Calves Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Review of welfare of all cattle.

- by
- •
- Animal Welfare, Cattle, Beef Cattle, Dairy Cattle

Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection of zoonotic character, which causes abortion, stillbirth, infertility and milk yield losses and is very important for livestock economically. In this study was aimed to diagnose and compare the abortion cases with leptospirosis in ruminants coming to Pendik Veterinary Control Institute from the provinces and districts of Marmara region between 2013-2018 by immunohistochemical (IHC) and Levaditi methods and to compare with histopathological findings. A total of 1252 aborted fetuses; 750 lambs, 218 kids and 284 calves from 12 different provinces were used as materials. After the necropsies of the fetuses, the samples taken from the internal organs were routinely followed and stained with hematoxylin eosin. In addition, leptospira agents were searched by IHC and Levaditi methods from kidneys, liver and lungs.In the study, macroscopically, some fetuses showed subcutaneous edema and fluid accumulation in body cavities, icterus and miliary necrosis foci in the liver, but most had autolytic changes. Microscopic examination revealed periaciner necrosis in liver and necrosis and hyaline cylinders in renal tubules. Positive staining was observed in 160 of 1252 fetus samples in IHC staining and Levaditi staining of IHC positive samples revealed 108 positive staining. Levaditi staining method was used to determine the agent only in kidney tissue, but not in the liver and lung. However, positive results were obtained in liver, kidney and lung by IHC method. As a result, the abortion rate of leptospirosis in ruminants was determined as 12,77% in Marmara region of Turkey. In the diagnosis of leptospirosis, IHC method is more sensitive than Levaditi staining method. As a result of this study, it has been shown that leptospirosis has an important place in abortions in ruminants in Marmara Region of Turkey and it is concluded that raising awareness about the disease and vaccination will be very effective in combating the disease.

- by Fatih Hatipoglu
- •
- Pathology, Immunohistochemistry, Abortion, Zoonosis

Background and Aim
The study was conducted at Dida Tuyura Cattle Breeding and Improvement Ranch in Borana zone, southern Ethiopia, with the aims of determining the mortality rate of Ethiopian Boran calves and assessment of the reproductive performance of heifers and cows.
Materials and Methods
The study was based on the retrospective record of calves, heifers, and cows. The data was taken from 1994-2010 on the calf survival rate and 1994-2005 on reproductive performance of the breed in the ranch were used for this study. The retrospective data collected over the years were used to identify factors associated with calf survival or death.
Results
The mortality rate of calves before weaning and after weaning was 13.3% and 11.2%, respectively. Age, sex and birth weight of calf had a significant effect on survival rate. The overall mean values age at first service, age at first calving, calving interval, days open and gestation length were 42.52, 51.67, 20.67, 11.30 and 9.30 months, respectively. Parity had a significant effect on both the calving interval and days open. Gestation length was not significantly affected by parity, sex, and birth weight of calf.
Conclusion
From the present study, it can be concluded that the obtained calf survival rate and reproductive performance are not sufficient to achieve the established objective of the ranch.

- by Veterinary Medicine – Open Journal
- •
- Ethiopia, Survival Rate, Cows, Heifers

This study was performed to investigate the recurrence of the umbilical hernia in bovine calves at Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. A total of 34 animals were admitted to VTH diagnosed to have the umbilical hernia, among them 13 were recurrent cases. The diagnosis of umbilical hernia was based on the disease history, clinical signs, palpation, needle
exploration, and auscultation. The risk factors like age, sex, breed, body weight, the season of affection, size of the hernial ring, suture materials, error in suture patterns and involvement of infections in the recurrence were considered. Infected samples were collected from recurrent patients with infected umbilicus region, and subjected to bacteriological analysis. We found the recurrence percentage was higher in the crossbred (44%) than that in the indigenous (22.22%) calves. It was also observed that
recurrence percentage was higher in male (42.11%) than those in female (33.33%) patients. The recurrence percentage was also higher in calves aged below three months (40.74%) than the calves of above three months (28.57%). It was found that recurrence percentage was most frequent in summer (46.15%) and the least in the winter (30%). Among 13 recurrent bovine calves after herniorrhaphy, three calves returned to VTH with umbilical abscess, six calves recurred due to non-infectious causes like failure of suture materials, errors in suture pattern or management fault and 4 calves recurred with both umbilical abscess and non-infectious causes. From this study, it may be concluded that synthetic absorbable suture materials with secured suture pattern and good postoperative management may help in reducing the recurrence of an umbilical hernia.

- by Pravin Mishra
- •
- Herniorrhaphy, Micriobiology, Investigation, Bovine

This study was carried out between March and April, 2007 to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in calves.
The study was performed in 30 farms of 12 different localities of Erzurum and vicinity. The fecal samples were taken directly from the
rectums of calves which were no more than three months old. The samples were centrifuged and examined under microscope by using
the modified acid-fast technique. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was found to be 22.8% (43/189). The rate of infection was
30.3% (36/119) in calves with diarrhea and 10% (7/70) in healthy calves. The prevalence of the protozoan was 91.7% (11/12) and 53.3%
(16/30) in localities and farms respectively. The prevalence was 17.3% (18/104) in state farms and 29.4% in village farms. During the
research period, the presence of Cryptosporidiosis was suspected in 16 calves on two different farms. Fourteen of 16 calves (87.5%)
were found to be infected with Cryptosporidium spp.

- by Mükremin Özkan ARSLAN
- •
- Cryptosporidium, Calves, Cryptosporidiosis
- by Herman W Barkema and +1
- •
- Respiratory Medicine, Veterinary Medicine, Infectious disease epidemiology, Veterinary Epidemiology

This study describes the ultrasonographic findings of the urinary tract of buffalo calves suffered from urine retention. In this study, 25 male buffalo calves with urine retention and 8 apparently clinically healthy male buffalo calves were used. All calves were subjected to thorough clinical and ultrasonographic examinations. Based on the clinical findings, the diseased calves were classified into four groups. The first group included 8 calves with severe abdominal pain and absence of urine outflow, second group included 5 calves with mild abdominal pain and absence of urine outflow, third one included 8 calves with absence of both pain reactions and urine outflow and finally, fourth group included 4 calves with severe abdominal pain and dribbling of bloody urine. Both transcutaneous and transrectal ultrasonographic examinations were carried out by using 3.5-5.0 MHz convex and 6-8 MHz linear transducers. Ultrasonographic examination revealed distended urinary bladder in first, second and fourth groups. In third group, the urinary bladder was ruptured with anechoic to hypoechoic fluid accumulated in the abdomen. In the second group, the anechoic urine was present inside and outside the urinary bladder. Hydronephrosis of variable degrees was detected in all diseased calves. Moreover, urethral calculi could be detected in 4 calves at 3rd group. Renal calculi were seen in a calf at 4th group. Both renal and urethral calculi appeared as hyperechogenic dots with acoustic shadowing. In conclusion, ultrasonography may be considered a diagnostic and prognostic tool for urine retention in buffalo calves.

- by Ashraf M Abu-Seida
- •
- Urolithiasis, Buffalo, Calves
- by Puspaning Utami
- •
- Pharmacology, Microbiology, Pharmacy, Amoxicillin

Objectives. To research parental behavior and measure the weight of Nelore and Guzerat calves up to 120 days of age, collecting data from birth up to the first lactation. Materials and methods. Seven different corporal positions were considered to obtain specific data for each of the following categories: time to stand (TP), time to intend to feed after standing (TPTM), weight at birth (PN), weight at 120 days (P120), and time in contact with the calf (TCC). Additionally, independent variables were also evaluated, organized by class: weight at birth (CPN), number of calvings (CNP), order of calving in relation with the herd (CLPR), time of calving (CHP), and finally, hindering to feed (CTAT). Results. There was a significant result in favor of the Nelore race over the Guzerat race. The statistical averages for Nelore and Guzerat were: Time to stand averaged 71 and 153 minutes; time to intend to feed after standing, 39 minutes for Nelore and of 114 minutes for Guzerat. For variable weight at 120 days, Nelore reached an average of 122 kg, and Guzerat 109 kg. For the time in contact with the calf variable there was no significant variance between races. Conclusions. Results showed the superiority of the Nelore race, considering it better adapted to local environmental conditions.

The objective of this study was to assess cortisol and behaviour changes in calves hot-iron disbudded after different analgesic protocols with carprofen. We assessed the response of calves (n=27) at 1, 3, 6 and 24 hours after disbudding with local anaesthesia (DA), local anaesthesia plus carprofen (DAC), disbudded only (D) or sham-disbudded (ND). Immediately after the procedure, pain-related behaviours were more frequent in D than in any other group. At 1 h cortisol was higher in D compared with all other groups. At 3 h ND showed lower cortisol than all other groups but these did not differ from their own baseline levels. At 1 h D showed more head-shakes, ear-flicks and head-rubs than all other groups. Groups D (3 h) and DA (3 and 6 h) showed more ear-flicks and head-rubs compared with DAC and ND. Head-rubbing, head-shaking and ear-flicking are useful behaviours for evaluating pain but quick transition from standing to lying is not a reliable behaviour to assess pain after hot-iron disbudding. In conclusion, hot-iron disbudding causes pain in calves for at least 3 hours and only the association of local anaesthesia with carprofen efficiently controls pain for 24 hours.

- by Donald M Broom and +1
- •
- Animal Welfare, Pain Assessment, Analgesia, Calves
- by A K M Anisur Rahman
- •
- Veterinary Medicine, Mortality, Retrospective Study, Calves

Aim: The research aimed to determine the impact of synbiotic: 6 g of prebiotic inulin and 5 g of probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 1026 on calves' productivity and greenhouse gas (GHG) production. Materials and Methods: The research was conducted with 10 Holstein Friesian and Red Holstein (Bos taurus L.) crossbreed calves of mean age 33±6 days and initial body weight 73.4±12.75 kg. We added the synbiotic into the diet of five dairy crossbreed calves (SynG) and five calves in control group (CoG) received non-supplemented diet. The duration of the experiment was 56 days. The weight of calves and amount of methane (CH 4) and carbon dioxide (CO 2) in the rumen were determined on day 1, 28, and 56. On day 56, three calves from each group were slaughtered. Meat samples were assessed for some indicators of meat quality. The main methanogens were detected in the rumen fluid and feces. Results: The weight gain during the whole experiment period of 56 days was higher in the SynG (62.6±13.75 kg) compared to CoG (36.8±7.98 kg) calves (p<0.01). There were no significant differences in the levels of protein (%), fat (unsaturated and saturated-%), and cholesterol (mg/100 g) in meat samples from both groups. At the end of the experiment, the amount of CH 4 in calves' rumen in CoG was higher (Me=792.06 mg/m 3 , interquartile range [IQR] 755.06-873.59) compared to SynG (Me=675.41 mg/m 3 , IQR 653.46-700.50) group (p<0.01). The values for CO 2 were also increased in CoG (Me=4251.28 mg/m 3 , IQR 4045.58-4426.25) compared to SynG (Me=3266.06 mg/m 3 , IQR 1358.98-4584.91) group (p=0.001). There were no significant differences in the calves' weight and certain methanogen species in rumen liquid and feces on the 56 th day of the experiment. Significantly higher results in the parameter total prokaryotes (V3) (bacteria+archaea) in rumen fluid were in SynG, whereas significantly higher results in the parameter total methanogens Met630/803 in rumen fluid were in CoG, p<0.05. Conclusion: The main results showed that the synbiotic can increase the daily weight gain in calves and decrease the amount of GHG in rumen but does not impact different methanogen species in rumen liquid and feces and meat protein, fat, and cholesterol levels.

- by Veterinary World and +1
- •
- Animal Nutrition, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Nutrición animal, Greenhouse gases

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a great financial issue in cattle husbandry, particularly in young and feedlot animals throughout the world. This study was planned to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of S.aureus and P. aeruginosa strains causing respiratory disorders in calves, a total of 100 samples were collected from pneumonic calves at private farms in sharkia province, Arab Republic of Egypt. Various specimens were subjected to microbiological examination where prevalence of S.aureus was 13% and the prevalence of P.aeruginosa was 6%. The isolated strains were subjected to the antibiotic sensitivity test. The results revealed that the isolated S.aureus strains were sensitive to gentamicin, enrofloxacin (95%) and erythromycin (85%). The isolated P.aeruginosa strains were highly sensitive to enrofloxacin, norfloxacin (95%) and gentamicin (90%) and highly resistant to erythromycin (100%) and ampicillin (90%). Briefly, S.aureus and P.aeruginosa are predominant bacterial pathogens incriminated in respiratory disease in calves. In addition, the continuous application of antibacterial susceptibility testing is essential for selection of the most effective antibiotics.

- by fatma M O H A M E D yousseff
- •
- Calves, Rspiratory Diseases

The objective of this study was to determine the subtypes of Cryptosporidium parvum in cattle in Kars province of Turkey. Cryptosporidium parvum isolates (from 10 calves and 3 cows) were obtained from the samples positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts with a saline flotation method. Genomic DNA was obtained by DNA extraction (DNA Stool Kit). 18S rRNA gene amplification was performed by primary and secondary PCR techniques. The secondary PCR product was subjected to RFLP analyses using restriction enzymes SspI, VspI and MboII. GP60 gene amplifications were done in C. parvum fecal isolates and secondary PCR products were obtained. PCR products were purified by agarose gel DNA extraction kit and then sequence analysis was performed. As a result, Cryptosporidium parvum IIa (12/13), IId (1/13) subtype family and IIaA15G2R1 (10/13), IIaA16G3R1 (2/13), IIdA15G1 (1/13) subtypes/subgenotypes were identified in cattle. Cryptosporidium parvum IIaA15G2R1 (9/10) and IIaA16G3R1 (1/10) were determined in calves. Cryptosporidium parvum IIaA16G3R1 (2/3) and IIdA15G1 (1/3) were determined in cows. The subtype family of C. parvum IIa (8/8) and subtype of C. parvum IIaA15G2R1 (7/8) were common in diarrhoeic calves. This result shows that calves carry potential risk factors for humans in the region due to zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp. Cryptosporidium parvum subtypes were determined and reported for the first time in Turkey in this article.

- by Mükremin Özkan ARSLAN
- •
- Calves, Cryptosporidium parvum

Between March and April, 2007, this study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Toxocara vitulorum calves of dairy farms of Erzurum province. The study was performed in 30 farms of 12 different localities. The fecal samples were taken directly from the rectums of clinically ill or healthy 189 calves which were no more than three months old. The samples were examined under microscope following centrifugal zinc sulphate flotation. The prevalence in feces was found to be 1.1% (2/189) for T. vitulorum in calves. These two infected calves were 2 months old and they were males. One of them was from a state farm. The other one was from a farm of villager. The prevalence was 1.7 (2/119) in calves with diarrhea. The prevalence was 2.7% (2/74) regarding age groups of 1-2 month old calves. In the feces of two infected calves, no other helminth eggs or Cryptosporidium spp. were not seen. The feces of an infected calf had also Eimeria bovis oocyst. Regarding localities, the prevalence was 16.7% (2/12), and regarding to the farm, the prevalence was 6.7% (1/30).

- by Mükremin Özkan ARSLAN and +1
- •
- Calves, Toxocara, Toxocara vitulorum

Objective. To determine whether short term supplemantation at two levels (1 or 2 g/kg) of clinoptilolite (CLNP) in the colostrum of dairy calves had any effect on total weight gain (TWG) and mean daily gain of weight (mdwg). Materials and methods. A total of 24 clinically healthy calves without diarrhea were assigned in a subset of three major groups of calves were studied: group I (n=8) received colostrum with clnp at the rate of 1/kg started immediately following calving at 12 and 24 hours, for a total of 2 doses. Group II consisted of calves (n=8) receiving colostrum with clnp at the rate of 2/kg within the same interval as the first experimental group. The last group III, which served as control, received solely colostrum. Results. Group had significant effect on weight (kg) of Holstein calves [twg (mean±SE)-control: 12.66±0.349, group I: 14.73±0.414, group II: 14.19±0.468, p<0.01; mdwg (mean±SE)-control: 0.338±0.0155, group I: 0.396±0.0189, group II: 0.397±0.0196, p<0.05]. There was a significant difference observed for twg (p<0.01) and mdwg (p<0.05) among control group and both clnp treatment groups. Conclusions. The results showed that the addition of both levels of clinoptilolite administration via colostrum appeared to enhance twg and mdwg in newborn calves without having any observable adverse effect.

- by Revista MVZ Córdoba
- •
- Health, Efficacy, Weight, Clinoptilolite

Current Johne's disease control programs primarily focus on decreasing transmission of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) from infectious adult cows to susceptible calves. However, potential transmission between calves is largely overlooked. The objective was to determine the extent of MAP infection in calves contact-exposed to infectious penmates. Thirty-two newborn Holstein–Friesian calves were grouped into 7 experimental groups of 4, consisting of 2 inoculated (IN) calves, and 2 contact-exposed (CE) calves, and 1 control pen with 4 non-exposed calves. Calves were group housed for 3 months, with fecal samples were collected 3 times per week, blood and environmental samples weekly, and tissue samples at the end of the trial. The IN calves exited the trial after 3 months of group housing, whereas CE calves were individually housed for an additional 3 months before euthanasia. Control calves were group-housed for the entire trial. All CE and IN calves had MAP-positive fecal samples during the period of group housing; however, fecal shedding had ceased at time of individual housing. All IN calves had MAP-positive tissue samples at necropsy, and 7 (50%) of the CE had positive tissue samples. None of the calves had a humoral immune response, whereas INF-γ responses were detected in all IN calves and 5 (36%) CE calves. In conclusion, new MAP infections occurred due to exposure of infectious penmates to contact calves. Therefore, calf-to-calf transmission is a potential route of uncontrolled transmission on cattle farms.

- by Herman W Barkema and +2
- •
- Veterinary Medicine, Infectious disease epidemiology, Dairy Science, Veterinary Epidemiology

The important clinical cases of calves at age ranged between one day to (90-100) days, were recorded in Gusaiba’s dairy cattle station during 2001.Diarrhea represented high percentage of clinical cases 50% then Omphalitis 28% and finally respiratory clinical cases of 22%. The high percentage of diarrheic cases occur in August 16% and lower percentage of prevalence in January 2%.High percentage of omphalitis recorded in March and July 21.4% while lowest percentage was in January 7.1% and no clinical cases recorded in February , April ,May ,November and December. The respiratory clinical cases were recorded high percentage in August 18.1% and the lowest percentage recorded in May ,June and October 9% and no any respiratory cases recorded in January, September and December .The deaths that recorded were due to diarrhea at percentage 16.6%, and No deaths recorded due to Omphalitis and respiratory cases. Umbilical hernia and abscess were recorded with Omphalitis as secondary complication 42.8%.

- by mohsen A alrodhan
- •
- Dairy Cattle, Calves
- by Jiregna Dugassa
- •
- Ethiopia, Survival Rate, Cows, Heifers

يعد الجاموس المصري من أهم الحيوانات في مصر وذلك لقيمة ألبانها الغذائية ولكونها الحيوان الذي يحتل المكانة الثانية وذلك للاستفادة منه لإنتاج اللحوم البتلو0وفي العقد الأخير زادت التوجهات لزيادة إنتاجية الجاموس المصري عن طريق تحسين الكفاءة التناسلية وتعد العجول الصغيرة هي الصانعة للثروة الحيوانية في المستقبل ومن ثم فقد أصبح الاهتمام بها من أهم اولويات القطاع الإنتاجي في مصر0
وقد تم إجراء هذه الرسالة علي عدد (76) من العجول الجاموس المصري منها عدد (56) تظهر عليها أعراض ضعف النمو و (20) منها سليمة كمجموعة ضابطة0
وبالرجوع إلي دراسة وبائية المرض بالمشاركة في مكان الدراسة فقد حصل الجاموس علي المركز الثاني في معدلات التربية كما احتلت العجول الأقل من عمر سنتين علي المكانة الأولي في مكان التربية وقد وجد إن الإسهال هو أهم الحالات المرضية التي تصيب العجول في هذة المنطقة بينما احتل ضعف النمو المركز الرابع ويعد أهم سبب للوفيات في العجول وقد وجد ان العجول ذوات العمر من 12-18شهر هي الأكثر إصابة بالمرض ويعد عام 2007 هو العام الذي تزايدت فيه الأعداد بغزارة
وقد ظهرت الأعراض المرضية في شكل فقدان في الشعر وفشل في زيادة الوزن وفقدان في الوزن وتغيرات سلوكية وحك الأسنان والرقود وفي بعض الأحيان حمي وقد كانت معدلات الوفيات حوالي 8/ 50 وقد أتضح أن المستوي التعليمي للفلاحين في هذة المنطقة متدني وذلك بسبب الظروف الاقتصادية في التربية المنزلية والمزارع الصغيرة وتعد الالتهابات الرئوية والطفيليات الخارجية هي أهم إصابات المزارع ويعد استدعاء أعوان المهنة هو السائد في علاج الحيوانات المصابة في المنطقة كما وجد انتشار الديدان الاسطوانية والمفلطحة في تلك المنطقة0
وبالنسبة للتربة فقد وجدت علاقة طردية بين نوعي التربة الرملية والطينية وضعف النمو و بدراسة العوامل المؤثرة علي المرض فقد وجدت علاقة طردية بين المرض والفصول المناخية خاصة الشتاء وكذلك الجنس والعمر والطفيليات الخارجية واكل الصويا والبرسيم ونوع الأرضية تحت الحيوان إما إسفلتية أو رملية وكذلك فقدان الأم والتلوث البيئي واستخدام طاردات الديدان والطفيليات الداخلية والتزاحم الشديد في العنابر وكذلك الإسهال والتعرض للتسمم وعوامل الخطر مثل الكلاب والرقاد والتربة 0
وقد وجدت علاقة بين مستويات الزنك والنحاس والحديد والكرياتينين والماغنسيوم والكالسيوم والسلينيوم ولم توجد علاقة بين نقص الفسفور والمرض0
وقد خلصت الرسالة إلي:
أولا: دراسة أمراض سوء التغذية باستخدام وبائية المرض بالمشاركة يعد من أفضل طرق الدراسة 0
ثانيا: إن دراسة العوامل المؤثرة علي ضعف النمو قد أعطت صورة واضحة عن كيفية حدوث المرض0
ثالثا: إن دراسة طبيعة التربة قد أعطت صورة واضحة عن علاقة التربة بمشاكل ضعف النمو0
رابعا: إلقاء الضوء علي علاقة التغيرات المناخية بحدوث الأمراض يعد من الأهداف العالمية حاليا
خامسا: قياس نسب الكالسيوم والماغنسيوم والحديد والنحاس والفسفور والزنك قد تعتبر من دلائل حدوث ضعف النمو في عجول الجاموس
سادسا:هناك مؤشرات لوجود علاقة بين الفشل الكلوي وضعف النمو في عجول الجاموس مما يستدعي دراسة وافية مستقبلية
سابعا: إن استخدام التكنولوجيات الحديثة يعد من خصائص هذا العصر والتي يجب الاعتماد عليها في الدراسات اللاحقة0
رؤوس الموضوعات ذات الصلة ( لاتزيد عن 10 ) :
عجول الجاموس المصرية- ضعف النمو- الوبائية بالمشاركة- تحليل التربة- المناخ- الفشل الكلوي

- by waleed elamaim
- •
- Epidemiology, Veterinary Epidemiology, Buffalo, Calves
- by Tujuba Jergefa
- •
- Ethiopia, Survival Rate, Cows, Heifers

Many studies on stress and pain rely, solely or mainly, on plasma cortisol assessment. Confounding factors, such as handling, may cause a release of cortisol making the interpretation of the results difficult. We looked at the influence of duration of restraint on the plasma cortisol levels of one-to-two month old calves. Forty-three calves were divided into four groups according to the interval between restraint and blood sampling: i) Group 0, immediate blood-sampling; ii) Group 0.5M, half a minute restraint; iii) Group 1M, one minute restraint and iv) Group 2M, two minutes restraint. The only increase in plasma cortisol, compared with all the other groups, was seen with blood sampling after two minutes of restraint. This study provides evidence to suggest that cortisol released as a result of handling stress is not evident if blood sampling is carried out within one minute of restraining calves.

- by Donald M Broom and +1
- •
- Stress, Animal Welfare, Cortisol, Calves

We looked at the effects of local anaesthesia with or without a non-steroidal-antiinflammatory analgesic drug (flunixin-meglumine) on behaviour and plasma cortisol after caustic paste disbudding of 1-month-old calves: at 15 min, 1, 3, 6 and 24 h (Experiment 1; n = 32); at 10, 30 and 50 min (Experiment 2; n = 35); and after local anaesthesia effect subsided (90–180 min) (Experiment 3; n = 16). In Experiment 1, cortisol was higher at 1 h in paste-disbudded calves than in all other groups. Paste-disbudded and paste-disbudded plus local anaesthesia calves showed higher cortisol at 1 h compared with baseline values. At 15 min paste-disbudded calves showed a higher incidence of pain-related behaviours than all other groups and those with anaesthetic or anaesthetic plus analgesia showed more pain-related behaviours than controls. At 1 and 3 h both paste-disbudded and paste-disbudded plus anaesthetic calves showed more pain behaviours than controls and those with analgesic. In Experiment 2, paste-disbudded calves showed higher cortisol than all other groups at 30 and 50 min. No difference in cortisol was found between anaesthetic, anaesthetic plus analgesia and sham-disbudded calves. The incidence of pain-related behaviours was greater in paste-disbudded calves than in all other groups at all times. Calves disbudded with anaesthetic or with anaesthetic and analgesic showed more pain-related behaviours than sham-disbudded animals during the first 10 min post-procedure. In Experiment 3, paste-disbudded only calves had higher cortisol at 90 min and the anaesthetic-only group had higher cortisol at 180 min, when compared with control animals. Paste-disbudded calves showed more pain-related behaviours at 90, 120 and 150 min, and the anaesthetic-only disbudded calves at 180 min, when compared with sham-disbudded calves. In Experiment 1 and Experiment 3, several disbudded animals showed an ''inert-lying'' posture and this state may have reduced the display of the other more active behaviours. The evidence indicates that caustic paste disbudding causes distress for at least 3 h and that local anaesthesia is efficient in controlling pain for the first hour but discomfort returns after the nerve blocking subsides. Overall, only local anaesthesia + NSAID provided effective reduction in pain as assessed by this method. Inert lying is a sign of distress in young calves after caustic paste disbudding.

- by Donald M Broom and +1
- •
- Animal Welfare, Assessment of pain, Anaesthesia, Analgesia

- by George Stilwell
- •
- Zoology, Animal Welfare, Animal Production, Cortisol

- by Maksims Zolovs
- •
- Animal Nutrition, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Nutrición animal, Greenhouse gases

Probiotic characteristics of isolated native strains from zebu cattle were evaluated and molecular identification of one of these strains was performed to consider their subsequent application as microbial additives for bovine feeding. Manure samples were collected from growing zebu calves. Bacteria and yeasts were isolated and the probiotic capacity of these strains was determined by means of tests such as; resistance to bile salts (0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.3 %), resistance to acid pH (pH 3, 4, 5.6, 7) tolerance to NaCl (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 %), antagonistic activity (Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli), gas production from glucose, and growth at different temperatures (37 and 40°C). Preliminary identification of the strains was performed by techniques such as: Gram staining, endospore staining (Wirtz method), catalase and oxidase test. One of the strains that exceeded the probiotic probes was selected for its identification employing molecular methods and the phylogenetic analysis was performed using the NCBI Reference Sequence (RefSeq) database. The trials were organized in a Completely Randomized Design, whose results obtained in triplicate were systematized in the Statgraphics Centurion XVI software and the effect of the different treatments was analyzed statistically through an analysis of variance. 10 native strains were isolated, identifying Bacillus toyonensi molecularly. This research represents the first molecular report of B. toyonensis in manure from growing zebu calves in the Sucre Department, which has been widely used as a probiotic in animal nutrition.

- by revista colombiana de biotecnologia and +1
- •
- Probiotics, Bovinos, Strain, Calves
- by Donald M Broom
- •
- Animal Welfare, Pigs, Calves, Stereotypies
- by Donald M Broom
- •
- Animal Welfare, Behaviour and Welfare of Veal Calves, Calves, Stereotypies

In order to investigate clinical and biochemical parameters in calves with bovine respiratory disease (BRD), twenty-five
Holstein calves with clinical picture of BRD were selected to this investigation. Ten clinically healthy calves were selected
as a control group. Blood, nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage were obtained from all calves under investigation. Complete
blood parameters picture were investigated. Serum total protein, albumin, Triglyceride (TAG), High Density Lipoprotein
cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), Total cholesterol, Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT),
Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST), and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) were examined. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP)
was estimated in all calves under investigation. Bacteriological examination showed Pasteurella spp in 18 calves and Escherichia
coli in seven calves. The laboratory results revealed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in the levels of white blood cells and
neutrophilia in calves with pneumonia when compared with control groups. Moreover, there was a significant (P ≤ 0.05)
increase in the values of TAG, VLDL-c, LDL-c, ALT, AST, ALP and AGP with significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in the levels
of total protein, albumin, cholesterol, HDL-c in calves with BRD when compared with control ones. From the present
study, it could be concluded that AGP and lipoprotein profile could be used as diagnostic markers for BRD in calves.
Keywords: Calves; Pneumonia; Alpha-1-acid Glycoprotein; Lipid Profile.