CNC Machine tools Research Papers (original) (raw)

In 5-axis tool path generation the tool axis is usually selected based on the workpiece geometry only, ignoring its effects on the process and machine tool motion. In this paper, a process simulation integrated tool axis selection... more

In 5-axis tool path generation the tool axis is usually selected based on the workpiece geometry only, ignoring its effects on the process and machine tool motion. In this paper, a process simulation integrated tool axis selection approach is proposed to adjust the tool axis vectors in an already generated 5-axis milling path for improved process in terms of cutting forces, stability and machine tool motion. The part surface data, required to re-calculate the tool axis, is extracted from the existing path. The proposed approach is demonstrated on a representative case.

Mũi khoan CNC hiệu KWS của công ty Lê Huy

 Tool design is a specialized area of manufacturing engineering comprising the analysis, planning, design, construction, and application of tools, methods, and procedures necessary to increase manufacturing productivity.  To carry out... more

 Tool design is a specialized area of manufacturing engineering comprising the analysis, planning, design, construction, and application of tools, methods, and procedures necessary to increase manufacturing productivity.  To carry out these responsibilities, today's tool designer must have a working knowledge of machine shop practices, toolmaking procedures, machine tool design, manufacturing procedures and methods, as well as the more conventional engineering disciplines of planning, designing, engineering graphics and drawing, and cost analysis.

AUTOSAR XML (.arxml) is a format introduced by the Automotive Open System Architecture consortium to contain the data used in and required by Electric Control Units which is based on Automotive Open System Architecture. Electric Control... more

AUTOSAR XML (.arxml) is a format introduced by the Automotive Open System Architecture consortium to contain the data used in and required by Electric Control Units which is based on Automotive Open System Architecture. Electric Control Unit development is done by 3 groups i.e. OEM like BMW, Tier1like Bosch, and Tier2 like a vector. Each one has its own data that is required for Software development. OEM shares the information with Tier1.Tier1 shares the same with Tier2 for implementing into Electric Control Unit. The DataBase Container (DBC) describes the properties of the Controller Area Network (CAN) / Controllable Area Network Flexible Data Rate (CAN FD). Data analysis in ECU Extract ARXML is very difficult due to the complex structure of data. Performing two-way and three-way comparisons/merges of XML files is difficult. To handle the mentioned challenges manually is a big task that requires huge manual efforts and time which may even result in a manual error. In this paper, we are presenting a newly developed Python-based tool that overcomes the above-mentioned drawbacks.

This paper is proposed to study regarding CNC technology. CNC machine is one of the popular technologies in the field of manufacturing now a days. This paper describes basics of CNC machine. Also elaborate difference between conventional... more

This paper is proposed to study regarding CNC technology. CNC machine is one of the popular technologies in the field of manufacturing now a days. This paper describes basics of CNC machine. Also elaborate difference between conventional machine and CNC machine. And describes types of CNC machines based on their applications. Mainly this paper conferred a detail of various parts available in CNC machine i.e. drives, motors and controller and working of CNC machine also. At last this paper conclude, why we should use CNC machine over conventional machine and in which cases it is not preferable to use CNC machine.

Mankind has always found new ways to cut metals into their desired shapes over the time. Machining process have evolved over the time too. Machining is a part of the manufacture of many metal products, but it can also be used on materials... more

Mankind has always found new ways to cut metals into their desired shapes over the time. Machining process have evolved over the time too. Machining is a part of the manufacture of many metal products, but it can also be used on materials such as wood, plastic, ceramic, and composites. As the industry evolved, humans invented new ways to machine metals with less effort. Similar is an interesting invention that led to evolution of machining of metals and other hard elements as well as composites. It is called CNC Machine.

The subject of this research is based on the optimization of the manufacturing process using modern automated CNC milling machines. The problem that has generally emerged on the world market is to fulfil goals dictated by the modern era... more

The subject of this research is based on the optimization of the
manufacturing process using modern automated CNC milling machines. The problem that has generally emerged on the world market is to fulfil goals dictated by the modern era which are reflected in quality, time domain and complexity of a manufacturing process. Adopting modern CNC milling machines, it seeks to maximize production optimization, mostly from the aspect of manufacturing times with occurring indirect factors that affect the overall optimization. The idea of this study is based on a comparison of efficiency and effectiveness between traditional systems which are still being used in production plants and modern – automated systems that slowly overtake the role as a leader in all production spheres.

This article discusses essential CNC tools that every professional CNC machinist would need for accomplishing a milling job efficiently. CNC milling tools are made up of certain materials which include carbon steel, high-speed steel,... more

This article discusses essential CNC tools that every professional CNC machinist would need for accomplishing a milling job efficiently. CNC milling tools are made up of certain materials which include carbon steel, high-speed steel, ceramics, solid carbide, etc. In this list, carbon steel is the least expensive material and is usually used for operations that require low speed.

In this document we will get involved with the process of milling a PCB, the way it is designed, how to optimize it. In addition to analyzing the machine that we propose to carry out this task, by reviewing its structure, defining its... more

In this document we will get involved with the process of milling a PCB, the way it is designed, how to optimize it. In addition to analyzing the machine that we propose to carry out this task, by reviewing its structure, defining its behavior and operating algorithm. This work is designed from student to student, as it works in a simplified way and the design is also simple enough to be replicated.

Products resulted by small medium entreprises needed by consumers are oriented to a large number of design variations, competitive prices, and relatively fast manufacturing time. The CNC router 3-axes machine, locally produced to be... more

Products resulted by small medium entreprises needed by consumers are oriented to a large number of design variations, competitive prices, and relatively fast manufacturing time. The CNC router 3-axes machine, locally produced to be tested, is a machine tool that works with 3 axes with functions for cutting, engraving and giving markings on hard flat materials. The purpose of this study is to provide analysis of the main spindle deviation of X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis; and application of CNC router machines for granite granular materials for decoration purposes. The method used is an experimental research by conducting an experiment measuring the object of research to obtain measurement data and to be analyzed for the purposes of further action. It was found that deviation of the main spindle rotation is of 16.86% -47.35%, and axis movement deviation is ± 0.04 mm, which is above the permissible limit of <0.01 mm. The work that can be done with the CNC router 3-axes machine is the manufacture of creative products for decoration purposes, but it needs a lot of design variations and does not require high precision.

In the new era of advanced manufacturing technology, machine tool design plays an important role in maximizing productivity and occupational health of industrial workers. However, the machine tool manufacturers face difficulty in... more

In the new era of advanced manufacturing technology, machine tool design plays an important role in maximizing productivity and occupational health of industrial workers. However, the machine tool manufacturers face difficulty in designing an ergonomic machine tool that can be suited to Asian industrial workers and those with disability because almost all machine tools were designed according to physical dimensions, capabilities and limitations of European or American populations standards .

Manuales para apunte de enseñanza personalizada en operación y programación CNC

The metal 3-D printing market is currently dominated by high-end applications, which make it inaccessible for small and medium enterprises, fab labs, and individual makers who are interested in the ability to prototype and additively... more

The metal 3-D printing market is currently dominated by high-end applications, which make it inaccessible for small and medium enterprises, fab labs, and individual makers who are interested in the ability to prototype and additively manufacture final products in metal. Recent progress led to low-cost open-source metal 3-D printers using a gas metal arc welding (GMAW)-based print head. This reduced the cost of metal 3-D printers into the range of desktop prosumer polymer 3-D printers. Consequent research established good material properties of metal 3-D printed parts with readily-available weld filler wire, reusable substrates, thermal and stress properties, toolpath planning, bead-width control, mechanical properties, and support for overhangs. These previous works showed that GMAW-based metal 3-D printing has a good adhesion between layers and is not porous inside the printed parts, but they did not proceed far enough to demonstrate applications. In this study, the utility of the GMAW approach to 3-D printing is investigated using a low-cost open-source metal 3-D printer and a converted Computer Numerical Control router machine to make useful parts over a range of applications including: fixing an existing part by adding a 3-D metal feature, creating a product using the substrate as part of the component, 3-D printing in high resolution of useful objects, near net objects, and making an integrated product using a combination of steel and polymer 3-D printing. The results show that GMAW-based 3-D printing is capable of distributed manufacturing of useful products for a wide variety of applications for sustainable development.

Taguchi Method is an effective tool introduced for the optimization of the product or process quality. Aluminum 3003 is a commercially pure, manganese-added aluminum. Because of its excellent characteristics, 3003 is the most widely used... more

Taguchi Method is an effective tool introduced for the optimization of the product or process quality. Aluminum 3003 is a commercially pure, manganese-added aluminum. Because of its excellent characteristics, 3003 is the most widely used aluminum alloy and its surface roughness varies with the changes of the process parameters of the machine such as layer spindle speed, feed rate, depth of cut and others. The combinations of different sets of the parameters will definitely produce parts with different specifications, thus the study of the suitable combination of parameters is necessary for optimum output is carried out. In order to achieve the optimum performance of the machined sample, the Taguchi method was employed because it is a simplified yet powerful method for experimental design using the orthogonal array method. In this study, an orthogonal array of L₉ (3 3) was used and nine pieces of samples were determined for 3 parameters that namely are spindle speed, feed rate and finishing tolerance with three levels each. The samples for machining was designed using SolidWorks, coded using Siemens Sinumerik and machined by DMU eVo 6 milling machine for the nine samples. The results were obtained and data was analyzed. The data of confirmation test shows that the samples with optimum parameters was a combination of spindle speed (14000 rpm), feed rate (900m/min) and finishing tolerance of 0.635 with a percentage difference of 7% from the prediction data. From the analyzed data from the Signal to noise, ranked 1 is feed rate than followed by spindle speed, and finishing tolerance respectively. Thus, this result shows that the surface roughness of a sample produced using DMU eVo 6 machine with different combination of process parameters and the Taguchi Method provides the solution of determining the optimum surface roughness of combination parameter with minimum number of experiment.

Comprehensive overview of ( Programmable Logic Controllers ) PLCs and related Industrial Automation Systems. PLC Basics - hardware modules and IO scans. Soft-PLC SCADA-HMI Drive Control using PLC Industrial Protocols - Modbus, OPC UA... more

Comprehensive overview of ( Programmable Logic Controllers ) PLCs and related Industrial Automation Systems.
PLC Basics - hardware modules and IO scans.
Soft-PLC
SCADA-HMI
Drive Control using PLC
Industrial Protocols - Modbus, OPC UA
PLC Sizing and Programming
HMI UI Design
Industrial Automation Hierarchy. Level0-Level5
PLC programming Languages - ladder(LD), function block (FBD), structured text (STL), Sequential Flow Charts (SFC).
IEC 61131-3 Programming Standard and PLCOpen Interoperability.
Redundancy
Safety Systems
Related Automation Systems - Sub-station Automation, Building Automation.
Comparisons PLC vs DCS, PLC vs RTU, PLC vs PAC, PLC & CNC, PLC & Robot, Robot & CNC.
Machine Vision, Motion Control
Database & ERP Connectivity
IoT vs IIoT, PLC support for the MQTT Protocol, PLC connectivity with Cloud Platforms
PLC Hardware Design.
PLC Software Editors.
Industrial Cyber Security
Dual Use Technology

Since the very successful application of parallel robots in material handling, many projects attempted to implement the Gough platforms as milling machine manipulators with limited success mainly achieving roughing. The displacement of... more

Since the very successful application of parallel robots in material handling, many
projects attempted to implement the Gough platforms as milling machine manipulators with limited success mainly achieving roughing.
The displacement of the milling tool should meet surface finish requirements. Users also wish to increase tool feedrate in order to improve productivity thereby reaching high speed milling levels. Even a constant high speed feedrate brings im-
portant challenges since they mean higher actuator accelerations even on straight lines. This work introduces geometric formalization of surface finish which is more
realistic then classic error calculations.
This research work proposes an off-line simulation tool analysing the milling task feasibility using a robot constituted by a general hexapod parallel manipulator, namely the Gough Platform, often refered as the Stewart Platform. Moreover, in
order to meet the machine-tool standards, the parallel robot will be controlled by a typical CNC controller implementing classic position based algorithms adapted to the parallel robots with any kind of actuator polynomial interpolation. Control sampling rates are studied and their impact evaluated.
High and very high speed milling simulation results show the implementation of linear and third order interpolation between the actuator set-points calculated from the CAD/CAM computed end-effector or tool set-points points. The results show that linear interpolation are not sufficient for high speed milling and then third order interpolation reach the required surface finish at fast and feasible CNC sampling rates.

RepRap 3-D printers and their derivatives using conventional firmware are limited by: 1) requiring technical knowledge, 2) poor resilience with unreliable hardware, and 3) poor integration in complicated systems. In this paper, a new... more

RepRap 3-D printers and their derivatives using conventional firmware are limited by: 1) requiring technical knowledge, 2) poor resilience with unreliable hardware, and 3) poor integration in complicated systems. In this paper, a new control system called Franklin, for CNC machines in general and 3-D printers specifically, is presented that enables web-based three dimensional control of additive, subtractive and analytical tools from any Internet connected device. Franklin can be set up and controlled entirely from a web interface; it uses a custom protocol which allows it to continue printing when the connection is temporarily lost, and allows communication with scripts.

Machine tools play a pivotal role in the manufacturing world since their performance significantly affects the product quality and production efficiency. In the era of Industry 4.0, machine tools are expected to have a higher level of... more

Machine tools play a pivotal role in the manufacturing world since their performance significantly affects the product quality and production efficiency. In the era of Industry 4.0, machine tools are expected to have a higher level of accessibility, connectivity, intelligence, adaptivity, and autonomy. With the rapid development and application of various Industry 4.0 technologies, digitalisation and servitisation of machine tools have become a new research trend. However, few review articles on the development of machine tools in the context of Industry 4.0 have been reported. To understand the current status of digitalisation and servitisation of machine tools, this paper provides a systematic literature review combining both bibliometric and qualitative analysis. Our review results provide a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of recent advancements of digitalisation and servitisation of machine tools, including the key enabling technologies, methods, standards, architectures, and applications. Furthermore, we propose a novel conceptual framework of Cyber-Physical Machine Tool (CPMT) as a systematic approach to achieving digitalisation and servitisation of next-generation machine tools. Finally, major research issues, challenges, and future research directions are discussed. This work will help researchers and industrial practitioners spark new ideas for developing the next-generation machine tools in the era of Industry 4.0.

This paper proposes a new methodology of computer aided machine tools selection for focused flexibility manufacturing systems. The methodology is based on multi-criterion approach and allows to select suboptimal sets of machine tools with... more

This paper proposes a new methodology of computer aided machine tools selection for focused flexibility manufacturing systems. The methodology is based on multi-criterion approach and allows to select suboptimal sets of machine tools with the right level of flexibility required by the specific production problem. In the selection process, we first consider critical decision criteria which directly decide if a given machine tool is suitable to realize a defined production task and complies with conditions specified by the designer. Furthermore, economic considerations are taken into account in order to find the best solution from the viewpoint of minimization of both investment costs and time of machining. An illustrative example of machine tool selection using the proposed methodology and the software implementation is also provided.

The development, manufacture and assembly of the CNC machine tool represent one side of the thing; however, the other side of the thing is to have under control the processes thanks to which this work is enabled. In addition to the... more

The development, manufacture and assembly of the CNC machine tool represent one side of the thing; however, the other side of the thing is to have under control the processes thanks to which this work is enabled. In addition to the detailed description of parts which such a product consists of, this book has also the effort to refer to these processes. The whole thing is watched comprehensively as the house having its foundations, perimeter walls and the roof.

Surface roughness prediction for the end-milling process, which is one of the major cutting processes, is a very important economical consideration in order to increase machine operation and decrease production cost in an automated... more

Surface roughness prediction for the end-milling process, which is one of the major cutting processes, is a very important economical consideration in order to increase machine operation and decrease production cost in an automated manufacturing environment.
In this study; prediction of surface roughness (Ra) for Brass (60/40) material based on cutting parameters: cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut; was studied.
Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was used to predict the surface roughness in the end milling process. Surface roughness was used as dependant variable while cutting speed of range (750 - 1750rpm), feed rate of range (50 - 250mm/min) and depth of cut of range (0.3 - 0.7mm) were used as predictor variables. Normal and feed forces were used as predictor variables to verify the ANFIS model. Different membership functions were adopted during the training process of ANFIS.
Surface roughness was measured in an off line manner using stylus based profile-meter (surtronic 3+). The normal and feed forces were measured in an on-line manner using two components dynamometer.
The effects of cutting parameters on the normal force, feed force and surface roughness were discussed. Experimental test data were used to examine the ANFIS model by defining the reliability and percentage error of the model. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. While the predicted surface roughness was compared with measured data; the mean square error has been found equal to 8.5 % hence the achieved accuracy is equal to 91.5 %.
Although this work focuses on prediction of surface roughness for end-milling operation, the concepts introduced are general; ie., prediction of surface roughness using ANFIS can be applied to many other cutting and machining processes.

Cyber-Physical Machine Tools (CPMT) represent a new generation of machine tools that are smarter, well connected, widely accessible, more adaptive and more autonomous. Development of CPMT requires standardized information modelling method... more

Cyber-Physical Machine Tools (CPMT) represent a new generation of machine tools that are smarter, well connected, widely accessible, more adaptive and more autonomous. Development of CPMT requires standardized information modelling method and communication protocols for machine tools. This paper proposes a CPMT Platform based on OPC UA and MTConnect that enables standardized, interoperable and efficient data communication among machine tools and various types of software applications. First, a development method for OPC UA-based CPMT is proposed based on a generic OPC UA information model for CNC machine tools. Second, to address the issue of interoperability between OPC UA and MTConnect, an MTConnect to OPC UA interface is developed to transform MTConnect information model and its data to their OPC UA counterparts. An OPC UA-based CPMT prototype is developed and further integrated with a previously developed MTConnectbased CPMT to establish a common CPMT Platform. Third, different applications are developed to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed CPMT Platform, including an OPC UA Client, an advanced AR-assisted wearable Human-Machine Interface and a conceptual framework for CPMT powered cloud manufacturing environment. Experimental results have proven that the proposed CPMT Platform can significantly improve the overall production efficiency and effectiveness in the shop floor.

Optimization is one of the main keys to the success of the optimization process in CNC machines in the industrial field and provides information gain optimization control to improve product quality. Some benefits that can be obtained from... more

Optimization is one of the main keys to the success of the optimization process in CNC machines in the industrial field and provides information gain optimization control to improve product quality. Some benefits that can be obtained from optimization are speed and accuracy in product design and production processes. In the production process, a test of the desired quality is carried out. The international ISO rules machine tools especially, CNC milling machines using International Standard ISO 10791-7: 2014 Test condition for machining centres-Part 7: Accuracy of finished test pieces rules have concentricity of external circle under 25 μm. This maintenance case, use the method by increasing or decreasing the gain adjustment on the CNC milling machine input panel. This work was adjusting to find gain optimization settings using two methods, namely the Ballbar and the CMM measurement, to diagnose the CNC milling machine. Ballbar measurement to analyze the results of servo mismatch and circularity without trimming load, while CMM measurement to measurement through products produced on Fanuc CNC milling machine, the result is a trend of graphic error resulting in circularity error results. The best results on "Loop Gain Parameter-System V" which have circularity results on the Ballbar and CMM of 20 μm and 13 μm, it has circularity values below 25 μm at International Standard ISO 10791-7: 2014 Test condition for machining centres-Part 7: Accuracy of finished test pieces as a rule on CNC machines in the adjustment loop gain parameter.

The purposes of this paper are to study how entry-level 3D printers are currently being used in several shared machine shops (FabLabs, hackerspaces, etc.) and to examine the ambivalent emancipation often offered by 3D printing, when users... more

The purposes of this paper are to study how entry-level 3D printers are currently being used in several shared machine shops (FabLabs, hackerspaces, etc.) and to examine the ambivalent emancipation often offered by 3D printing, when users prefer the fascinated passivity of replicating rather than the action of repairing. Based on a field study and on a large online survey, this paper offers to examine different practices with entry-level 3D printers, observed in several shared machine shops (FabLabs, hackerspaces, etc.). The recent evolution of additive manufacturing and the shift from high-end additive technologies to consumer’s entry-level 3D printing is taken as an entry point. Indeed, digital fabrication has recently received extensive media coverage and the maker movement has become a trendy subject for numerous influential publications. In the makerspaces that were taken for this field survey, 3D printers were very often used for demonstration, provoking fascination and encouraging a passive attitude. Based on both the observations and the quantitative survey, it can be discussed how the question of so-called “user-friendliness” is challenged by practices of repairing, fixing and adjusting, more than that of replicating. Indeed, it is claimed that this offers a possible meaning for 3D printing practices. In the description and analysis of the behaviours with 3D printers, this leads to privilege the idea of “disengaging” and the notion of “acting” rather than simply passively using.

Esta pesquisa investiga as possibilidades do uso da fabricação digital em arquiteturas produzidas através de sistemas de produção que não o da indústria da construção, buscando compreender o problema em relação ao conceito de variedade,... more

Esta pesquisa investiga as possibilidades do uso da fabricação digital em arquiteturas produzidas através de sistemas de produção que não o da indústria da construção, buscando compreender o problema em relação ao conceito de variedade, especialmente como abordado pela cibernética (ASHBY, 1956). A premissa inicial é de que o desenvolvimento da arquitetura de massa, que no Brasil se baseia predominantemente na manufatura capitalista, tende a ter uma geração de variedade muito limitada, com soluções padronizadas e repetidas, devido principalmente ao fato deste sistema ser dividido em uma parte reprodutiva de larga escala e uma pequena parte decisória centralizada. Em suma, a baixa variedade se mostra resultado de uma mútua limitação entre a parte decisória e a reprodutiva, que por sua vez é fruto da concentração do poder de decisão. No entanto, como esta concentração é um elemento essencial do modelo produtivo de quem toma as decisões, o problema da variedade só pode ser tratado em suas ramificações secundárias. A existência de cooperativas que utilizam a mesma organização de trabalho da manufatura demonstra, porém, que a propriedade coletiva dos meios de produção não significa em si a adoção de um processo de trabalho mais dialógico e diverso. Neste sentido, os vários movimentos de colaboração e disseminação do conhecimento em rede, baseados nas tecnologias da informação e comunicação, apontam para novas possibilidades de reversão do processo de concentração do poder decisório que questionam tanto o conceito tradicional de propriedade, quanto a organização tradicional do trabalho (MASTNY et al, 2012). Uma das situações onde os problemas da baixa variedade industrial aparecem de forma extremada é na produção de moradias em favelas e comunidades onde um contexto de alta complexidade, tanto morfológico quanto de organização social, dificulta o uso de ferramentas e processos convencionais de projeto e de construção. Neste contexto, a fabricação digital parece ser uma resposta tecnológica interessante por lidar com flexibilidade e soluções não padronizadas, especialmente se considerarmos a possibilidade de serem produzidas a baixo custo de forma caseira e terem seu uso compartilhado pela comunidade por meio de oficinas comunitárias. Estas possibilidades são avaliadas por meio de uma pesquisa-ação, constatando que o primeiro passo para a reversão de tal controle é promover o diálogo, entre as tecnologias de ponta e as tecnologias de base, e não a aplicação de uma sobre a outra. As oficinas comunitárias se mostraram como potenciais ferramentas para promover este diálogo entre diferentes conhecimentos que encontram-se hoje divididos em diferentes classes sociais.

The objective of this research is to utilize Taguchi methods to optimize material removal rate (MRR) during machining operation on CNC turning of aluminium samples. The material removal rate has been identified as the quality traits and... more

The objective of this research is to utilize Taguchi methods to optimize material removal rate (MRR) during machining operation on CNC turning of aluminium samples. The material removal rate has been identified as the quality traits and assumed to be directly linked to productivity. There are three important cutting parameters namely, cutting speed, feed rates and depth of cut, which has been considered during the machining of Aluminum alloy. The turning parameters can be determined by using Taguchi method for the optimization of MRR. An Orthogonal array has been selected and constructed to find the optimal levels and to analyze the effect of the turning parameters. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio has been calculated to construct the analysis of variance (ANOVA) table. The optimal results have been verified through conformation experiments with minimum number of trials as compared with full factorial design.

This study aims to determine the technique of making wooden masks with a 3-axis CNC Router machine and to compare the time and quality of the results of making masks manually. This research method uses cangkring wood, mahoni wood and pule... more

This study aims to determine the technique of making wooden masks with a 3-axis CNC Router machine and to compare the time and quality of the results of making masks manually. This research method uses cangkring wood, mahoni wood and pule wood. The design process with the help of the CorelDraw software, Aspire vectric. Manufacturing process with the mach-3 software. The machining process of a 3 Axis CNC Router with a variety of machining roughing and finishing with a variety of tool paths, step over, step down, spindle rotation, plugrate, feederate, and machining time. The results showed making wooden masks with a CNC Router machine has a faster time, uniform shape and size than manual making. Pule wood material provides a faster yield, smoother surface, and machineable than cangkring wood and mahoni wood. The machining time of the CNC router for making one wooden mask is 2 hours-20 minutes for cangkring wood, 3 hours-06 minutes for mahogany wood, and 2 hours-07 minutes for pule wood.

This paper suggests a typical scheme for substantially low cost machine upgrading with regard to research and manufacturing activities through the integration of mechanical, electronic and software technologies. Computer numerical... more

This paper suggests a typical scheme for substantially low cost machine upgrading with regard to research and manufacturing activities through the integration of mechanical, electronic and software technologies. Computer numerical controlled (CNC) multi-pass spinning process is considered state-of-the-art nowadays in critical applications such as aerospace and automotive industries but equipment cost is still an issue. For the sake of novelty, accuracy and repeatability of spun products, a conventional lathe machine has been converted into CNC spin-forming machine by retrofitting to generate automatic tool paths in two axes for multi-pass spinning. Actuators and sensors necessary to provide controlled motion of mechanical elements such as mandrel, roller, and holder are selected to cope with the requirements of this incremental metal forming process. A CNC controller is integrated to the system with software to generate the tool path and G-code required for producing cups using the retrofitted machine. Rotational speeds together with longitudinal and transverse axes movements are calibrated. Backlash in power screws is evaluated and considered in the displacement control. Different tool paths including involute path can be generated using the developed control system. The machine has been used successfully to produce cups with high processing speeds and superior surface quality to that reported in the available literature. Based on experimental investigation under lubricated condition, the geometrical and surface quality with productivity was improved and an optimum exists at 0.6 mm/rev. feed ratio, 200 RPM mandrel rotational speed, and seven spin-forming passes.

Heat is a form of energy, in which loss of energy is supplied by various means such as industrial waste, temperature, humidity and moisture of heat. It is efficient that remarkable and continuous efforts should be taken for recovery the... more

Heat is a form of energy, in which loss of energy is supplied by various means such as industrial waste, temperature, humidity and moisture of heat. It is efficient that remarkable and continuous efforts should be taken for recovery the waste heat so more heat is generated. So waste heat recovery from the control panel of CNC machine creating a great impact on the materials which produced in the industry. A trial has been used to recover waste heat from the control panel of CNC machine. Waste heat from the control panel used in various purpose such as industrial and domestic. The main aim of this research is to control the heat losses from the control panel and to improve the performance of CNC machine so that jobs should be in proper condition. So that there is minimum constructional value, maintenance and running cost used for industrial and domestic purpose. The overall temperature of control panel is13°C so that waste heat is determined and production of jobs quality is mentioning in these project thesis. The main motive to use the waste heat for improving the efficiency and overall heat is generated in control panel is determined for the production of jobs. Such that study is shown in that system where it is designed, constructed and other technical concepts.

Özet Bu araştırmada, yat mobilyası üretiminde CNC makinaların kullanım olanakları araştırılmıştır. Mobilya imalatında CNC makine kullanımı çok cazip görünmesine karşın ürüne özgü koşullar nedeniyle üretim aşamasında önemli sorunlar veya... more

Özet Bu araştırmada, yat mobilyası üretiminde CNC makinaların kullanım olanakları araştırılmıştır. Mobilya imalatında CNC makine kullanımı çok cazip görünmesine karşın ürüne özgü koşullar nedeniyle üretim aşamasında önemli sorunlar veya kısıtlar ortaya çıkarabilmektedir. İleri teknolojinin daha etkin kullanımı açısından bu sorun veya kısıtların bilinmesi önem taşımaktadır. Son yıllarda kullanımı artan lüks yat/gezi teknelerine özgü tasarım parametrelerine sahip özel mobilyalara olan talep de artmış ve üretim olanakları daha çok tartışılır hale gelmiştir. Türkiye'de yat imalatı yapan işletmelerin çoğunluğu küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmelerdir. Bu işletmelerde CNC makinesi kullanımı kalite ve görsel beklentiler açısından özel bir önem taşımaktadır. Araştırmada CNC makinesi kullanımı ve üretimde ortaya çıkan sorunların belirlenmesi amacıyla 23,4 metrelik bir tekneye ait mobilyaların üretimi ile incelenmiştir. Çalışmada yat mobilyası imalat süreci hakkında bilgilere yer verilirken, işletmelerde hâlihazırda geleneksel yöntem ve makinelerle üretilebilen özel mobilyalarda kalite standardı, üretim zamanı vb parametreler tartışılmıştır. Anahtar Kelime: CNC, mobilya, yat/tekne, üretim.

5-axis milling is widely used in machining of parts with free-form surfaces and complex geometries. Although in general 5-axis milling increases the process capability, it also brings additional challenges due to complex process geometry... more

5-axis milling is widely used in machining of parts with free-form surfaces and complex geometries. Although in general 5-axis milling increases the process capability, it also brings additional challenges due to complex process geometry and mechanics. In milling, cutting forces, tool deflections, and chatter vibrations may reduce part quality and productivity. By use of process simulations, the undesired results can be identified and overcome, and part quality and productivity can be increased. However, machining conditions and geometry, especially the tool–work engagement limits, are needed in process models which are used in these simulations. Due to the complexity of the process geometry and continuous variation of tool–work engagement, this information is not readily available for a complete 5-axis milling cycle. In this study, an analytical method is presented for the identification of these parameters from computer-aided manufacturing data. In this procedure, depths of cut, lead, and tilt angles, which determine the tool–workpiece engagement boundaries, are directly obtained the cutter location file analytically in a very fast manner. The proposed simulation approach is demonstrated on machining of parts with relatively complex geometries.

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is fairly a recent technique that uses a non consumable rotating welding tool to generate frictional heat and plastic deformation at the welding location while the material is in solid state. A specially... more

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is fairly a
recent technique that uses a non consumable rotating welding
tool to generate frictional heat and plastic deformation at the
welding location while the material is in solid state. A
specially customized Orbital Clamping Unit (OCU) was used
and fixed on the Bridgeport 2216 CNC milling machine in
order to weld an aluminium alloy 6063 pipe butt joint at
several welding parameters. The principal advantages are low
distortion, absence of melt related defects and high joint
strength. This paper will investigate the effect of welding
parameters on the tensile strength of joint produced by the
FSW process. Several good samples of pipes joint were
produced using the present experiment setting. The paper
focuses on process parameters that in required for producing
effective friction stir welding joint.
Keywords — Friction Stir welding, Al alloys,
Mechanical properties, 6063 aluminium alloy, Friction stir
welding.

Schwingungen im spanenden Bearbeitungsprozess können nicht vermieden werden. Allein die Rotation z. B. eines Fräswerkzeuges führt zu einer harmonischen Fremderregung der Werkzeugmaschine in der Drehfrequenz. Neben derartigen... more

Schwingungen im spanenden Bearbeitungsprozess können nicht vermieden werden. Allein die Rotation z. B. eines Fräswerkzeuges führt zu einer harmonischen Fremderregung der Werkzeugmaschine in der Drehfrequenz. Neben derartigen Fremderregungen sind auch selbsterregte Schwingungen – wie das klassische " Rattern " – eine große Herausforderung für produzierende Unternehmen. Hilfsmassendämpfer (HMD) sind eine Möglichkeit sowohl fremd-als auch selbsterregte Schwingungen zu reduzieren. Der meist einfache Aufbau eines HMD führt zu sehr geringen Kosten in der Umsetzung. Allerdings ist der passive HMD in der Regel nur auf eine einzige kritische Resonanzstelle abgestimmt. Verändert nun die Maschine ihre dynamischen Eigenschaften, beispielsweise infolge der kürzeren Auskragung des Z-Schiebers einer Portalmaschine oder eines Bohrwerkes, so kann der HMD nicht mehr seine optimale Wirkung entfalten. Der sogenannte Mehrmassendämpfer (MMD) setzt im Vergleich zum HMD mehrere, aufeinander abgestimmte Einzelmassen ein. Durch die Verteilung der Einzelmassen wird die Robustheit des Zusatzsystems bezüglich einer Veränderung oder Fehleinschätzung der dynamischen Eigenschaften der Maschine gesteigert, sodass der Wirkbereich und damit der Nutzen des Zusatzsystems effektiver und praxistauglicher wird. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellte Auslegung für MMDs nutzt anders als bisherige Ansätze die Finite Elemente Methode (FEM) zur physikalischen Berechnung des Schwingungsverhaltens der Maschine. Somit wird die Genauigkeit der Auslegung durch eine exaktere Approximation der Maschinenstruktur erhöht. Neben der Schwingungsamplitudenreduktion infolge einer Fremderregung wird in diesem Beitrag insbesondere auf die Stabilität des Bearbeitungsprozesses und damit auf selbsterregte Schwingungen (z. B. regeneratives Rattern) eingegangen. Mit der vorgestellten neuartigen Auslegungsmethode sollen selbsterregte Schwingungen nachhaltig vermieden werden.