Veterinary Education Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Empathy can be defined as the ability to understand and connect with the emotional state and frame of mind of another. Establishing connections with others is a crucial skill for veterinarians who must earn the trust and compliance of their clients to provide quality care for their patients. This is a longitudinal study using the Davis Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) to assess changes in veterinary students' self-reported empathy as they progressed through the didactic portion of the DVM program at Colorado State University. The IRI consists of four subscales that measure cognitive and affective components of empathy: Perspective Taking, Fantasy, Emphatic Concern, and Personal Distress. Data were collected at three time points, corresponding to the start of the first year, the fourth semester (second year), and the fifth semester (third year). Results showed an overall decline in Perspective Taking scores, with a significant decrease between first and second year. There was...

- by and +3
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- Veterinary Education, Teaching, Empathy, Students
- by Ihsanul Firdaus
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- Neurology, Veterinary Medicine, Neuroanatomy, Veterinary Education

With medical education transitioning from knowledge-based curricula to competency-based curricula, critical thinking skills have emerged as a major competency. While there are validated external instruments for assessing critical thinking, many educators have created their own custom assessments of critical thinking. However, the face validity of these assessments has not been challenged. The purpose of this study was to compare results from a custom assessment of critical thinking with the results from a validated external instrument of critical thinking. Students from the College of Veterinary Medicine at Western University of Health Sciences were administered a custom assessment of critical thinking (ACT) examination and the externally validated instrument, California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST), in the spring of 2011. Total scores and sub-scores from each exam were analyzed for significant correlations using Pearson correlation coefficients. Significant correlations between ACT Blooms 2 and deductive reasoning and total ACT score and deductive reasoning were demonstrated with correlation coefficients of 0.24 and 0.22, respectively. No other statistically significant correlations were found. The lack of significant correlation between the two examinations illustrates the need in medical education to externally validate internal custom assessments. Ultimately, the development and validation of custom assessments of non-knowledge-based competencies will produce higher quality medical professionals.

- by Margaret Barr
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- Veterinary Education, Educational Measurement, Curriculum, California

Nearly all veterinary and medical students (94 per cent) found it morally acceptable to use animals in research and believed it to be a necessity in order to treat human diseases. In contrast with the medical students a substantial proportion of veterinary students (40 per cent) considered themselves animal rights activists. Unlike the medical curriculum, the veterinary curriculum contains a two-week course in laboratory animal medicine, and a higher proportion of the students who had not been through this course was opposed to the use of animals in research than of the students who had completed the course. The course modified the views of half the students; more than 26 per cent of them became more positive towards animal use in research after the course, whereas 3 per cent became more negative.

- by Jann Hau
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- Veterinary Education, Medical Ethics, Animal Welfare, Medical Students

Traditionally, from their very origins in medieval Europe, universities had two main features. They were urban, not rural-monastic. And they were professional schools which provided training in the skills that conveyed power and prestige in that time: law and medicine and above all theology. Right through the age of industrialism, that tradition continued: the great new civic universities of Britain and Germany were established in the hearts of the new industrial cities, and had an intimate set of connections with industry as it moved from its early craft traditions into the systematic application of scientific advance. On mainland Europe, the state took an active role in the establishment of Technical High Schools in the capital cities-Vienna, Berlin, Stockholm. America alone was slightly different. Early on, Harvard University was established in the small town of Cambridge outside Boston; Jefferson put his University of Virginia next door to his own rural retreat, in the small town of Charlottesville; liberal arts colleges were established in small New England towns. And when in 1862 the Morrill Act established the Land Grant Colleges for education in 'Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts', they were almost without exception established in or near the state capitols, sited for their geographical centrality to a rural population, and generally far distant from the great industrial cities which burgeoned after the Civil War: consider Harrisburg in Pennsylvania, Bloomington in Indiana, or Lansing in Michigan. Nonetheless, great new urban universities were established too: before the revolution, Yale in New

- by Maria Höyssä
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- Human Geography, Veterinary Education, Forecasting, Research

Universities need to ensure that clinical undergraduates are educated in the use of computers in medical, nursing, dental and veterinary practice. We surveyed 875 students at Glasgow University to determine their computer literacy and... more

- by Ray Jones
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- Education, Veterinary Education, Medical Education, Computer Literacy
- by Shanmugam Murugesan
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- Veterinary Education

Veterinary professionals working in partnership with other competent persons are essential for a successful animal care and use programme. A veterinarian's primary responsibilities are defined by their own professional regulatory bodies, but in this area of work there are further opportunities for contribution, which will assist in safeguarding the health and welfare of animals used in research. These guidelines are aimed not only at veterinarians to explain their duties, and outline the opportunities to improve the health and welfare of animals under their care, but also at employers and regulators to help them meet their responsibilities. They describe the desirability for postgraduate education towards specialization in laboratory animal medicine and detail the many competencies necessary to fulfil the role of the laboratory animal veterinarian. They detail the need for veterinary expertise to promote good health and good welfare of animals used in biomedical research during husbandry as well as when under experimental procedures. Regulatory and ethical aspects are covered as are the involvement of the veterinarian in education and training of others working in the animal care and use programme. Managerial aspects, including occupational health and safety, are also areas where the veterinarian's input can assist in the successful implementation of the programme.

- by Dokter Hewan
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- Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Education, Fisiología Animal

Objective: To quantitatively assess a surgical ''learning curve'' using the cumulative summation (CUSUM) score technique. Study Design: Application of a CUSUM technique to a consecutive series of surgical cases. Animals: Consecutive... more

- by Sorrel Langley-Hobbs
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- Veterinary Education, Veterinary, Dogs, Veterinary Surgery

The Listing of Inherited Disorders in Animals (LIDA) for cats has implemented research-led approaches to learning and teaching and used these to showcase student output of high quality. The Listing of Inherited Disorders in Animals (LIDA) is a leading example of how learning outcomes can be aligned with assessment and the students' deliverables then developed into a learning resource. Exemplifying the high standard of work students can produce when thoughtfully guided and advised, LIDA began as a library-based activity offered to Veterinary Science undergraduate students. The exercise was designed for students to develop an appreciation of the variety of congenital and inherited disorders in cats, and to reflect on the impact of these on cat welfare, describing their effects in clear, plain English. Much of the written work submitted by students for this assignment was incorporated, with their permission and acknowledgment, into the LIDA database. It now constitutes an online relational database, using non-technical descriptions, almost all credited to individual students.

- by Peter C Thomson
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- Relational Database, Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Education, Australia

This study retrospectively examined the influence of a science-based, research-oriented degree on the career choices of a group of ''early emerger'' students who had aspired from an early age to become veterinarians but chose instead to pursue an alternative career in veterinary research. This transformation was in large part because of active participation in research, with supervisors acting as role models and mentors. This finding has important implications for teachers and course designers seeking to influence career decision making in both bioveterinary science and professional veterinary programs.

- by Stephanie Pierce
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- Perception, Veterinary Education, Science, Research

In 1995 research was conducted in Trinidad and Tobago with the aim of collecting knowledge on ethnoveterinary medicines in order to lay a foundation for further scientific study and validation. This paper describes only the ethnoveterinary practices used in the poultry sub-sector. A four stage process was used to conduct the research and document these ethnoveterinary practices. 28 ethnoveterinary respondents were identified using a modified Rapid Rural Appraisal Ž . RRA technique, the student essay method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with these respondents as well as with 30 veterinarians, 27 extension officers and 19 animal health assistantsragricultural officers, and the 7 key respondents that they identified. 5 participatory workshops were then held with 55 of the respondents interviewed to discuss the data generated from the interviews and to determine dosages for some of the plants mentioned. 12 plant species were used to treat 4 categories of health problems common to poultry production. Aloe Õera, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Citrus sp. and Momordica charantia were the main medicinal plants being used. q 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.

- by Cheryl Lans
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- Veterinary Medicine, Participatory Research, Veterinary Education, Folk Medicine

Nipah virus is an emerging paramyxovirus in the family Paramyxoviridae that infects humans as well as animals. It was first discovered in Malaysia in 1998 and has since spread across Southeast Asia. There are two strains of Nipah virus: the Malaysian strain (NiV-M) and the Bangladeshi strain (NiV-B) (NiV-B). NiV's natural hosts are fruit bats of the genus Pteropus ("Flying bat"), which are the main risk factor for Nipah virus disease. Bats of the genus Pteropus are distributed across Asia's tropics and subtropics. Domesticated animals contract NiV after eating contaminated fruit, drinking polluted water or eating aborted bat fetuses or birth products. NiV is transmitted between bats and people through two main routes: intermediate hosts and food-borne transmission via date palm sap contaminated with fruit bat saliva or urine. The condition is extremely deadly, causing severe neurological and respiratory symptoms. A number of immunological and molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed for diagnosis and surveillance of disease. Diagnosis and management become more challenging when a new area is affected. The high mortality rate associated with infection, as well as the risk of infection spreading to other areas, has highlighted the significance of proper care and control of this life threatening zoonosis. For the time being, there is no treatment or vaccine available for Nipah virus infection. Preventing infection in livestock could be a valuable management method in places where they act as intermediate hosts. Humans can avoid contracting Nipah virus disease by avoiding direct contact with infected hosts (fruit bats and pigs) or their secretions.

- by Kirubel Paulos
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- Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Education, Biology, Medicina Veterinária

(UNESP) at Jaboticabal in 2010, and received her Master's degree in Veterinary Surgery from the same institution in 2012 with a dissertation on Diagnostic Imaging. Today, she is a veterinary sonographer in Canoas, RS, Brazil. She also teaches online courses on veterinary ultrasound, and provides mentorship to veterinary sonographers in Brazil through an online program called Ultrasound Club, which is currently under expansion to become international (https://veterinaryultrasoundclub.com). Visit Adriana's website: https://vetadrianameirelles.com.br Like Adriana on Facebook: facebook.com/vetadrianameirelles Follow Adriana on Instagram: instagram.com/vetadrianameirelles Veterinary Ultrasound Club's profile on Instagram: instagram.com/veterinaryultrasoundclub * The values shown are averages. Minimal, mild and moderate distensions correspond to 0.5 ml/kg, 2 ml/kg, and 4 ml/kg, respectively. * These values are based on computed tomography (CT). The ureteral diameter observed on post-contrast CT scans measured up to 0.34 cm. * Maximal height (cutoff value) of the caudal pole in sagittal plane. Length is too variable and not significantly important for evaluation of adrenal gland alterations in dogs.

- by Ihsanul Firdaus
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- Veterinary Medicine, Biomechanics, Veterinary Education, Vaccines

The liberalization of European animal breeding legislation and an increasing diversity of equestrian sports have led to a constant rise in the number of horse breeds and breed registries. In addition to the trend towards more and smaller breed registries, there is another trend towards an international expansion of the bigger established sport horse breeds. Regional breeds, at least in smaller countries, may no longer be able to run an independent breeding programme. The typical horse breeder, in the future, will be a female and qualified in equestrian sports. Artificial insemination (AI) mainly with fresh or cooled-transported semen has become a major breeding tool, allowing breeders all over Europe to benefit from the best stallions of most breeds. New AI techniques such as low-dose insemination may remain restricted to individual stallions and also the interest of breeding programmes in sex determination of foals via semen sorting is limited. Embryo transfer and associated techniques, although allowed by most breeds, have not contributed significantly to genetic progress in European sport horses so far. A potential use of cloning may be to produce gonad-intact copies from geldings that have performed to a superior level. With a more open and international structure of horse breeding and increased use of AI, equine reproduction and biotechnology should be emphasized by veterinary curricula and continuing professional education programmes.

- by Christine Aurich
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- Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Education, Reproduction, Breeding
- by Ihsanul Firdaus
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- Cardiology, Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Education, Veterinary Science

Approximately one million people attempt and die by suicide each year due to their helplessness towards their psychological well-being. Numerous researchers and studies have claimed that Veterinarians too suffer from deteriorating mental health while contributing their share of duty and responsibility to the society. Our psychological health generally goes ignored but that of veterinarians isn't considered for "they are not dealing with humans" but definitely living beings. Despite many researches that have conveyed shocking results about the same, "it is discussed or considered lesser". In this paper such researches and studies have been reviewed and discussed while providing more suggestions to add onto in order to improve psychological well-being of veterinarians and become aware about the same.

- by Dr Amaan Ghazi
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- Veterinary Medicine, Mental Health, Veterinary Education

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

VETERINARY medicine is an increasingly female-dominated profession. Although the current workforce is sex balanced overall, it is highly skewed towards older male vets and younger female entrants (Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons 2014).

- by Hannah C Perrin
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- Veterinary Education, Careers

Objective The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of the states of depression, anxiety, stress and burnout using internationally validated methods and to relate these to demographic characteristics of veterinarians. Methodology A postal survey of registered veterinarians with at least one year's experience and whose address was available were mailed and 1947 returned the questionnaire providing data for analysis. Results Overall veterinarians suffer more psychological distress including higher levels of depression, anxiety, stress and burnout. The severity of these states was determined by gender, background, type of practice and years after graduation.

- by J. Lievaart
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- Veterinary Medicine, Depression, Veterinary Education, Australia

Various aspects of the field known as the human-animal bond (HAB), or human-animal interactions, have expanded within veterinary medical education over the past quarter of a century. Using a variety of databases and informed search strategies, relevant information can be accessed, including recent articles, databases, journals, academic centers, societies and associations, programs, and key references. In this paper, methods for accessing resources supporting veterinary education on the HAB are organized into four subject areas: the HAB in veterinary school curricula; social work and support services for veterinary clients; the benefits of the HAB for human well-being, with applications of animal-assisted therapies, activities, and education; and companion animal behavior and welfare concerns. A related Web site can be accessed at Cohen SP. The role of social work in a veterinary hospital setting. Vet Clin N Am-Small 15: 355-363, 1985. Grier RL, Schaffer CB. Evaluation of intraperitoneal and intrahepatic administration of a euthanasia agent in animal shelter cats.

- by Lynette Hart
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- Social Work, Psychotherapy, Veterinary Education, Social Support
- by Vet Help
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- Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Education, Veterinary Science, Medicina Veterinaria

Conservation medicine is an emerging discipline that links human and animal health with ecosystem health and global environmental change. The biosphere is threatened by several pervasive and synergistic phenomena that are the result of increasing human pressures on the planet: climate change, biological impoverishment (loss of biodiversity and ecological processes), emerging infectious diseases ('pathogen pollution') and global 'toxification' (pollutants such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals). These factors are working in concert to diminish human, domestic animal, wildlife and environmental health on this planet. By including conservation medicine and ecosystem health into veterinary curricula worldwide we can train young veterinarians that will help change paradigms and be able to form transdisciplinary teams. These veterinary professionals will develop new tools for assessing and monitoring ecological health and will be prepared to fulfil critical roles in sustaining global ecological health.

- by A. Alonso Aguirre
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- Climate Change, Veterinary Education, Global Health, Environmental Health
- by Vet Help
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- Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Education, Veterinary, Veterinary Science

Public attitudes toward animal welfare have improved with growing social affluence, and veterinarians are increasingly expected to be informed about animal welfare in a broader sense than health alone. However, animal welfare has not been a traditional component of the veterinary curriculum. To help address this lack, the World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) and the University of Bristol School of Veterinary Science launched the ‘‘Concepts in Animal Welfare’’ syllabus in 2003. This comprehensive syllabus comprises seven core and 23 elective modules and covers a range of animal welfare issues, including farm and companion animal welfare, wildlife, and the use of animals in experiments. There are also modules on ethics and animal legislation. The syllabus is interactive, promotes critical analysis of issues from different angles, and may be adapted for use in any veterinary curriculum. WSPA provides training and workshops in developing countries and assists with the implementation of the syllabus.

We are extremely glad to present the book “Reviews of veterinary research-what next?” to our professional community of researchers across the world. It is our humble effort to throw some light on what happens in veterinary research.
Research is a critical component in advancement of our scientific knowledge and it is never ending. Research always builds upon future needs and with the strong foundation from past achievements. Veterinary research, most of the time, doesn’t limit itself to veterinary medicine, care, treatment or conservation but transcends species boundaries. For example, study about wildlife diseases may be beneficial to conservation in the first hand, but will be helpful to figure out the genesis of zoonotic diseases and even pandemics that surfaces unexpectedly. In this context, at the end of the day, it even contributes the human wellbeing.
We have to set priorities for research on a need based expansion of our knowledge to tackle issues in a scientific way. There are so many questions a researcher needs to answer before planning a research study. What was our past? Till where we reached? How far we have to go? What we have with us? What is the scope? And so on. To get a clear picture of this scenario, we have to review the past research. Such reviews will become the directions to future.
In this book, we bring some meticulously done reviews about various emerging topics in veterinary field with universal relevance. The young researchers who contributed to this book keep these as base for their research and we can expect better outcome in the near future. This book intended not only to spread knowledge, but aims to develop a scientific temper, promote critical thinking and to help write in a scientific way. As editors, we were critical in our job, but the researchers’ good intention, freedom of collection of information and expression in their own writing style in these reviews remains untouched. We
blindly believe the contributors for the originality of their effort with a friendly gesture and hence, we editors, wish to inform that, any opinions made in these chapters are the sole responsibility of the contributors.
We express sincere gratitude to our contributors, their mentors, guides and advisors for allowing the publication of their hard work. We extend our gratitude to the respective departments, institutions and universities who provide the best platform for these future researchers.

- by Siva kumar
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- Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Education, Veterinary Science

This study examines the effect of the post-1980s' structural adjustment reforms on the delivery and smallholders' use of veterinary services in two districts in Northern Ghana. Our analytical framework distinguishes between allocative, cognitive, and normative institutions to analyse the effects on four areas of service delivery: (1) prevention; (2) clinical services; (3) provision of drugs, vaccines, and other products; and (4) human health protection. The reforms were accompanied by substantial reductions in the allocation of both financial and human resources to public veterinary services; this in turn induced fragmentation in service supply, preferential service to progressive (or wealthy) farmers, and non-adherence to international protocols for livestock health reporting. A few communities self-organized to access veterinary services. Thus, the reforms triggered changes mostly in formal allocative institutions, but these triggered further changes in informal allocative, cognitive, and normative institutions that structured the impact of the reforms. The paper concludes that institutional change is not a one-off outcome of an intervention. Rather, such interventions trigger new dynamics that policy-makers and analysts need to take into account. This requires regular monitoring of anticipated and unanticipated effects of privatization and decentralization to enable policy adjustment.

- by Laurens Klerkx
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- Veterinary Education, Rural Development, Ghana, Veterinary public health

This study explores the meaning of the death of a companion animal through autoethnographic poetry in conjunction with narrative reflections. This method expands the depth and scope of poetry in qualitative research by transforming... more

- by Rich Furman
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- Creative Writing, Creative Nonfiction, Non Fiction Writing, Critical Theory

Veterinary students learning to perform elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH) and castration procedures have traditionally been taught by a few instructors supervising many student groups simultaneously. This study, using a historical control group, explored the impacts of having a dedicated instructor with each student group for anesthetic induction and an entire surgical procedure. Our hypothesis was that preparation, surgical, and anesthesia times would be shorter and, consequently, post-operative recovery times would be shorter with a dedicated instructor compared to traditional methods. Anesthesia records of dogs undergoing elective surgery by third-year veterinary students were reviewed over 3 consecutive years. Traditional instruction was used in year 1 (Y1), and a dedicated instructor per student group was used in year 2 (Y2) and year 3 (Y3). Anesthesia time, surgical time, recovery time, and pre- and post-operative rectal temperature were analyzed, and a stepwise regression mod...

- by Lynetta Freeman
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- Anesthesiology, Veterinary Education, Learning, Dogs

Obstetrical knowledge and skill is one of the core competencies required at day zero of veterinary graduates. However, in the last three years out of 198 students interviewed in three veterinary colleges in Ethiopia only 6 students have palpated the reproductive organ of a cow 0.02% and none had ever applied ultrasound, showing a huge lag in technological adaption and the non existence of appropriate teaching method. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of obstetrics simulator training for veterinary students by comparing measures of confidence, anxiety and attitude with and without prior training. In this study it was found that the innovation described here obstetrics and gynecology simulator offers the means by which students can manipulate reproductive organs move and zoom within ultrasound images, sketch, and compare images. It was realized that this solution would provide a more cost-effective and convenient method of teaching to a large numbers of students. Students can be trained to perform invasive procedures prior to examining real animals, which has benefits for animal welfare.

- by Ihsanul Firdaus
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- Pharmacology, Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Education, Veterinary Science

Inseminasi Buatan (IB) adalah proses perkawinan yang dilakukan dengan
campur tangan manusia, yaitu mempertemukan sperma dan sel telur agar dapat
terjadi proses pembuahan (fertilisasi). Teknologi IB dilakukan dengan maksud agar
diperoleh efisiensi dan efektifitas dalam penggunaan pejantan terpilih, menghindari
terjadinya penyebaran penyakit melalui sarana reproduksi, atau untuk mengatasi
bila terjadi kendala dalam proses perkawinan alam antara jantan dan betina
(Diwyanto, 2007). Melalui kawin alam seekor ternak atau hewan biasanya hanya mampu
mengawini beberapa puluh ekor betina, sementara teknologi IB memungkinkan
seekor pejantan mengawini ratusan ribu ekor ternak yang berada pada lokasi dan
waktu yang berbeda dan berjauhan. Faktor utama yang menjadi dasar potensi teknik
ini adalah bahwa ejakulat seekor hewan dewasa mengandung spermatozoa berlipat
ganda lebih banyak daripada jumlah yang diperlukan bagi keberhasilan fertilisasi
dalam seekor betina (Hunter, 1995).

- by Ihsanul Firdaus and +1
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- Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Education, Veterinary Science, Medicina Veterinaria

Urolithiasis adalah penyakit yang disebabkan adanya urolit (batu), calculi,kristalataupun sedimen yang berlebihan dalam saluran urinaria. Sama seperti batu manusia batu kristal ini bisa berada dimanapun dalam saluran urinasi di anjing, meliputi ginjal, uretra, atau bisa ditemukan di kandung kemih (Fossum, 2002). Saat urin mengalami tigkat kejenuhan yang tinggi, yang disertai dengan kelarutan garam, garam tersebut mengalami presipitasi dan membentuk kristal (crystalluria). Jika kristal itu tidak dikeluarkan maka akan terbentuk agregat yang disebut dengan kalkuli (Fossum, 2002). Urolith terbentuk karena banyak kristal- kristal yang saling bergabung menjadi satu.

- by Mohammad Rifky
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- Evolutionary Biology, Marine Biology, Health Sciences, Veterinary Medicine

2nd Revised and Enlarged Edition

- by Ihsanul Firdaus
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- Parasitology, Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Education, Veterinary Dermatology

We live in an era of ever-expanding volume and complexity of knowledge and technology. As our understanding of what is possible expands, so do our expectations of what veterinary graduates should be capable of achieving. These increased expectations have been articulated in a variety of public policy statements such as the core competencies listed in the Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges (AAVMC) self-study document 1 and the North American Veterinary Medical Education Consortium (NAVMEC) report. 2 With these increased standards come increasing demands on faculty to provide more and more instruction on both technical and non-technical competencies in a curriculum that is already stretched to its limits. As veterinary education evolves to meet these newly perceived requirements, emphasis has been placed on the desired qualities of graduates, but too little has been communicated on how to help faculty develop the tools and skills to achieve these desired results. This issue of JVME addresses this need by providing a venue for sharing ideas and inspiration regarding the application of educational theory and practice to veterinary education. Our call for papers on the topic of educational theory and practice resulted in an unexpectedly large outpouring of interest, promises to contribute, and submission of manuscripts. We are encouraged by this high level of commitment expressed by experts in education and by the number and quality of the initial wave of manuscripts submitted. There have been many more submissions than could be processed for this first installment and we expect that future issues of JVME will continue to highlight this series.

- by Mohammad Rifky
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- Microbiology, Pathology, Zoology, Health Sciences
- by Mohammad Rifky
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- Physiology, Health Sciences, Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science