹ clans are iconographically represented in Hohokam rock art.

- by Michael Searcy and +1
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- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Southwestern United States (Archaeology in North America), Southwestern Archaeology

The site of Finch Camp in the middle Queen Creek area of Arizona, southeast of Phoenix, has produced some of the earliest evidence of utilitarian pottery use in the US Southwest. Using multiple lines of evidence from vessel morphology, surface alteration, and minute fatty acid residues in vessel walls, I evaluate the nascent function of the earliest vessels (mostly neckless jars, or tecomates) and infer a diachronic process of functional expansion from about 350 B.C.–A.D. 400. This evidence provides robust evidence for evaluating various theoretical models of pottery origins. I argue that utilitarian pottery was initially adopted in connection with the intensification of small particulate plant foods (e.g., seeds, grains) and increasing household-level control over resources. Further, vessel functions may have expanded during the early centuries A.D. in response to women’s task-scheduling conflicts stemming from increasing residential stability and growing reliance on low-level horticulture.

Las fantasmas de las áreas culturas aparecen nuestros investigaciones. Por este áreas determinan que preguntas preguntamos, que regiones estudiamos, que revistas leimos, que colegos hablamos, que universidades estudimos y muchos otros aspectos de arquerología en maneras sbtle y complejo. Las áreas culturales como Mesoamérica y el Noroeste/Suroeste tienen un contento de verdad pero este contento no coresponde de las fronteras de este áreas. Este fronteras definir distinciónes falsas y encauzan nuestros investigaciones en maneras improductivas. Tambien, hay otras frontieras que separan dentro de Mesoamérica y el Noroeste/Suroeste. Estes incluen la frontiera internacional, frontieras del estados, y subdivisiones culturales de las áreas culturas. Los problemas de las áreas culturales y del uso de frontieras para definir investigaciones son mas aparamente a las margins de las áreas. El desarrollo de una comunidad de arqueologos trabajaran en el noroeste de México has cambiado nuestros entendiemento de las sim y diferencias dentro de Mesoamérica y el Noroeste/Suroeste. La alternativa de una definición de áreas culturales por frontieras es a ver los como reds dinamicas de relaciones sociales.

Oscar Rodríguez and Deni Seymour

Chapter 6 in Fierce and Indomitable: The Protohistoric Non-Pueblo World. University of Utah Press.

Since the 1890s, archeologists have been studying the cliff dwellings of the Mesa Verde region, southwestern Colorado, seeking to uncover factors that drove the Pueblo Indians from these once vibrant communities. In this paper, the authors describe their examination of connections between the landscape, architecture, and rock art of the Castle Rock Community in the thirteenth century AD, immediately before the total depopulation of the Mesa Verde region. The investigators employed new technologies and collaborated with modern Pueblo people—the Hopi—to paint a richer and more nuanced picture than has previously been available of the community’s last days.

- by Radosław Palonka and +2
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- Landscape Archaeology, Landscape Architecture, North American Southwest, Southwestern Archaeology

Before the rapid commercial development of the Gila River floodplain in the Pueblo Viejo District of the San Carlos Safford Area, mid to late nineteenth century accounts describe the presence of at least ten large prehispanic villages referred to as “towns.” Leading two significant early archaeological expeditions, Fewkes and Hough tested several multi-story structures, which we term Big Unit Structures, at the Epley’s and Buena Vista ruins. Fewkes reported subtle differences between these multi-story buildings within the San Carlos Safford Area and platform mound compounds in the Phoenix Basin. We review excavation notes, maps, photos, and reports from excavations during the 1930s and 1970s to define the design of these structures. We develop a chronology for their construction, occupation, and abandonment and suggest construction started in the early to mid-thirteenth century. We assess their functionality and distribution to better understand the attributes of this geographically restricted phenomenon, as well as contextualize its occurrence within broader trends during the late twelfth and thirteenth centuries. These data lead us to conclude the emergence of a multi-settlement system within the San Carlos Safford Area and suggest the emergence of elite individuals who conducted activities within and occasionally inhabited these Big Unit Structures.

A diverse collection of projectile points and bifaces have been recovered from the Tuzigoot and Montezuma Castle National Monuments. This paper presents the preliminary findings of a recent analysis that focused on spatial and temporal patterns of stone tool manufacture and lithic material use. We briefly discuss biface manufacture and use followed by discussion of evidence for expert biface manufacture during the Formative era. The main focus of this paper centers on the project point collection. While arrow points vastly dominate, the Verde Valley inhabitants collected earlier dart points for use in functional and symbolic activities. Finally, use of the term "Sinagua" to designate the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Verde Valley is considered through a comparison of Northern Sinagua projectile point data and the Verde Valley National Monuments data.

"Alameda Brown Ware and San Francisco Mountain Gray Ware Technology and Economics" addresses topics related to the production and distribution of Alameda Brown Ware and the consumption of San Francisco Mountain Gray Ware as reflected in archaeological collections from 41 sites that date from about A.D. 400 through the early-to-mid A.D. 1100s and which are located along U.S. 89 north of Flagstaff, Arizona. The chapter represents the most successful application of the petrofacies approach to sand temper provenance determination to date, given that the compositional data are evaluated using oxidation/refiring of clay and sherd samples, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis, x-ray analysis, and direct evidence of production collected from project area sites. Building on the work of Dean Arnold (1985), included are four tables that summarize ethnographic/ethnoarchaeological data which should prove useful in reconstructing pottery production and distribution systems elsewhere. Table 5.1 reports 64 new distance to clay resource measurements. Table 5.17 reports annual ceramic production rates in 25 potting communities. Table 5.23 summarizes examples of the goods and services exchanged for ceramics. Table 5.24 summarizes 12 distance traveled by foot to trade pottery measurements.

- by Sarah Herr and +1
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- Archaeology, Pottery (Archaeology), Petrology, Southwestern United States (Archaeology in North America)

Research demonstrates the association between musical instruments and ritual practices and political complexity in the past. Musical instruments have been found at the Late Medio period regional polity of Paquimé in northern Mexico and in sites ancestral to Pueblo peoples of the American Southwest, but they have never been meaningfully compared. Paquimé’s occupation corresponds with the first half of the Pueblo IV period in the Southwest, a time when instruments were most numerous and diverse. Intriguingly, some instruments are found in both regions whereas others are not. We summarize the types known for both locations and compare them, considering the social and physical contexts of their use.

"Early Agricultural Period Pottery from Las Capas and Los Pozos" is the definitive treatment of Early Agricultural period incipient plain ware pottery from the Middle Santa Cruz River Valley. A behavioral approach is used in the analysis of 13 sherds recovered from San Pedro phase (ca. 1200 - 800 B.C.) deposits at Las Capas and 41 sherds recovered from late Cienega phase (ca. 400 B.C. - A.D. 50) deposits at Los Pozos. The emergence and development of pottery making in the Tucson Basin from 1200 B.C. to A.D. 700 is reviewed (i.e., during the San Pedro, early and late Cienega, Agua Caliente, and Tortolita phases). The inherent performance characteristics and function of fired clay containers manufactured during those 1,900 years are discussed, as is the iconography of incipient plain ware incised and punctate design. Evidence for an early pan-Southwestern "soft ware" horizon is presented.

During the ninth through twelfth centuries A.D., Ancestral Pueblo people constructed long, straight roads that interconnected the Chaco regional system across the San Juan Basin of northwestern New Mexico. The intent and use of these features has eluded archaeological consensus, although recent research has reiterated the occurrence of long distance timber importation to Chaco Canyon. To enhance our interpretation of these features we offer a large-scale least cost analysis wherein optimal pathways that are modeled to simulate timber importation are compared to the actual road locations. A series of least cost paths were produced through different energy allocation algorithms, at different spatial scales, and with various origin and destination inputs. Our results reveal a strong correlation between actual road locations and modeled pathways. Therefore, we suggest that certain Chaco roads may have been specifically designed to facilitate the importation of timbers and that roads, once constructed, were the optimal pathway for the import of these resources.

Within the eastern Mimbres region (Figure 1), the late Postclassic period began around A.D. 1250 and lasted for at least two centuries (Schollmeyer et al. 2008). In this place and time, the archaeological record suggests unprecedented diversity. A number of large pueblos were established throughout the region, signifying local aggregation and/or immigration. Despite their apparent contemporaneity, these communities often differ in construction technique, village layout, public architecture, mortuary practice, built features, artifact assemblages, and nonlocal exchange relationships (e.g., Hegmon 2002; Hegmon and Nelson 1994; Nelson and Hegmon 1993, 1995, 1998; K. Laumbach 1999, 2001, 2002, 2005a, 2005b, 2006; Lekson 1984, 1989, 2002, 2003; Lekson et al. 2002; Nelson 1999; Russell 2010; Schollmeyer 2007, 2008; n.d.a, n.d.b, n.d.c; Swanson et al. 2008; Yunker and Lekson 2000). If these communities were contemporaneous, the archaeological differences suggest multi-identity coalescence and co-residence in the area. If they were not coeval, the differences may suggest diachronic changes in influence as well as or in lieu of migration.

Contact and influence between two areas like the Plains and Southwest can take many forms. It could be migration of an entire population, or by movement of a single individual carrying certain cultural traits. It could be by trade, diffusion brought about by simple contact and awareness of how another group does things, or by warfare such as conquest or raiding. A major effect might also be seen through movement of an individual who transmitted one of the decimating diseases introduced by the Europeans. To identify where and to what extent any of these factors are operating is very difficult with the present state of knowledge. To quote Wedel (1950:100) "the area is vast, the time span long, and the available information still far too sketchy and uneven." With this in mind, the direction of this paper will not be to evaluate the exact nature of contact, but instead to show what evidence is available, and what general trends and changes over time can be identified.

- by Katy Putsavage
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- Archaeology, Obsidian, Southwestern Archaeology, Archaeology of the U.S. Southwest

"A Petrographic Approach to Sand-Tempered Pottery Provenance Studies: Examples from Two Hohokam Local Systems" summarizes methods developed by the authors to model sand temper resource compositions in Arizona's Tucson and Tonto basins and major findings regarding the concentration of production and spatial distribution of sand-tempered Hohokam pottery in those basins. The petrofacies approach to provenance determination and ethnographic/ethnoarchaeological data used to evaluate annual prehistoric ceramic ceramic production rates should prove useful in reconstructing pottery manufacturing and distributions systems elsewhere.

Culture areas haunt our research. They affect how we frame questions, how we define the boundaries of our studies, what journals we read, what colleagues we talk to, where we go to school and dozens of other aspects of archaeology, in subtle and complex ways. Cultural areas such as Mesoamerica and the Northwest/Southwest define real differences but these differences do not correspond to the boundaries of the culture areas. Defining cultural areas in terms of their boundaries creates false distinctions and channels research in unproductive ways. There are other boundaries that cross-cut Mesoamerica and the Northwest/Southwest and further confound and confuse our understandings of prehispanic developments in the Americas. These boundaries include the international frontier, state boundaries and cultural subdivisions within each culture area. The problems of cultural areas are most apparent to those researchers who work on their edges. The development of an international community of archaeologists working in northwestern México leads us to rethink how we define the similarities and differences between Mesoamerica and the Northwest/Southwest. An alternative to defining cultural areas by their boundaries is to define them dynamic webs of relations between social groups.

The pipette is a rare rock art motif found across the North American Southwest but seldom depicted in other media. We address landscape and archaeological contexts, associated imagery, material correlates, and ethnography to provide an interpretative hypothesis that accounts for the motif’s widespread, cross-cultural use. We argue that pipettes represent a tiered cosmos and axis mundi, at times with portrayals of emergence and transcendence. The pipette’s compartmentalization signifies the conceptual metaphor
‘the cosmos is comprised of containers’, a concept embedded in Uto-Aztecan languages with Mesoamerican antecedents. The motif’s distribution across the North American Southwest demonstrates that it was a key religious symbol that accompanied the adoption of Mesoamerican-like religious beliefs and practices beginning in the eighth century or
before. Prehistoric iconography – whether we understand it or not – references thought and ideas that were important enough to memorialize. Despite difficulties inherent to interpretation, archaeology would be remiss not to take advantage of the enduring iconological record. We demonstrate that careful, concentrated, and multidimensional approaches to understanding prehistoric symbolism can provide valuable and credible insight into cultures that otherwise could not speak for themselves.

- by Will Russell
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- Religion, Native American Studies, Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology

In the northern Southwest, archaeologists generally examine the pithouse-to-pueblo transition as a sequential change, with pueblos replacing pithouses by A.D. 1000, and argue that it reflects a fundamental reorganization of farming communities. However, in some areas, such as Homol’ovi in northeastern Arizona, pithouses continued to be inhabited into the second millennium A.D. This article examines whether the differences in the organization of pithouse and pueblo communities identified during the earlier pithouse-to-pueblo transition also existed in twelfth- and early- thirteenth- century A.D. pithouse and pueblo sites in the Homol’ovi area by comparing networks of ceramic exchange.

- by Claire S Barker and +1
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- Southwestern Archaeology, Ceramics (Archaeology), Ancestral Pueblo (Archaeology), Archaeology of the U.S. Southwest
- by Rebecca A Hawkins
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- Archaeology of the U.S. Southwest