Avian medicine Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

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- Clinical Biochemistry, Avian medicine, Phytobiotic, Avian Haematology

Avian nutrition has not been studied sufficiently to know the requirements for each psittacine species. Most studies are based on chicken requirements because their physiology is closely related to psittacines' physiology. Since there are hundreds of psittacine species, it is impossible to develop specific requirements for them. Vitamins, minerals, and guidelines for daily food choices are included in this paper.

- by Jeannine Miesle
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- Companion Animals, Birds, Avian medicine, Avian Nutrition

Avian Bornaviral Ganglioneuritis is an immune-mediated disease which is always fatal if left untreated. ABG and Avian Ganglioneuritis may have the same symptoms are both treated in the same manner and with the same medications. The virus is passed vertically and is not easily transmitted to other birds. Testing must be done by PCR molecular diagnostics to avoid false positives and negatives. Given proper treatment, an ABG bird can live a normal life for several years.

- by Jeannine Miesle
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- Avian medicine
- by Soufian cherki
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- Zootecnia, Avian medicine, Medicina Veterinaria Y Zootecnia, Zootechnist

L'étude a été réalisée sur 723 sujets provenant d'élevages avicoles privés ou
publiques de différentes wilayas de l'Est algérien. Les prélèvements ont été accompagnés
de fiches commémoratives dûment remplies par le vétérinaire. Le pourcentage des
animaux représentant des lésions macroscopiques sans distinction d'âge ni de
spéculation est de 10.51%. Les lésions ont été réparties sur les différents appareils et
organes dont les causes sont multiples ; nutritionnelles et microbiologiques. En effet,
l'autopsie joue un rôle primordial dans le diagnostic des pathologies des volailles mais
elle doit être complété par les examens sérologiques et bactériologiques.
Mots clés : Autopsie, volailles, lésions macroscopiques, diagnostic.

- by Soufian cherki
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- Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Pathology, Poultry Science, Poultry
- by Soufian cherki
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- Medicina, Avian medicine

The glossary contains essential medical terminology used in avian medicine, including prefixes and suffixes, body positioning, terms for each of the body systems, abbreviations, and definitions of anatomical and physiological terms. There... more

- by Jeannine Miesle
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- Avian medicine, Avian medical terminology

Psittacine Beak and Feather disease is a fatal disease caused by the circovirus. It is extant in Australia and many Asian countries and can be found around the world. It is highly infections and environmentally stable. PCR testing offers conclusive proof of the virus in birds. It robs the birds of all their feathers. There is no treatment and no cure. It is eventually always fatal.

- by Jeannine Miesle
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- Avian medicine, Avian Virology
- by atef A hassan and +1
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- Fungi, Avian medicine, Mycosis , Mycotoxicosis
- by Adita Novianti
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- Pathology, Poultry Science, Poultry, Avian medicine

Abstract: Disease conditions and clinical signs of many companion birds are presented, including African grey parrots, Amazon parrots, budgerigars, canaries and finches, cockatiels, cockatoos, conures, lovebirds, macaws, and Quaker parrots. Infectious diseases, neoplasia, reproductive disorders, and metabolic and nutritional disorders common to each class of bird are reviewed.

- by Drury Reavill
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- Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Pathology, Avian medicine

Le présent travail est une étude bibliographique des principaux agents incriminés lors d’entérites virales chez le poulet et la dinde notamment : les rotavirus, les entérovirus-like, les astrovirus, les coronavirus, les réovirus et les... more

- by Soufian cherki
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- Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Pathology, Virology, Veterinary Science

Both companion birds and wild birds are subject to a wide variety of neoplasms. The quality of life for these birds depends on the timeliness of presentation to an avian veterinarian and the correct diagnosis and treatment of these tumors and growths. Neoplasms vary in both the type of tumor and the species in which they are found. Some neoplasms are easily removed surgically, while others present challenges to the practitioner and the owner. While chemotherapy and radiation therapy have been attempted, most practitioners agree that surgical debulking and removal, if possible, are the preferred means of treatment.

- by Jeannine Miesle
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- Avian medicine, Avian Health, Avian Neoplasms, Avian tumors

Few organizations amalgamate wildlife conservation with the enhanced captive management of wildlife as well as the Wildlife Conservation Society. Each day I walk the grounds of the Bronx Zoo and work with a special team of individuals that utilize their skills to conserve biodiversity, assist animal rescue and rehabilitation around the world and understand the practices and standards to enhance animal welfare in conservation management populations. Unlike other conservation organizations, we have a means to bring conservation to life and connect millions of visitors with conservation efforts in a meaningful way by bringing people face to face with amazing animals.
Over the past several months, the Ornithology Department has participated in programs to assess and assist local bird populations, provide support for rehabilitating endangered parrots, utilize our avian conservation management population to analyze GPS tracking units for use in the field and provide medical advances that will increase the success rates in rehabilitation facilities. Graphics, direct communications between the staff and the public and now highlighting these efforts on an ongoing cable network series allows us to showcase our efforts and educate the general public as to the importance of zoos and aquariums. This issue of the Neornithes News highlights just some of these programs and it is with great pride that we present these updates to you.

- by David Oehler and +3
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- Wildlife Conservation, Avian Biology, Parrots (Ornithology), Wildlife Rehabilitation

Poultry meat consumption is increasing worldwide but the overuse of antimicrobials for prevention and treatment of diseases has increased antimicrobial resistance (AMR), triggering a major public health issue. To restrict AMR emergence, the government supports the optimization of natural products that are safe and easy to obtain with minimal side effects on poultry, humans, and the environment. Various studies have explored the potential of herbs in animal health for their antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and body weight gain properties. Therefore, this study reviewed plants with potential application in avian species by summarizing and discussing the mechanisms and prophylactic/therapeutic potential of these compounds and their plant origin extracts.

- by Veterinary World and +2
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- Pharmacology, Herbal Medicine, Phytomedicine, Poultry Medicine

Eight captive-bred horned parakeets (Eunymphicus cornutus) and four captive-bred Major Mitchell cockatoos (Cacatua leadbeateri) from the same aviary tested positive for psittacine circovirus (PsCV) DNA in whole blood by nested–polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The chronic form of disease with feather fragility and loss was observed in three horned parakeets. Infection in other individuals was subclinical. Immunosuppression, either hematologically or as susceptibility to secondary infections, was not observed. Treatment consisted of the administration of β-(1,3/1,6)-d-glucan from oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Excluding two accidentally dead parakeets, four out of the original six horned parakeets, and all Major Mitchell cockatoos were negative for PsCV DNA in whole blood in 7–9 mo after the treatment was started. Even though the absence of PsCV DNA in blood does not signify elimination of the virus from the whole organism, these preliminary results indicate a possible effect of β-glucan in the treatment of PsCV infection. To the author's knowledge, this is the first report of PsCV in horned parakeets.

- by Oldrich Tomasek
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- Veterinary Medicine, Virology, Veterinary Science, Veterinary Virology
- by Alan Fudge
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- Avian medicine

High mortality of nestling cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) was observed in one breeding flock in Slovakia. The nestling mortality affected 50% of all breeding pairs. In general, all the nestlings in affected nests died. Death occurred suddenly in 4-to 6-day-old birds, most of which had full crops. No feather disorders were diagnosed in this flock. Two dead nestlings were tested by nested PCR for the presence of avian polyomavirus (APV) and Chlamydophila psittaci and by single-round PCR for the presence of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV). After the breeding season ended, a breeding pair of cockatiels together with their young one and a fledgling budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) were examined. No clinical alterations were observed in these birds. Haemorrhages in the proventriculus and irregular foci of yellow liver discoloration were found during necropsy in the young cockatiel and the fledgling budgerigar. Microscopy revealed liver necroses and acute haemolysis in the young cockatiel and confluent liver necroses and heart and kidney haemorrhages in the budgerigar. Two dead cockatiel nestlings, the young cockatiel and the fledgling budgerigar were tested positive for APV, while the cockatiel adults were negative. The presence of BFDV or Chlamydophila psittaci DNA was detected in none of the birds. The specificity of PCR was confirmed by the sequencing of PCR products amplified from the samples from the young cockatiel and the fledgling budgerigar. The sequences showed 99.6–100% homology with the previously reported sequences. To our knowledge, this is the first report of APV infection which caused a fatal disease in parent-raised cockatiel nestlings and merely subclinical infection in budgerigar nestlings.

- by Oldrich Tomasek and +1
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- Veterinary Medicine, Virology, Veterinary Science, Avian medicine

Abstract
Bacterial pathogens affecting birds are numerous. This paper covers many of the species that affect companion birds and the antibiotics most commonly used to deal with them. Beneficial and harmful bacteria are discussed as well as the harmful effects of bacterial infections. Diagnostic testing with staining, cultures, histopathology, and cytology and explained.

- by Jeannine Miesle
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- Avian Biology, Avian Pathology, Avian medicine, Bacterial diseases of birds

Editorial board member of the International Journal of Human Anatomy

- by Denis Marcellin-little
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- Veterinary Sciences, Avian medicine

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of waterleaf (Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd) aqueous
extract on the performance of laying hens. This study was arranged in a completely randomized design
with five treatments ( T1, T2, T3, T4 a n d T5) with 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 ml of waterleaf aqueous
extract (WAE), respectively in their drinking water. Forty (40) Nera black hens at 24 weeks of age were
randomly allocated into five treatments of two replicates with eight hens per treatment. Variables
measured were feed intake, hen day production, feed conversion ratio, daily water intake and body
weight, Feed conversion ratio of T3 (100 ml WAE) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the control and
other treatments. Hen day egg production, feed intake, and water intake, of Treatment 2 (50 ml WAE)
was significantly higher (P<0.05) than other treatments. In conclusion, this study showed that 50 ml and
100 ml WAE increased egg production.

- by Mary Sanda
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- Feed additives in poultry nutrition, Poultry Disease, Avian medicine

Anyone wishing to adopt or purchase a bird should have a set of guidelines to follow when choosing the birds. This paper covers how to look at the bird's health, determine the conditions of the present environment, talk with the breeder... more

- by Jeannine Miesle
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- Avian medicine, avian adoption, avian ownership

Improving husbandry parameters of Bird of Paradise, utilizing state of the art medical equipment to evaluate the health of the Little Penguins and employing aviculture techniques developed at the Bronx Zoo to augment field research are all part of our ongoing work to enhance the conservation of birds. We are constantly striving to improve animal husbandry, the processes involved in the feeding, propagation, housing and health care of the birds at the WCS to ensure the maximum benefits to those animals. The impetus for these efforts is the establishment of viable populations of birds in conservation care that contribute to the improved knowledge and conservation of wild bird populations. Programs, within the WCS's Bronx Zoo, directly influence conservation strategies of threatened bird species as we collaborate with IUCN SSC, governmental agencies and other NGO's to achieve our goals. Management of in-situ populations of birds has proven to increase wild populations and many of those protocols were developed in conjunction with the populations of birds in managed programs. Please read further to discover a wide range of activities that are underway to improve avian husbandry and in turn affect the health of our planet by improving the resilience of wildlife and wild places.

- by David Oehler
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- Avian Biology, Penguins, Bird Conservation, Avian medicine
- by Jeannine Miesle
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- Avian medicine, Avian Health, Geriatric birds, aging birds

Expert peer review at Medicine® Journal Hesham N. Mustafa Presented April 8, 2018 (Wolters Kluwer)

- by Tom Bailey
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- Conservation Biology, Zoological Medicine, Avian medicine

This guide to caring for a bird with avian bornaviral ganglioneuritis or avian gangioneuritis is based on the five years the author spent caring for her own cockatoo after it was diagnoses with the virus. The bird was clinical with the disease, and the author describes how she cared for the bird during this time. The paper covers foods, environmental triggers, and the importance of exercise in the day-to-day life of these birds so that they might live as healthy a life as possible. This paper is an addendum to the paper, Understanding Avian Bornaviral Ganglioneuritis and Avian Ganglioneuritis, already in the Academia files.

- by Jeannine Miesle
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- Veterinary Virology, Avian medicine

Birds, like any other animal, thrive as adults when the parents have raised them to abundance weaning and fledging. The trend of hand-rearing began in the 1980’s when thousands of birds were taken from their habitats and placed around the world. In most countries, hand-raising because the acceptable method of breeding since the parents weren’t tame, and breeders feared they would not know how to raise the chicks in captivity. It has done irreparable damage to both the parents and chicks over the decades. Breeders need to allow the parents to once again take charge of the rearing of their chicks, which is much easier on the humans as well.

- by Jeannine Miesle
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- Birds, Avian medicine, Avian Health, Avian Reproduction

Fungal contamination of poultry feedstuffs can lead to nutrient losses and serious harm to poultry production and public health. This study was designed to evaluate the hygienic condition and the level of fungal contamination affecting the quality of poultry feeds (Broiler and Layer feed) during the rainy season (April – September) in Ogun State, Nigeria. A total of 60 samples of mashed poultry feeds (30 broiler and 30 layer feeds) were collected from farms in Ogun state. Samples were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar, the Colony forming units (CFUs) were calculated, and the taxonomic identification of various fungal genera was made macroscopically. Fungal counts for layer feeds (8.6 ×103) were significantly P < 0.05 higher than broiler feeds (4.2 ×103). Among the feed samples, 13 (43%) broiler feed and 16 (53%) layer feed samples exceeded the accepted European standard for finished poultry feed (1×103 CFU g-1), from a total of 60 feed samples, 29(48.3%) samples exceeded the standard limits. The most frequent fungal genus recovered were Aspergillus sp. (53%, 50%) and Fusarium sp. (12%, 10%) in broiler and layer feeds respectively. The poultry feeds from some farms in Ogun state were contaminated with various fungal genera by different levels in which 48% of the samples were higher than the standard limits. Contamination with potentially mycotoxigenic fungi especially Aspergillus sp. was 50%, Fusarium sp. was 10% and their presence in feed poses a health hazard for poultry birds.

Direct comparisons are important when assessing the value of DNA extraction methods for diagnostic virology as the inhibitors present and the efficiency of extraction vary with the target infectious agent as well as the species and the site from which the clinical sample was obtained. Three DNA extraction methods were compared for routine polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) in whole blood and feather samples and of avian polyomavirus (APV) in feather samples. Boiling in Chelex † 100 Resin was found to be the most sensitive method for detection of BFDV or APV DNA in both feather and blood samples. In combination with nested PCR it enabled detection of BFDV DNA in 13/13 positive whole blood samples and in 22/23 positive feather samples. It also enabled detection of APV in 31/31 samples detected as positive in this study. NucleoSpin † kits enabled detection of BFDV DNA in only 9/13 blood samples and in 18/23 feather samples. The lower rate of BFDV DNA detection when using NucleoSpin † kits was not a result of inhibition of PCR in most cases. The NucleoSpin † Tissue Kit enabled detection of APV DNA in 29/31 feather samples. Inhibition of DNA amplification was observed when using the DNAzol † Direct kit. Therefore, of the methods evaluated here, Chelex † 100 Resin treatment of samples was the best option for routine testing for BFDV and APV DNA in clinical samples.

- by Oldrich Tomasek and +1
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- Veterinary Medicine, Molecular Biology, Virology, Avian medicine
- by Miguel Saggese and +1
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- Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Education, Communicable Diseases, Scientific Societies

- by Jeannine Miesle
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- Bird (Ornithology), Avian Biology, Birds, Avian medicine

Clinical and pathological investigations were conducted on outbreaks of infectious bursal disease (IBD) in pullets under brooding using the battery cage system in a commercial poultry farm in Kaduna, Nigeria. Two consecutive outbreaks of IBD on the same farm were studied. The onset of the disease and morbidity and mortality rates were recorded. Postmortem examinations were conducted and gross lesions recorded. Tissues were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin and processed for histopathological examinations. In the first outbreak, 80 to 100% of the chicks were affected at the age of 4 to 5 weeks and mortality rate was 95.8% and lasted for 9 days. In the second outbreak, the mortality rate was 43.3% and it also lasted for 9 days. At the onset of the disease, the birds were also 4-week-old like in case 1. The disease was diagnosed based on clinical signs, pathology, and agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID). Clinical signs, gross lesions, and histopathological findings were characteristic of virulent infectious bursal disease. After the first outbreak (case 1) the house was disinfected using polidine5 (iodophor compound), V-ox5 (inorganic peroxygen compounds), CID 20 5 (quaternary ammonium chloride, aldehydes, and alcohol), terminator III5 (phenols), and glutasan5 (aldehyde and quaternary ammonium chloride). But they failed to eliminate the IBD virus from the poultry pen.

- by Hayatuddeen Bako Aliyu and +1
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- Clinical immunology, Avian medicine, Avian Viruses

This study was planned to evaluate the protective role of curcumin (Cur) against maternal and fetal oxidative stress and cerebral damage induced by lead (Pb) during pregnancy. In this study, positively pregnant female rats were divided into seven groups: control group, Curgroup (300 mg/kg of Cur/b.wt.), DMSO group (50% DMSO), two Pb-treated groups (exposed to 160 and 320 mg/kg b.wt./day of Pb acetate, respectively), and two groups treated with both Pb and Cur (exposed to Pb as previous groups together with 300 mg/kg b.wt./day of Cur). Treatments started from gestation day 1 (GD1) till day 20 (GD20) through oral gavage once a day, where the mother rats of different experimental groups were sacrificed to obtain the fetuses. Different chemical parameters were assessed. Brain specimens from the mother and fetal groups were processed with examination. The results displayed that Pb administration to pregnant rats resulted in a dose-dependent toxicity for both mothers and fetuses. Also, there was a significant risein lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities in the brains of the different Pb-treated groups. The histological examination of the brain of treated dams and fetuses showed marked alterations. Co-treatment of Cur along with Pb caused a significant decrease in Pb levels as compared with those treated with Pb alone, improving the oxidative condition with amelioration of the brain'shistopathological changes. In conclusion, co-administration of Cur could haveameliorative effect against Pb-induced neurotoxicity through the reduction of oxidative stress and reversal of histopathological changes.

- by Prof. Hesham N Mustafa and +1
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- Neuroscience, Pathology, Military Medicine, Speech Language Pathology
- by Charlene Lujan Vega
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- Avian medicine

Resumo: Deformidade do bico no sanhaço-da-amazônia Thraupis episcopus (Passeriformes: Thraupidae) na Venezuela. Observamos três indivíduos de T. episcopus com deformidades do bico em um comedouro em uma área residencial no norte da Venezuela. Um deles foi capturado, mostrando que tal deformidade somente afetou a ranfoteca, sem comprometer o esqueleto subjacente. Nos outros dois indivíduos, houve um crescimento notável da ranfoteca, bem superior ao próprio comprimento do bico. Essas deformidades provavelmente foram causadas por acidentes, já que vários sanhaço-da-amazônia foram anteriormente observados chocando-se contra janelas envidraçadas de predios residenciais. As deformidades acima mencionadas previnem ligeiramente uma completa perda do bico, e as aves podiam se alimentar normalmente. Contudo, o indivíduo capturado apresentava a plumagem desarrumada, provavelmente relacionada à dificuldade da ave para ajeitar as penas corretamente com o bico. Este é o primeiro relato de uma deformidade de bico na família Thraupidae e em uma ave florestal residente da Venezuela. PalaVRas-ChaVe: Deformidade do bico, Sanhaço-da-amazônia, Thraupidae, Thraupis episcopus, Venezuela.

- by Carlos Verea
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- Ornithology, Bird (Ornithology), Avian Ecology, Avian and wildlife Medicine

Expert peer review on 18 manuscripts in 2018 for Medicine Journal

- by Prof. Hesham N Mustafa
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- Pharmacology, Comparative Anatomy, Human Anatomy (Biology), Neuroscience

ABSTRACT
In this study, the normal electrocardiogram of apparently normal, conscious pigeons was described. Standard bipolar and
augmented unipolar limb leads were recorded in a total of apparently healthy 30 pigeons. Waveforms were analyzed in all the
leads at 50 mm/s and 10 mm/mV. P-wave was monophasic and positive in leads I, II, III, aVL and aVF but negative in aVR.
Heart rate ranged from 205 to 342 beats/min with a mean (± SD) of 276.0±42.9 beats/min. The MEA ranged between -99 to -90
degrees. The predominant QRS pattern in lead in lead I was rs while the rS was predominant in leads II, III and aVR. The r and
Qr morphologies were observed in leads aVF and aVL respectively. ST slurring was found in all the leads. The ECG values and
patterns recorded in these clinically healthy pigeons will facilitate better understanding of ECG changes that are seen in diseases
and are expected to provide a comparison to aid clinical diagnosis
Keywords: Electrocardiogram, Pigeons, Limb leads.

Human colonisation of New Zealand has resulted in the introduction of emerging diseases, such as avian malaria and toxoplasmosis, which arrived with their exotic avian and mammalian hosts. Plasmodium spp. and Toxoplasma gondii have a wide host range, and several species of endemic New Zealand birds have developed a fatal disease following infec- tion with either pathogen. However, no reports of either toxo- plasmosis or avian malaria in New Zealand raptors, namely, the New Zealand falcons (Falco novaeseelandiae), Australasian harriers (Circus approximans) and moreporks (Ninox novaeseelandiae) exist in the literature. Therefore, this study was designed to determine if these two pathogens are present in these raptors through a retrospective analysis of archived tissue samples. Detection and isolate identification of these pathogens was determined using established histolog- ical and molecular techniques. All three species of New Zealand raptors tested positive for the presence of Plasmodium spp. (10/117; 8.5%) and an atypical genotype of T. gondii (9/117; 7.7%). Plasmodium lineages identified include P. elongatum GRW6, P. relictum SGS1, P. relictum PADOM02 and Plasmodium sp. LINN1. Two Australasian harriers and one morepork tested positive for the presence of both Plasmodium spp. and T. gondii. However, the pathoge- nicity of these organisms to the raptors is unclear as none of
the tissues showed histological evidence of clinical disease associated with Plasmodium spp. and T. gondii infections. Thus, these results demonstrate for the first time that these two potential pathogens are present in New Zealand’s raptors; however, further research is required to determine the preva- lence and pathogenicity of these organisms among the living populations of these birds in the country.

- by Laryssa Howe and +1
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- Wildlife Diseases, Avian medicine, Avian Parasitology

Case report of Inclusion-body hepatitis in a budgerigar in the pet trade in Peru

- by Patricia Mendoza and +2
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- Virus-Host Interactions, Avian medicine, Live bird markets

- by TYAGITA TYAGITA
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- Pharmacology, Herbal Medicine, Phytomedicine, Poultry Medicine

Cochin bantams are the more attractive bantam chickens commonly reared in confinement for meat and fancy purpose. Influence of sex on carcass characteristics of Cochin bantam chickens was studied. A total of 20 Cochin bantam chickens comprising of ten male and female each at fortieth week of age were subjected for slaughter as per standard
procedure. The results revealed that the sex had significant influence on pre slaughter live weight and per cent yield of giblet. Males had significantly (P<0.01) higher pre slaughter live weight (895.30±17.86g) and females had significantly (P<0.05) higher mean per cent yield of giblet (5.50±0.23%). However, no statistically significant differences between sexes were observed in per cent yield of New York dressed weight, eviscerated weight, ready to cook weight and organ cuts viz., breast, back, thigh, drumstick, wing and neck weights.

- by PREMAVALLI .K
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- Poultry Science, Turkey, Poultry Nutrition, Feed additives in poultry nutrition