Becoming Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

- by Cécile Maruéjouls
- •
- Cultural Studies, Ontology, Visual Studies, Medieval History

Preservice music educators enter teacher education programs with visions of their future largely built on their own past experiences. What happens when these preservice music teachers encounter a present that may look drastically different from the one they expected? During the COVID-19 pandemic, music teachers are encountering disruption to their current practice and may be reconsidering their visions for and expectations about music in their communities, and their identities as musicians and music educators. As one subset of this group, individuals transitioning from preservice to in-service teaching offer distinctive perspectives on how COVID-19 is shaping music teacher visions and expectations.

- by Jesse Rathgeber
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- Mixed Methods Research, Music Teacher Education, Becoming, COVID-19 PANDEMIC
- by Weaver D.R. Weinbaum
- •
- Philosophy, Gilbert Simondon, Complexity, Evolution

At the dawn of the third decade of the 21st century we face unprecedented ecological, social, technological, and educational challenges. These demand as ever the theoretical and practical tools to help us collectively think, feel, and enact an evolving critical pedagogy for survival (Kincheloe, 2012). This chapter introduces Deleuze and Guattari as key figures in a (as yet?) becoming critical pedagogy and explores what useful refrains are emitted by bumping the record of critical pedagogy with a deleuzeguattarian elbow. By plugging into the ontological coordinates of their philosophy we are reintroduced to the world that we thought we knew: as one that is strange, relational, complex, and brimming with possibilities. Their concepts of difference were forged in the course of confronting multiple adversaries: including fascism, Capitalism, and inherited images of thought that limit our individual and collective capacities to become otherwise. These concepts invite us to tend to the multiple dimensions (material, nonmaterial: linguistic, affective etc.) of contemporary challenges and push us to reconsider Freirian notions of human becoming and critical consciousness within this complexity. Deleuze and Guattari invite us to experiment with what it feels and looks like to become otherwise to the current plateau of Capitalism, and to discover through practice what it is that one (a person, school, community, movement, species, planet) is capable of.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781526486455.n23

- by rodney handelsman
- •
- Education, Posthumanism, Critical Pedagogy, Paulo Freire

While retaining hierarchical structure externally, Artaud moved from representation to non-representative, purely physical but at the same time paradoxicaly metaphysical theatre. This research focuses on the concept of non-representative body - body-hieroglyph, dancing and screaming body - and its relationship to language. An ambiguous Artaud’s relationship with Wetern philosophical tradition is marked by his turning away from the ,,logos” which brings us to the authentical conception of a word as ,,mythos”.

- by Eugene M DeRobertis and +1
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- Developmental Psychology, Early Childhood Education, Child Development, Phenomenological Psychology

This paper introduces Deleuze’s philosophy of becoming in a system theoretic framework and proposes an alternative ontological foundation to the study of systems and complex systems in particular. A brief critique of systems theory and the difficulties apparent in it is proposed as an introduction to the discussion. Following is an overview aimed at providing access to the ‘big picture’ of Deleuze’s revolutionary philosophical system with emphasis on a system theoretic approach and terminology. The major concepts of Deleuze’s ontology—difference, virtuality, multiplicity, assemblages, quasi-causation, becoming (individuation), intensity and progressive determination are introduced and discussed. Deleuze’s work is a radical departure from the dogma of western philosophy that guides the foundations of science and systems theory. It replaces identity with difference and being with becoming; in other words, it provides systems theory with an ontological ground based on change, heterogeneity and the inexhaustible novelty-producing process that underlies all phenomena. The conceptual tools made available by this philosophy seem to capture the fundamental aspects of complexity and complex systems much better than the current conceptual system that is based on static transcendent ontological entities.

- by Weaver D.R. Weinbaum
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- Sociology, Philosophy, Ontology, Gilbert Simondon
- by karen buckenham
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- Christianity, Theology, Creativity, Spirituality
- by Julie Laplante
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- Social and Cultural Anthropology, Medicinal Plants, Indian Ocean World, Becoming

This paper introduces Deleuze’s philosophy of becoming in system theoretic terms and proposes an alternative ontological foundation to the study of systems and complex systems in particular. A brief critique of system theory and difficulties apparent in it is proposed as an initial motivation to the discussion. Following is an overview aiming to provide an access to the ‘big picture’ of Deleuze’s revolutionary philosophical system with emphasize on a system theoretic approach and terminology. The major concepts of Deleuze’s ontology - difference, virtuality, multiplicity, assemblages, quasi-causation, becoming (individuation), intensity and progressive determination are introduced and discussed in some length. Deleuze’s work is a radical departure from the dogma of western philosophy that also guides the foundations of science and system theory. It replaces identity with difference and being with becoming, in other words, it provides system theory with an ontological ground based on change, heterogeneity and inexhaustible novelty-producing process that underlies all phenomena. The conceptual tools made available by this philosophy seem to capture the fundamental aspects of complexity and complex systems much better than the current conceptual system that is based on static transcendental ontological entities.

- by Weaver D.R. Weinbaum
- •
- Philosophy, Gilbert Simondon, Complexity, Evolution

This article illuminates a tension internal to Elizabeth Grosz's provocative theory of the irreducibility of sexual difference: while it establishes sexual difference as an ontological force of differentiation, it simultaneously delimits the forms sexual difference can take as fixed and uncrossable. This model thus privileges cissexual difference while invalidating trans modes of embodiment and identification, a move that perpetuates antitrans logic and practices while impoverishing feminist conceptions of the generativity of sexual difference. This article examines the uses of transsexuality throughout Grosz's work on sexual difference, evaluating her claim that sexual difference is irreducible alongside her insistence that transsexuality is an impossible attempt to assume a bodily sex other than that assigned at birth. Illustrating how Grosz's account narrows the generativity of sexual difference down to unchangeable dimor-phic sex, this article argues that fixed dimorphic sex is not simply irreducibly given but is the effect of normative schemas. If the power of sexual difference lies in its capacity to generate difference, it need not be constrained to an immobile binary of sexually specific bodies whose morphological possibilities are fixed. This article thus argues for the capacity of sexual difference itself to become otherwise than solely cisgender.

- by Oli Stephano
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- Feminist Theory, Transgender Studies, Embodiment, Luce Irigaray

In this essay I compare Hegel’s theory of time and becoming with the contemporary debate, aiming on the one hand (A) at presenting Hegel’s thought in contemporary terms, and on the other, (B) at offering new inputs to the present metaphysical debate from a Hegelian point of view. From a close reading of selected Hegelian texts I argue (1) that Hegel advocates a form of presentism and shares McTaggart’s thesis that the B-series (chronological time) presupposes the A-series (dynamical time); (2) that his position is pe-culiar because, although he admits that change is inconsistent, he puts in jeopardy the law of non contradiction (at least in its universality), instead of denying the reality of time and change, like McTaggart did. These considerations will then lead to Hegel’s speculative logic. According to the so called coherentistic reading of Hegel’s thought, he never seriously questioned the principle of non contradiction: he would be just a very sophisticated Aristo-telian, after all. I oppose this view, arguing (3) that Hegel was a proponent of an articulated form of dialetheism.

- by Federico PERELDA
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- Time Series, Metaphysics of Time, Hegel, Philosophy of Time

This article explores how attraction, a companion term to elu-siveness, reveals insights into multispecies worlds by showing how different organisms such as the matsutake mushroom interpret the world and interact with each other, whether or not humans are involved. Building on scholarly interest in the 'animal turn' (explorations of the human-animal relationship), this article moves beyond human-centered scholarship by using, but also modifying, the concept of umwelt introduced by the Baltic German biologist Jakob von Uexküll. Employing a critical social scientific reading of the biological literature that analyzes its findings, as well as challenges its animal-centric models of agency and behavior, I argue that this perspective helps us better understand ourselves as humans in a world that is much more than human. When anthropologists consider the 'more-than-human', they typically examine other species in relationship to humans. In contrast to the other articles in this special issue that focus on the role of elusiveness, this article moves beyond a human center to explore the key companion term to elusiveness: attraction. The realm of attraction and elusiveness is based on different organisms' ability to detect and perceive others through their senses, and here I explore the sensorial worlds of less commonly considered species such as insects, plants, and fungi. In particular, I focus on the lives of mushrooms and how they participate in a wide range of sensorial engagements with a variety of organisms , including humans. Mushrooms such as the matsutake make themselves attractive, selectively engaging with others, and are themselves also attracted to other organisms.

- by Michael Hathaway
- •
- Biology, Umwelt, Senses, Becoming

A woman enters centre stage. She is known at the club as
La Llorona, “the weeping woman”. She emerges from the
dark space between two red velvet curtains, her auburn hair
piled high on her head, loose curls hanging down around
her face. And her face... Her face is sparkling! Her eyes are
painted bright red and yellow, her lips a deep red to match,
and there is a single glistening tear suspended from the corner
of her right eye...

- by Rosanna McNamara
- •
- Music, Philosophy, Homer, Cyborg Theory

This thesis examines the embodiment of the sexed body and the struggle of fitting into the narrow frames of what a woman is supposed to behave and look like in Japanese cinema. Using the medium of film, I, therefore, seek to produce knowledge regarding the internalized gaze of the oppressor, and self-objectification, caused by the capitalist heteropatriarchy. Thus, I am drawing from cyborg feminism, and the second wave of sexual difference theory's concept of becoming, expanded upon by the Italian-Australian philosopher Rosi Braidotti. I further use the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu's notion of masculine domination and the American philosopher Gayle Rubin's charmed circle, in creating a theoretical framework, and using the methods of cultural and feminist film analysis to contextualize the films and locate the subjectification of the women. The movies that I will be analyzing are the Japanese director and poet Sion Sono's Antiporno (アンチポルノ,2016) and the Japanese director and photographer Mika Ninagawa's Helter Skelter (ヘルタースケルター,2012), which both center around two women and their struggle in becoming-cyborg, in relation to power, trauma, sexuality, technology, and beauty ideals in 'modernized' Japan. In that sense, I will study the phenomenon of operating outside the lines of social norms of femininity and desire.

- by Zara Luna Hjelm
- •
- Plastic Surgery, Feminist Theory, Film Studies, Film Analysis
- by Gianluca De Fazio and +1
- •
- Political Philosophy, Ethics, Political Ecology, Phenomenology

Sobre tornar-se gente entre (e para) os A'uwẽ-Xavante. Depósito: 2011. Defesa: 2012. PPGAS, Universidade de São Paulo.

- by Jon Auring Grimm
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- Plato, Friedrich Nietzsche, Heraclitus, Becoming

Soul of the Documentary offers a groundbreaking new approach to documentary cinema. Ilona Hongisto stirs current thinking by suggesting that the work of documentary films is not reducible to representing what already exists. By close-reading a diverse body of films - from The Last Bolshevik to Grey Gardens - Hongisto shows how documentary cinema intervenes in the real by framing it and creatively contributes to its perpetual unfolding. The emphasis on framing brings new urgency to the documentary tradition and its objectives, and provokes significant novel possibilities for thinking about the documentary's ethical and political potentials in the contemporary world.

- by Ilona Hongisto
- •
- Ethics, Film Theory and Practice, Film Theory, Politics
- by Matthew Watson
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- Ecology, Object Oriented Ontology, Uncertainty, Care

This article presents phenomenological findings from Stephen Strasser’s eidetic study of human happiness. Happiness was found to be an experience of incomplete completion implicating the total being-becoming of the person upon having attained a perceived good affiliated with the highest levels of personal existence. As an exceptional mode of personal fulfillment, happiness relates to determinate subject-world interactions, yet always transcends them in its infinitely meaningful
quality. In addition to explicating the qualitative meanings that structure the experience of happiness, Strasser identified 6 manifestations of the phenomenon: contentment, good fortune, harmony, rapture, release, and transcending anticipation. Moreover, happiness is distinguished from several phenomena that are closely related to happiness, but do not share its eidos: pleasure, enjoyment, joy, and serenity.

- by Eugene M DeRobertis
- •
- Positive Psychology, Subjective Well-Being, Phenomenology, Happiness

This chapter is from my book "Kulturelle Komplexität: Gilles Deleuze und die Kulturtheorie der American Studies" (transcript, 2015). Its aim is to delineate and discuss Deleuze's temporal understanding of the constitution of subjectivity,... more

- by Simon Schleusener
- •
- Philosophy of Agency, Film Theory, Gilles Deleuze, Friedrich Nietzsche

The authors of this edition propose a novel and inspiring research approach to the subject of plants, which – being a form of life that is different, yet akin to us – is a constant source of nourishment and metaphors, decoration and obsessions. The articles included in this thematic block on plants enter into lively ongoing debates on genetics, feminism, ecology and plant ontology. They are excellent examples of the fact that in Polish philosophical and cultural reflection there was an understanding very early on of the challenges that posthumanism poses to our anthropocentric intellectual habits. Foreign readers will recognize in these Polish reflections a bold willingness to ask ethical and aesthetic questions of great relevance to the modern world that go far beyond the safe, though most likely imagined, limits of what it is to be human.

- by Andrzej Marzec
- •
- Critical Theory, Biochemistry, Botany, Landscape Ecology

The problem of persistence and emergence endowed with the limits of ‘actuality’ is examined in the context of Nietzsche’s appropriation of both Heraclitus and Boscovich to forge a natural philosophy of becoming. The physics of Boscovich allowed a systematic refurbishment of Heraclitean notions of becoming over being while Heraclitus’ tensive dynamic of generation surpassed and overcame the limits of Anaximander’s indeterminate. Nietzsche’s early investigations bear overt signs of a formative philosophical outlook which seeks to marry the infinite and the sensible in a fashion consistent with his mature concept of becoming.

- by Matthew Tones and +1
- •
- Physics, Friedrich Nietzsche, Nietzsche, Naturalism

While many published texts focus on pointe shoe history or pointe shoe fetishism, few assess the embodiment phenomenon at hand, or should I say at foot? With a posthuman perspective, I argue that the ballerina and pointe shoe function as a constant becoming. Through cultural, textual, and choreographic analysis, I apply Erin Manning’s theories based in Deleuzian philosophy to the ballet The Red Shoes. Revisiting this classic work, I parse out affective relations and budding multiplicities to suggest a new way of understanding the ballerina’s body at large.

- by Mara Mandradjieff
- •
- Dance Studies, Posthumanism, Film and Media Studies, Ballet

"Guillaume Durand et Michel Weber (éditeurs), Les principes de la connaissance naturelle d’Alfred North Whitehead — Alfred North Whitehead’s Principles of Natural Knowledge. Actes des Journées d’étude internationales tenues à l’Université de Nantes, les 3 et 4 octobre 2005 — Proceedings of the Fourth International “Chromatiques whiteheadiennes” Conference. Publiés avec le concours du Département de philosophie de l'Université de Nantes, Frankfurt / Paris / Lancaster, ontos verlag, Chromatiques whiteheadiennes VIII, 2007. (280 p. ; ISBN 978-3-938793-64-0 ; 89 €)
Les quatrièmes journées « Chromatiques » interrogèrent la philosophie des sciences de la nature qui est caractéristique de l’ « époque de Londres », prolongeant ainsi les travaux menés à Liège (2001) puis à Louvain-la-Neuve (2003). L’objet central de cette rencontre était l’œuvre pionnière dans la philosophie whiteheadienne de la nature : An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Natural Knowledge (1919/1925), dont tous les principaux traits — à commencer par la méthode de l'abstraction extensive — font ici l'objet de nouvelles réflexions.
The fourth international « Chromatiques whiteheadiennes » conference was devoted to the philosophy of the natural sciences that is characteristic of Whitehead’s « London Epoch ». Continuing the efforts of the Liège (2001) and Louvain-la-Neuve (2003) meetings, the conference focused on An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Natural Knowledge (CUP, 1919/1925) which constitutes Whitehead’s pioneering work in the field. All its main traits — starting with the Method of Extensive Abstraction — are here questioned anew.
"

- by Michel Weber
- •
- Geometry And Topology, Aristotle, Anthropology of the Body, Rhythm
- by Nathan A . Jacobs
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- Metaphysics, Philo of Alexandria, Athanasius, Early Church Fathers

This paper explores how Ana Mendieta’s art might present evidence of a creative ontology, similar to that of Santería and Candomblé belief. Thinking about her art aesthetically and anthropologically simultaneously demonstrates this ontology, observing “human becomings as they unfold within the weave of the world.” I argue for an ‘artifact-oriented’ methodology that treats ethnographic encounter with objects as an encounter with meaning, rather than an application of meaning onto things, and explore the ways Mendieta's art can ‘do’ ethnographic work.

- by Katherine Bradley
- •
- Anthropology, Ontology, Ethnography, Visual Culture

Boundaries mark limits, and as such the transgression of boundaries is inherently subversive. My research on the Bhawaiya songs of Bengal examines this transgression. Most love songs in Bhawaiya are about ‘illicit’ love, deviating from social norms and often occur in reaction to oppressive marital circumstances. They are a gateway to exploring female narratives of subjecthood and desire, in which women are the agents of their own sexuality. My focus is on deviance from marriage in the Bhawaiya folk songs as a form of subversion. Understanding Bhawaiya and its subversive existence requires an understanding of political, religious, linguistic and cultural boundaries of the Bhawaiya areas. Cooch Behar, the birthplace of the Bhawaiya genre, has historically been situated on blurred boundaries: between the cultural borders of Bengali and Rajbangshi, the religious borders of Islam and Hinduism, the governmental borders of the British Raj and Hindu kingdom and the borders of the Colonial and Bengali nationalist narratives. Even now, the Bhawaiya areas are divided by the international borders of Bangladesh and India. These blurred boundaries create a space for marginal peoples to develop and create their own cultural products, using the language of affection to resist and subvert patriarchal social rules. In my paper, I will explore the subversive existence of female desire within Bhawaiya, and examine its feminist possibilities.

- by Simon O'Sullivan
- •
- Magic, Gilles Deleuze, Non-Philosophy, Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari

Nowhere is the constantly vibrating dynamic of the fold more visible and palpable than in the pleats, creases, draperies, furrows, bows and ribbons of fashion. While in art history the fold is connected to the expression of e-motion (pathos), in fashion the fold is engaged in a game of concealing and revealing the body in-motion (eros). The fluid, flowing, flexible folds of high fashion reveal a constantly closing in or opening up of the body to the world. Where the flexible fold of early 20th century designs (Mariano Fortuny, MadeleineVionnet and Madame Grès) can be understood as positioning the body differently in time through movement, the stiff fold of sculptured forms through high-tech fabrics deterritorialise the body, for instance in the designs of Japanese designers (Issey Miyake, Rei Kawakubo and Yohji Yamamoto) and the Dutch baroque fashion of Viktor & Rolf. For Deleuze, the fold, or the process of folding, is a process of becoming. In so far as matter can fold, it is capable of becoming. In fashioning the fold, experimental fashion designers create conditions to transform normative images of human bodies and actualise multiple becomings. This article argues that the relational notion of the fold can help us understand how avant-garde fashion opens up new kinds of subjectivity.

- by Anneke Smelik
- •
- Cultural Studies, Visual Studies, Art, Art Theory

Mémoire de maîtrise en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en Études cinématographiques, Faculté des Arts et des Sciences, Université de Montréal, Québec (Canada). Master thesis presented in the context of a master degree in Film... more

Mémoire de maîtrise en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en Études cinématographiques, Faculté des Arts et des Sciences, Université de Montréal, Québec (Canada).
Master thesis presented in the context of a master degree in Film Studies, at University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

- by Maeva Dubosc
- •
- Feminist Theory, Film Studies, Feminism, Jacques Derrida

Arius of Alexandria is known for his contention, condemned at the Council of Nicea in 325 A.D., that if the Son of God is begotten by God, then there was a time when the Son was not (ēn pote ote ouk ēn). Opponents of Arius object to his... more

- by Nathan A . Jacobs
- •
- Metaphysics, Plato, Aristotle, Patristics

The following paper is an attempt to understand and reflect uponon the construction of
Zapatista resistance in Chiapas, Mexico. The Zapatista uprising January 1st, 1994 was the
beginning of a struggle for autonomy and subsistence largely led by indigenous communities.
The author will attempt to ground the Zapatista resistance in the long history of resistances in
Chiapas and consider the new element in the oppressive structures in Mexico that is
neoliberalism. After discussing the historical context, the paper will read the Zapatista
organization and practices alongside theoretical conceptualizations ranging from Gramscian
and Laclau-Mouffian hegemony as well as Castoriadian discussions on the project of
autonomy to the theory of becoming posed by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. After
arguing that no theoretical conceptualizations can nor should adequately capture Zapatista
lived experience, the paper will engage with anthropological insights largely infused by the
Anthropology of Becoming presented by João Biehl and Peter Locke as well as the concept of
prefiguration explained by Marianne Maeckelbergh. These approaches finally present new
starting points for a positioning of anthropologists in contemporary social struggles that are
defined by action and a desire for another world

- by Moritz Engel
- •
- Social Movements, Anthropology, Political Anthropology, Capitalism

This thesis analyses Deleuze & Guattari’s notion of becoming through certain performative encounters in contemporary political art, and re-conceptualizes them as “art(s) of becoming”. Art(s) of becoming are actualizations of a non-representational –minoritarian– mode of becoming and creation as well as the political actions of fleeing quanta. The theoretical aim of the study is, on the one hand, to explain how Platonic Idealism is overturned by Deleuze’s reading of Nietzsche and Leibniz, and on the other hand, how Cartesian dualism of mind and body is surpassed by following a Spinozistic theory of affects. In this respect, the dissertation has both theoretical and practical dimensions. Since art(s) of becoming are bodies without organs which constitute their own lines of flight through a process of minoration, the concepts of body, affect, becoming, and intensity are central to this study. For the same reason, this is an attempt to show the intersections of philosophical, political and aesthetic domains in Deleuze’s theory of sensation which is part of his general practice of philosophy, that is, a quest for establishing an ontology of immanence as opposed to identitarian metaphysics.

- by İ. Okan Akkın
- •
- Contemporary Art, Performance Art, Friedrich Nietzsche, Political Art

Nicholas Rescher’s way of understanding process philosophy reflects the ambitions of his own philosophical project and commits him to a conceptually ideal interpretation of process. Process becomes a transcendental idea of reflection that can always be predicated of our knowledge of the world and of the world qua known, but not necessarily of reality an sich. Rescher’s own taxonomy of process thinking implies that it has other variants. While Rescher’s approach to process philosophy makes it intelligible and appealing to mainstream analytic philosophy, it leaves behind the more daring ideas of Bergson, James, and Whitehead, all of whom envisioned the primordial reality of process in a radical ontology of becoming. This variant of process thought can be construed as coherent and self-consistent, but not without relinquishing the correspondence theory of truth and embracing challenging ideas that bring us in close proximity to existentialism, apophatic theology, and Buddhism.

- by Anderson Weekes
- •
- William James, Henri Bergson, Alfred North Whitehead, Process Philosophy
- by shigeharu Tanabe
- •
- Theravada Buddhism, Assemblage Theory, Becoming, Utopian Communities
- by Chloe Johnson
- •
- Popular Music, Popular Culture, Video Art, Film & Digital Video

Deleuze’s notion of the powers of the false is central to his philosophy of truth and becoming, but it is also one of his most complexly elaborated ideas, with its various diverging conceptual dimensions inviting further analysis and reconfiguration. One perplexing conception here is that falsity is more primary than truth, because it is what creates truths of the highest order. We examine the thinking behind this idea by proceeding through Deleuze’s notions of the Devil and the sorcerer, Dupréelian consolidation and consistency, the false movement of the world, the powers of the false in contrast to mere falsity, having done with judgment, the simulacrum, and three particular figures of the falsifier, namely, the fabulist, the clairvoyant seer, and the self- and world-creative artist.

- by Corry Shores
- •
- Film Studies, Painting, Philosophy of Film, Truth

Nietzsche has a word to say in most of the areas of philosophy. In ontology, there is the idea of becoming, in epistemology he talks about perspectivism and truth, and his ethics has the morality of the Overman. However, although enough has been said about Nietzsche’s philosophy in general, not much emphasis has been given to how his views about perspectivism, morality, and truth relate to the ontology of becoming. The aim of this paper is to shed light on this important connection. Accordingly, first, the paper examines his ontology of becoming and contrasts it with the Parmenidean ontology of being. Later, the paper follows Nietzsche’s footsteps in deconstructing the commonsense understanding of Truth and shows how he reconfigures the truths with his perspectivism in connection with the ontology of becoming. Towards the end, it presents Nietzsche’s criticism of morality as being-in-itself that—the paper argues—follows the Parmenidean ontology of being. Finally, by emphasizing the order of value differences in some valuations, meanings, truths, and focusing on Nietzsche’s denial of nihilism, the paper argues against the claim of Nietzsche being a moral relativist.

- by Ümit Ege Atakan
- •
- Philosophy, Ontology, Ethics, Epistemology