Black Holes Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

- by
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- Religion, Fractal Geometry, Earth Sciences, Quantum Physics
- by Eric Depagne
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- Star Formation, X-ray Binaries, Black Holes, Dust (Astronomy & Astrophysics)

Over time a few physicists have held out hope and suggested that the elusive (sterile) neutrino might actually be a disguised tachyon and could be the key to unraveling some of the universe's best-kept secrets.
The tachyon ... a hypothetical particle that always moves faster than light ... could reveal a plausible answer in e.g. Dark and Anti Matter (?)

- by Maria Anna van Driel
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- Physics, Theoretical Physics, Nuclear Physics, Quantum Physics
- by Fabio Capela
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- Physics, Thermodynamics, Black Holes, Quantum Theory
- by Amir Levinson
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- Black Holes, Astrophysics, Causality, Anisotropy

Motivated by the lack of rotating solutions sourced by matter in General Relativity as well as in modified gravity theories, we extend a recently discovered exact rotating solution of the minimal Einstein-scalar theory to its counterpart in Eddington-inspired Born-Infeld gravity coupled to a Born-Infeld scalar field. This is accomplished with the implementation of a well-developed mapping between solutions of Ricci-Based Palatini theories of gravity and General Relativity. The new solution is parametrized by the scalar charge and the Born-Infeld coupling constant apart from the mass and spin of the compact object. Compared to the spacetime prior to the mapping, we find that the high-energy modifications at the Born-Infeld scale are able to suppress but not remove the curvature divergence of the original naked null singularity. Depending on the sign of the Born-Infeld coupling constant, these modifications may even give rise to an additional timelike singularity exterior to the null ...

- by Wei-Hsiang Shao
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- Physics, General Relativity, Black Holes, Singularity

We argue that spinning black holes are capable to implement complex quantum information processes encoded in X-ray photons emitted by the accretion disk. Recently, numerical simulations showed that X-ray photons emitted by accretion disk acquire rotation of polarization angle and orbital angular momentum due to strong gravitational field in the vicinity of the rotating black holes. Based on these two degrees of freedom we construct a bipartite two-level quantum system of the accretion disks photons. To characterize the quantum states of this system we consider linear entropy for the reduced density matrix of polarization with the intention to exploit its direct relation with the photons degree of polarization. Since the X-ray radiation has a minimum degree of polarization located at the transition region of the accretion disk, the linear entropy is higher for the photons emitted on this region inferring a higher degree of entanglement for the composite system. We emphasize that for an extreme rotating black hole in the thermal state, the photons with energies at the thermal peak are maximally entangled in polarization and orbital angular momentum, leading to the creation of all four Bell states. Detection of the Bell states encoded by X-ray photons emitted nearby rotating black holes should be possible by equipment actually used in quantum information processing.

- by Ovidiu Racorean
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- Quantum Computing, High Energy Astrophysics, Quantum Information, Black Holes

We construct the Killing(-Yano) tensors for a large class of charged black holes in higher dimensions and study general properties of such tensors, in particular, their behavior under string dualities. Killing(-Yano) tensors encode the symmetries beyond isometries, which lead to insights into dynamics of particles and fields on a given geometry by providing a set of conserved quantities. By analyzing the eigenvalues of the Killing tensor, we provide a prescription for constructing several conserved quantities starting from a single object, and we demonstrate that Killing tensors in higher dimensions are always associated with ellipsoidal coordinates. We also determine the transformations of the Killing(-Yano) tensors under string dualities, and find the unique modification of the Killing-Yano equation consistent with these symmetries. These results are used to construct the explicit form of the Killing(-Yano) tensors for the Myers-Perry black hole in arbitrary number of dimensions and for its charged version.

- by Yuri Chervonyi
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- Black Holes, String Theory, Supergravity

Pure thermodynamical considerations to describe the entropic evolution of the universe seem to violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics. This suggests that the gravitational field itself has entropy. In this paper we expand recent work done by Rudjord, GrØn and SigbjØrn where they suggested a method to calculate the gravitational entropy in black holes based on the so-called `Weyl curvature conjecture'. We study the formulation of an estimator for the gravitational entropy of Reissner-Nordström, Kerr, Kerr-Newman black holes, and a simple case of wormhole. We calculate in each case the entropy for both horizons and the interior entropy density. Then, we analyse whether the functions obtained have the expected behaviour for an appropriate description of the gravitational entropy density.

- by Gustavo E Romero
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- Physics, Theoretical Physics, Thermodynamics, Gravitation

The well-known Regge-Wheeler equation describes the axial perturbations of Schwarzschild metric in the linear approximation. From a mathematical point of view it presents a particular case of the confluent Heun equation and can be solved exactly, due to recent mathematical developments. We present the basic properties of its general solution. A novel analytical approach and numerical techniques for study the boundary problems which correspond to quasi-normal modes of black holes and other simple models of compact objects are developed.

- by Plamen Fiziev
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- Black Holes, Quantum Cosmology, Compact Objects, Cosmology

A team of scientists has discovered that a law controlling the bizarre behavior of black holes out in space—is also true for cold helium atoms that can be studied in laboratories. [13]
A team of theoretical physicists has proposed a way to simulate black holes on an electronic chip. Additionally, the technology used to create these lab-made black holes may be useful for quantum technologies. [12]
To carry out this experiment, Chen and Mourou suggest a laser pulse could be sent through a plasma target. [11]
Jeff Steinhauer, a physicist at the Israel Institute of Technology, has published a paper in the journal Nature Physics describing experiments in which he attempted to create a virtual black hole in the lab in order to prove that Stephen Hawking's theory of radiation emanating from black holes is correct —though his experiments are based on sound, rather than light. In his paper, he claims to have observed the quantum effects of Hawking radiation in his lab as part of a virtual black hole—which, if proven to be true, will be the first time it has ever been achieved.
New Research Mathematically Proves Quantum Effects Stop the Formation of Black Holes. By merging two seemingly conflicting theories, Laura Mersini-Houghton, a physics professor at UNC-Chapel Hill in the College of Arts and Sciences, has proven, mathematically, that black holes can never come into being in the first place. The works not only forces scientists to reimagining the fabric of space-time, but also rethink the origins of the universe.
Considering the positive logarithmic values as the measure of entropy and the negative logarithmic values as the measure of information we get the Information – Entropy Theory of Physics, used first as the model of the computer chess program built in the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Applying this model to physics we have an understanding of the perturbation theory of the QED and QCD as the Information measure of Physics. We have an insight to the current research of Quantum Information Science. The generalization of the Weak Interaction shows the arrow of time in the associate research fields of the biophysics and others. We discuss also the event horizon of the Black Holes, closing the information inside.

- by George Rajna
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- Black Holes

The team who authored the Time Compression Theory, have now gone on to found TCT Aerospace Ltd. This document is an overview of our 2025 lunar mission call MoonPIE (Moon Probe Initial Explorer). Which will place a time capsule on the moon surface and bring back 1kg of moon rock, with an estimated value of £100m +. The funds from this sale of the moon rock material will be used for our R&D into Quantum Telecommunications.

- by Daniel Innes
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- Space Sciences, Quantum Gravity, Asteroids, Black Holes

Causa e effetto invertiti, entropia e sintropia, ordine e disordine, origine e scopo. Agli occhi della scienza il Tempo rimane ancora un enigma. Dall’America alla Russia passando per l’Europa, i misteri più affascinanti della quarta... more

- by Edoardo Segato-Figueroa
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- Physics, Thermodynamics, Philosophy, Black Holes
- by Sascha Husa
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- Quantum Gravity, Black Holes, Cosmology, Mathematical Sciences

While Moore’s Law is partially correct by addressing that flaw of Close Space Particle Bombardment in Component Package Size, Moore’s Law does not address what is used in powering the entire device in the first place. This flaw adhering to Moore’s Law itself, transistors are not efficient because they need the Bombardment Force. Mostly that flaw is addressed as being the threshold of an isolated device.

That’s what some physicists have argued for years: That black holes are the ultimate vaults, entities that suck in information and then evaporate without leaving behind any clues as to what they once contained. But new research shows that this perspective may not be correct. [9]
Considering the positive logarithmic values as the measure of entropy and the negative logarithmic values as the measure of information we get the Information – Entropy Theory of Physics, used first as the model of the computer chess program built in the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Applying this model to physics we have an understanding of the perturbation theory of the QED and QCD as the Information measure of Physics. We have an insight to the current research of Quantum Information Science. The generalization of the Weak Interaction shows the arrow of time in the associate research fields of the biophysics and others. We discuss also the event horizon of the Black Holes, closing the information inside.

- by George Rajna
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- Black Holes

The grand challenges of contemporary fundamental physics---dark matter, dark energy, vacuum energy, inflation and early universe cosmology, singularities and the hierarchy problem---all involve gravity as a key component. And of all gravitational phenomena, black holes stand out in their elegant simplicity, while harbouring some of the most remarkable predictions of General Relativity: event horizons, singularities and ergoregions. The hitherto invisible landscape of the gravitational Universe is being unveiled before our eyes: the historical direct detection of gravitational waves by the LIGO-Virgo collaboration marks the dawn of a new era of scientific exploration. Gravitational-wave astronomy will allow us to test models of black hole formation, growth and evolution, as well as models of gravitational-wave generation and propagation. It will provide evidence for event horizons and ergoregions, test the theory of General Relativity itself, and may reveal the existence of new funda...

Black holes are fundamental to our understanding of modern astrophysics, yet the origin of this concept can be traced back to the writings of England's John Michell and France's Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1784 and 1796 respectively.... more

- by Wayne ORCHISTON
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- Black Holes, Dark Matter, Black Hole, Laplace

This paper summarizes how a new approach to the Universe based on the existence of a "crystalline ether", which has recently been detailed in the third versions of two books [1], makes it possible to find a simple, unified and coherent explanation of all the theories of modern physics and of the Universe. The basic concepts of this approach can be summarized as follows: (i) the support of the Universe is a form of "crystalline ether" which consists of a solid and massive lattice, of facecentered cubic structure, with the simplest possible elasticity, and in which matter is represented by the set of topological singularities of this lattice (loops of dislocations, disinclinations and dispirations), and (ii) this lattice exclusively satisfies, in absolute space, the basic classical physical concepts that are Newton's law and the two principles of thermodynamics. With these basic classical concepts alone, we show that it is possible to find all the modern theories of physics, namely that the behaviors of this lattice (the Universe) and its topological singularities (the Matter) satisfy electromagnetism, special relativity, general relativity, gravitation, quantum physics, cosmology and even the standard model of elementary particles.

- by G. Gremaud
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- Electromagnetism, Quantum Physics, Cosmology (Physics), Black Holes
- by Jirong Ren
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- Mathematical Physics, Quantum Physics, Black Holes, Entropy
- by Stephen J Crothers
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- Mathematical Physics, Physics, Theoretical Physics, Cosmology (Physics)

Presentism is, roughly, the metaphysical doctrine that maintains that whatever
exists, exists in the present. The compatibility of presentism with the theories of
special and general relativity was much debated in recent years. It has been argued
that at least some versions of presentism are consistent with time-orientable models
of general relativity. In this paper we confront the thesis of presentism with relativistic
physics, in the strong gravitational limit where black holes are formed. We
conclude that the presentist position is at odds with the existence of black holes and
other compact objects in the universe. A revision of the thesis is necessary, if it is
intended to be consistent with the current scientific view of the universe.

- by Gustavo E Romero
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- Physics, Philosophy, Ontology, Philosophy of Science

Gravity is geometrical in nature and implies elasticity/plasticity, which infers a break- ing point to our universal fabric. The assertion of the author is that when a mass reaches its Schwarzschild radius, it has reached the breaking point of our universe and as a consequence, may puncture it. This may in turn expose our universe to the "Abso- lute Gravity" (g=c in all directions) of infinite space outside our universe (this does not take into account any other universe that may exist). Out of this process, a black hole forms from the point of singularity/puncture until the original point of the Schwarz- schild radius. We will discuss some of the possible consequences of this theory as well as its possible effects on universal expansion and its multiverse implications.

- by Daniel Bollag
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- Physics, High Energy Astrophysics, Social Sciences, General Relativity

Do Black Holes possess the ability to reverse the thermodynamic second law

- by Maria Anna van Driel
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- Physics, Theoretical Physics, Nuclear Physics, Plasma Physics

From antiquity to our present day, scientists specifically cosmologists and physicists, are still on their relentless pursuit to understand the nature and structure of universe with all it’s components. We all know of or at leat have heard of brilliant minds such as Albert Einstein, Max Planck and others who have contributed to our present conception of the nature of reality. One of those brilliant minds of the 20th and 21st century upon whose work I am going to give an overview is Stephen Hawking. Professor Stephen Hawking who studied at both Oxford and Cambridge University, held the Chair Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge England, a chair that was once held by Isaac Newton. He is without a doubt the leading cosmologist of our time. He is to the 20th and 21st century what Charles Darwin was to the 19th century with his mechanism for the theory of evolution. Even though Professor Hawking is bound physically by ALS or Motor Neurone Disease, yet this did not cause an impediment to his cognitive faculties. That’s why we have several books to which he is the author of and it my aim to give an overview of one of his most iconic books which was a bestseller for 237 weeks. This book is entitled ‘A Brief History of Time - From the Big Bang to Black Holes.’

- by John Warren Antalika
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- Physics, Cosmology (Physics), History of Science, Black Holes

The case is made that the Hilbert or "textbook Schwarzschild" solution is an excellent choice for the most misunderstood exact solution in theoretical physics. This is based on the manner in which the solution is obtained, the underlying mathematical properties that surround the solution, the behavior of the solution in terms of relevant variables, the physical significance of the solution, and the misguided analyses that tried to turn a solution of the time dependent spherically symmetric vacuum field equations into a soluton of the time independent equations.

- by Robert E Salvino
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- Theoretical Physics, Gravitation, General Relativity, Black Holes
- by Mark Beumer
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- Earth Sciences, Artificial Intelligence, Black Holes, UFOlogy

Motivated by the interpretation of the Ooguri-Strominger-Vafa conjecture as a holographic correspondence in the mini-superspace approximation, we study the radial quantization of stationary, spherically symmetric black holes in four dimensions. A key ingredient is the classical equivalence between the radial evolution equation and geodesic motion of a fiducial particle on the moduli space M^*_3 of the three-dimensional theory after reduction along the time direction. In the case of N=2 supergravity, M^*_3 is a para-quaternionic-Kahler manifold; in this case, we show that BPS black holes correspond to a particular class of geodesics which lift holomorphically to the twistor space Z of M^*_3, and identify Z as the BPS phase space. We give a natural quantization of the BPS phase space in terms of the sheaf cohomology of Z, and compute the exact wave function of a BPS black hole with fixed electric and magnetic charges in this framework. We comment on the relation to the topological string amplitude, extensions to N>2 supergravity theories, and applications to automorphic black hole partition functions.

В этом очередном научном эссе, традиционно посвященном вопросам мироустройства, наряду с анализом выдвигаемых автором фундаментальных категорий и законов, определяющих новую парадигму физической науки, более углубленно рассматривается космологическая модель эволюции нашей Вселенной в тесной связи с принципами и механизмами образования всех форм и видов материи, начиная от первичного возмущения, породившего Темную материю, и заканчивая процессами формирования «таинственных» Черных дыр. Особое внимание уделено структуре элементарных частиц и физике атомообразования.
Работа рассчитана на просвещенных читателей, интересующихся и занимающихся физико-философскими проблемами Мироздания.

- by Vladimir Rodin
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- Physics, Theoretical Physics, Black Holes, Dark Matter

“You are a Hologram… projected from the edge of the universe” is the cover story from the January 17-23, 2009 edition of New Scientist, written by Marcus Chown.
he project responsible for gathering data that may support this hologram idea is called GEO600 (GEO600 aims at the direct detection of Einstein's gravitational waves by means of a laser interferometer of 600 m arm-length.).
Their experiment was set up to detect gravitational waves but what they picked up on was a lot of noise, ‘quantum noise’ to be precise.
(...)

- by Giulio D'Agostino
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- Quantum Physics, Black Holes, String Theory, Computer Generated Holograms

Cosmologists claim that they have found black holes all over the Cosmos. The black hole is however entirely a product of mathematics. The simplest case is the ‘Schwarzschild’ black hole, from the solution to Einstein’s field equations in the absence of matter, for a static, uncharged, non-rotating mass. “In the absence of matter” involves linguistic legerdemain, but in any event all types of black holes reduce, mathematically speaking, to a very simple question: Can a squared real number take values less than zero? Symbolically this is restated as follows. Let r be any real number. Is r2 < 0 possible? No, it’s not possible. Thus, the black hole is not possible. Anybody who can square a real number is capable of understanding why the black hole is a fantasy of mathematical physicists and cosmologists, illustrating once again why it can be very dangerous to put trust in the word of an Authority.

- by Stephen J Crothers
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- Mathematical Physics, Physics, Theoretical Physics, Cosmology (Physics)
- by Abdulla Galadari
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- Religion, Physics, Quantum Physics, Philosophy of Science

This article is the transcript of the audio-visual presentation titled ‘Wormholes: Science Fiction or Pure Fantasy?’ [7] prior to Hollywood’s release of the movie ‘Interstellar’, the plot of which involves astronauts travelling through a wormhole to save the Human Race. It is explained in simply terms why the wormhole has no relation to reality, just as the black hole has no relation to reality.

- by Stephen J Crothers
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- Physics, Theoretical Physics, Cosmology (Physics), Theoretical astrophysics

- by Stephen J Crothers
- •
- Mathematical Physics, Theoretical Physics, Cosmology (Physics), Relativity

All alleged black hole solutions pertain to a universe that is spatially infinite, is eternal, contains only one mass, is not expanding, and is asymptotically flat or asymptotically curved. But the alleged big bang cosmology pertains to a universe that is spatially finite (one case) or spatially infinite (two different cases), is of finite age, contains radiation and many masses including multiple black holes (some of which are primordial), is expanding, and is not asymptotically anything. Thus the black hole and the big bang contradict one another – they are mutually exclusive. The black hole is almost universally claimed to be predicted by General Relativity. It is surprisingly easy to prove that this is not true. Similarly it is very often claimed that Newton’s theory of gravitation also predicts the black hole, but this too is very easily proven to be erroneous. Despite numerous claims for discovery of black holes in their millions, nobody has ever actually found one. In addition it is not very difficult to prove that General Relativity violates the usual conservation of energy and momentum, with only a little use of mathematics. The simple proofs also demonstrate that all ‘singularity theorems’ related to General Relativity are invalid. Fundamentally there are contradictions contained in the very physical principles of General Relativity, combined with invalid mathematics, which render the theory untenable. It is the object of this paper to provide the proofs without the complicated mathematics usually associated with the subject.

- by Stephen J Crothers
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- Mathematics, Mathematical Physics, Physics, Theoretical Physics
- by Abhas Mitra
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- Physics, Quantum Gravity, General Relativity, History of Science
- by Abhas Mitra
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- General Relativity, Theoretical astrophysics, Black Holes, String Theory

Late in 2018, the gravitational wave observatory, LIGO, announced that they had detected the most distant and massive source of ripples of spacetime ever monitored: waves triggered by pairs of black holes colliding in deep space. [21]
Answering the question "How did galaxies form and evolve during the 13.8-billion-year history of the universe?" has been one top issue in modern astronomy. [20]
If someone were to venture into one of these relatively benign black holes, they could survive, but their past would be obliterated and they could have an infinite number of possible futures. [19]
The group explains their theory in a paper published in the journal Physical Review Letters—it involves the idea of primordial black holes (PBHs) infesting the centers of neutron stars and eating them from the inside out. [18]
But for rotating black holes, there’s a region outside the event horizon where strange and extraordinary things can happen, and these extraordinary possibilities are the focus of a new paper in the American Physical Society journal Physical Review Letters. [17]

- by George Rajna
- •
- Black Holes

This draft approaches this problem not as anticipated with fluid mechanics but by the warping of space.
However it is unique (ignoring the new physics) as a description for the flow of material down a black hole.
Following this this draft starts a difficult search for the shape of the matter energy matter loop AFTER the twisting of space (actually found in a following draft paper)

- by Alex Ross
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- Theoretical Physics, Black Holes, Astrophysics, Black Holes, Dark Energy, Dark Matter

Black holes have turned out to be the cornerstone of both physics and popular belief. But what if we were to realize that exact black holes cannot exist, even though their existence is apparently suggested by exact general relativistic solutions, and Roger Penrose won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics ‘for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity’? While it might seem far-fetched to claim so, it will be worth remembering that the finest theoretical physicists like Albert Einstein and Paul Dirac did not believe in black holes, and Stephen Hawking finally thought that there are no exact black holes.
While the black hole paradigm has become commonplace in popular consciousness, in the last decade, noise has consistently grown about the many physical effects which can inhibit the formation of exact mathematical black holes. In The Rise and Fall of the Black Hole Paradigm, Abhas Mitra shows us how, much before these developments, he had proven why the so-called black holes must only be black hole pretenders. He identified these black hole candidates to be Magnetospheric Eternally Collapsing Objects (MECOs) and, along with Darryl J. Leiter and Stanley L. Robertson, generalized them. Recent evidence for the existence of strong magnetic fields around so-called black holes may provide confirmations of his claim.

- by Abhas Mitra
- •
- Physics, Theoretical Physics, General Relativity, Relativistic cosmology

An analysis of the physical implications of abstractness reveals the reality of three interconnected modes of existence: abstract, virtual and concrete. This triple-aspect monism clarifies the ontological status of subatomic quantum particles. It also provides a non-spooky solution to the weirdness of quantum physics and a new outlook for the mind-body problem. The ontological implications are profound for both physics and philosophy.

- by Gilbert B. Côté
- •
- Quantum Physics, Ontology, Information Theory, Black Holes

Physicists have theories about white holes: cosmic monsters that overlap the line between tall tale and actuality. Yet to be seen in the space, white holes might be only mathematical giants. But according to recent research, if a speculative theory known as loop quantum gravity is true, white holes could be not just only real but we might have already observed them. A white whole is, somewhat, the reverse of a black hole. [10]
That’s what some physicists have argued for years: That black holes are the ultimate vaults, entities that suck in information and then evaporate without leaving behind any clues as to what they once contained. But new research shows that this perspective may not be correct. [9]
Considering the positive logarithmic values as the measure of entropy and the negative logarithmic values as the measure of information we get the Information – Entropy Theory of Physics, used first as the model of the computer chess program built in the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Applying this model to physics we have an understanding of the perturbation theory of the QED and QCD as the Information measure of Physics. We have an insight to the current research of Quantum Information Science. The generalization of the Weak Interaction shows the arrow of time in the associate research fields of the biophysics and others. We discuss also the event horizon of the Black Holes, closing the information inside.

- by George Rajna
- •
- Black Holes, Astronomy

Ce papier résume comment une nouvelle approche de l’Univers basée sur l’existence d’un «éther cristallin», qui a été récemment exposée en détail dans les troisièmes versions de deux livres [1], permet de trouver une explication simple, unifiée et cohérente de l’ensemble des théories de la physique moderne et de l’Univers. Les concepts de base de cette approche peuvent se résumer de la manière suivante: (i) le support de l’Univers est une forme d’«éther cristallin» qui consiste en un réseau solide et massif, de structure cubique à faces centrées, avec une élasticité la plus simple possible, et dans lequel la matière est représentée par l'ensemble des singularités topologiques de ce réseau (boucles de dislocations, de désinclinaisons et de dispirations), et (ii) ce réseau satisfait exclusivement, dans l'espace absolu, les concepts physiques classiques de base que sont la loi de Newton et les deux principes de la thermodynamique. Avec ces seuls concepts de base tout-à-fait classiques, on montre qu’il est possible de retrouver toutes les théories modernes de la physique, à savoir que les comportements de ce réseau (l’Univers) et de ses singularités topologiques (la Matière) satisfont à l’électromagnétisme, la relativité spéciale, la relativité générale, la gravitation, la physique quantique, la cosmologie et même le modèle standard des particules élémentaires.

- by G. Gremaud
- •
- Electromagnetism, Quantum Physics, Cosmology (Physics), General Relativity

Portals: Windows, doors, black holes, white holes and worm holes serve as nodes for transport between different systems of organization in the works and writings of Marcel Duchamp, and in Thomas Pynchon's novels _Gravity's Rainbow_ and _Vineland_. These portals enable pivoting between different forms of cognition, in the realm of the social and political with respect to subject positions, and in the realm of the individual with respect to subject formation. Drawing on the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, and on the cognitive science of Francisco Varela and Edwin Hutchins, a connection is made between an avant-garde modernist, and a post-modern novelist, in their attention to a war between top-down and bottom-up processes in society and self. This investigation becomes a way to rethink the terms modernism and postmodernism.

- by Martin E. Rosenberg
- •
- Cognitive Science, Self-Organization, General Relativity, Black Holes