Coupling Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Dans la plupart des pays occidentaux, la constitution de la relation de couple, puis de la « famille conjugale », est désormais le produit de l’amour entre deux personnes. À partir d’une enquête par entretien, cet article se propose d’explorer les ressorts de cet engagement amoureux. Au travers de l’analyse diachronique des histoires d’amour énoncées par les acteurs sociaux, puis de leur attachement à l’exclusivité sexuelle et pour finir, de l’influence de la culture romantique, nous défendrons l’idée selon laquelle la relation d’amour naissante procède de logiques dramaturgiques.

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- Dramaturgy, Gender and Sexuality, Theories of Love, Coupling
- by Philippe Conraux
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- Engineering, Finite Element Methods, Finite element method, Finite Elements

Background-The anisotropy of cardiac tissue is a key determinant of 3D electric propagation and the stability of activation wave fronts in the heart. The electric properties of ventricular myocardium are widely assumed to be axially anisotropic, with activation propagating most rapidly in the myofiber direction and at uniform velocity transverse to this. We present new experimental evidence that contradicts this view. Methods and Results-For the first time, high-density intramural electric mapping (325 electrodes at Ϸ4ϫ4ϫ1-mm spacing) from pig left ventricular tissue was used to reconstruct 3D paced activation surfaces projected directly onto 3D tissue structure imaged throughout the same left ventricular volume. These data from 5 hearts demonstrate that ventricular tissue is electrically orthotropic with 3 distinct propagation directions that coincide with local microstructural axes defined by the laminar arrangement of ventricular myocytes. The maximum conduction velocity of 0.67Ϯ0.019 ms Ϫ1 was aligned with the myofiber axis. However, transverse to this, the maximum conduction velocity was 0.30Ϯ0.010 ms Ϫ1 , parallel to the myocyte layers and 0.17Ϯ0.004 ms Ϫ1 normal to them. These orthotropic conduction velocities give rise to preferential activation pathways across the left ventricular free wall that are not captured by structurally detailed computer models, which incorporate axially anisotropic electric properties. Conclusions-Our findings suggest that current views on uniform side-to-side electric coupling in the heart need to be revised. In particular, nonuniform laminar myocardial architecture and associated electric orthotropy should be included in future models of initiation and maintenance of ventricular arrhythmia. (Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol. 2009;2:433-440.)

- by Bryan Caldwell
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- Cartography, Structure, Density, Stability

The coupling of flexible structures to incompressible fluids draws a lot of attention during the last decade. Many different solution schemes have been proposed. In this contribution, we concentrate on the strong coupling fluid-structure interaction by means of monolithic solution schemes. Therein, a Newton-Krylov method is applied to the monolithic set of nonlinear equations. Such schemes require good preconditioning to be efficient. We propose two preconditioners that apply algebraic multigrid techniques to the entire fluid-structure interaction system of equations. The first is based on a standard block Gauss-Seidel approach, where approximate inverses of the individual field blocks are based on a algebraic multigrid hierarchy tailored for the type of the underlying physical problem. The second is based on a monolithic coarsening scheme for the coupled system that makes use of prolongation and restriction projections constructed for the individual fields. The resulting nonsymmetric monolithic algebraic multigrid method therefore involves coupling of the fields on coarse approximations to the problem yielding significantly enhanced performance.

- by Wolfgang A. Wall
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- Engineering, Mathematics, Modeling, Vibration

Inversions of borehole temperature profiles that reconstruct past ground surface temperature (GST) changes have been used to estimate historical changes in surface air temperature (SAT). Paleoclimatic interpretations of GST reconstructions are based on the assumption that GST and SAT changes are closely coupled over decades, centuries, and longer. This assumption has been the subject of some debate because of known differences between GST and SAT at timescales of hours, days, seasons, and years. We investigate GST and SAT relationships on daily, seasonal, and annual timescales to identify and characterize the principal meteorological changes that lead to short-term differences between GST and SAT and consider the effects of those differences on coupling between the two temperatures over much longer time periods. We use observational SAT and subsurface data from Fargo, North Dakota; Prague, Czech Republic; Cape Henlopen State Park, Delaware; and Cape Hatteras National Seashore, North Carolina. These records comprise intradaily observations that span parts of one or two decades. We compare subsurface temperature observations to calculations from a conductive subsurface model driven with daily SAT as the surface boundary condition and show that daily differences exist between observed and modeled subsurface temperatures. We also analyze year-to-year spectral decompositions of daily SAT and subsurface temperature time series and show that dissimilarities between mean annual GST and SAT are attributable to differences in annual amplitudes of the two temperature signals. The seasonal partitioning of these amplitude differences varies from year to year and from site to site, responding to variable evapotranspiration and cryogenic effects. Variable yearto-year differences between mean annual GST and SAT are closely estimated using results from a multivariate regression model that associates the partial influences of seasonal meteorological conditions with the attenuation of annual GST amplitudes.

- by Milan Krešl
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- Environmental Science, Climate Change, Interpretation, Czech Republic

Synthetic approaches to gabapentin bioconjugates that overcome the tendency of gabapentin to cyclize into its c-lactam are studied. Gabapentin was converted by N-acylation at its N-terminus into di-, tri-, and tetrapeptides (L-Ala-Gbp, L-Val-Gbp, L-Ala-L-Phe-Gbp, Gly-L-Ala-b-Ala-Gbp). Carboxyl-activated Boc-protected gabapentin was used to N-, O-, and S-acylate small peptides and hormones to give conjugates that could also provide prodrugs containing conformationally constrained gabapentin units. (A.R. Katritzky). NH O 1 2a O OH H 2 N Scheme 1. Intramolecular cyclization of gabapentin (Gbp) into 2-azaspiro[4,5]decan-3-one 2a.

In the present work, we report the inicrostructural and mechanical properties of
failed coupling wit/i an airlock in a flour ini!!. The coupling n’hich was made 01
alumniniuni alloy is used to transmit torque froimi the electric motor to an airlock used
on (1 flour miiill production line. The tracture that occurred at the root of the teeth of
tim e coupling wa in i ‘estigated using i ‘arious tests and ana lys is. The tests includes.
miiacro examination, micro—structural examination, composition analysis, hardness
and tensile test were employed for this ¡11H stigation. From the tests carried out, it was
observed from tue macro examination that the coupling undergoes a brittle failure.
Howe ver, composition analysis revealed a relative/v high weight composition of
aluminium (87.5 wt. %) suggesting that the coupling was made of alumnimiiumn based
alloy. The significant presence of Cu and Zn at 2.77 ii’t. % and 1.03 wi. % respectively
indicates that the alloying elements were mainly of copper and zinc. The tensile test
result revealed that the immaterial lias an ultimate tensile strength of 1 78 N/mm2 ii’h ic/i
is comparatively lower than most aluminium alloys. This might be as a result of the
high Si comilpositiomi of 7.24 wt. % obseri’edtroiii the ciiemiiüil comnpositiomial analvsis.
The hardness result showed the Brine/I hardness of the fractured saliij)leS as 76.53
BHN. The mnicrostructure of time coupling at three different sections gave threeMicrostructural and Mechanical Properties of Failed Coupling with An Airlock In A Flour Mill
http://www.iaeme.com/ IJMET/index.asp 796 editor@iaeme.com
different micrographs, further proving uneven distribution of the aluminium alloy
element. Thus, the presence of Si at relatively high percentage, often intended to
increase the strength, wear resistance and weldability may be detrimental to the
coupling ductility and tensile strength and may have contributed to the early fracture
of the coupling.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Microstructure, Failure Analysis, Mechanical properties, Coupling

The grouping of correlated classes into a package helps in better organization of modern object-oriented software. The quality of such packages needs to be measured so as to estimate their utilization. In this paper, new package coupling metrics are proposed, which also take into consideration the hierarchical structure of packages and direction of connections among package elements. The proposed measures have been validated theoretically as well as empirically using 18 packages taken from two open source software systems. The results obtained from this study show strong correlation between package coupling and understandability of the package which suggests that proposed metrics could be further used to represent other external software quality factors.

- by Varun Gupta
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- Computer Science, Open Source Software, Metrics, Software Quality

This review focuses on the importance of coupling of catalytic reactions which involves dehydrogenation
and hydrogenation simultaneously and the study of catalytic materials that are designed, adopted
and/or modified for these reactions. The special features of these reactions are minimization of H2 utilization
and reduction in production cost. Structural and textural properties also play a decisive role in this kind of
coupled reactions. This particular review although not comprehensive discusses the significant progress made
in the area of coupled reactions and also helps future researchers or engineers to find out the improvements
required in areas such as advancements in catalytic material preparation, design of the new reactors and the
application of new technologies.

- by Ramesh Gurram
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- Dehydrogenation, Catalyst, Hydrogenation, Coupling

and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.

- by Ewald Hennig
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- Perception, Biomechanics, Running, Shoes

The synthesis of N, N-bis(pyrimid-2-yl)amine , N-acetyl-N,N-bis(pyrimid-2-yl) has been prepared from compound 2 and its X-ray structure has been determined. A polymer supported catalytic system (6) was prepared via ring-opening metathesis copolymerization of 4 with 1, 4a, and subsequent loading with PdCl 2 . Both the homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts 3 and 6 were active in Heck-, Suzuki-, Sonogashira-Hagihara-type couplings and amination reactions using aryl iodides, bromides and chlorides.

- by Mohsen Shahinpoor
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- Engineering, Design, Laser produced plasma, X Rays

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations seem to have been several times modern levels during much of the Palaeozoic era (543-248 million years ago), but decreased during the Carboniferous period to concentrations similar to that of today 1-3 . Given that carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, it has been proposed that surface temperatures were significantly higher during the earlier portions of the Palaeozoic era 1 . A reconstruction of tropical sea surface temperatures based on the d 18 O of carbonate fossils indicates, however, that the magnitude of temperature variability throughout this period was small 4 , suggesting that global climate may be independent of variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. Here we present estimates of sea surface temperatures that were obtained from fossil brachiopod and mollusc shells using the 'carbonate clumped isotope' method 5 -an approach that, unlike the d 18 O method, does not require independent estimates of the isotopic composition of the Palaeozoic ocean. Our results indicate that tropical sea surface temperatures were significantly higher than today during the Early Silurian period (443-423 Myr ago), when carbon dioxide concentrations are thought to have been relatively high, and were broadly similar to today during the Late Carboniferous period (314-300 Myr ago), when carbon dioxide concentrations are thought to have been similar to the present-day value. Our results are consistent with the proposal that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations drive or amplify increased global temperatures 1,6 .

- by Karem Azmy and +1
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- Ancient History, Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Bioinformatics
- by Charles O'Brien
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- Engineering, Morphology, Gene expression, Transcription

A general circuit-oriented, full-wave, finite-element method (FEM) is proposed to analyze the coupled problem between circuits and fields both in frequency and in time domains. The electromagnetic field problem is modeled by an equivalent electrical network obtained by the Whitney finite-element equations. The presence of circuit components in the field domain is easily taken into account introducing the lumped circuit components directly in the field equivalent electrical network. Simple test configurations are analyzed by a CAD circuit simulator to show the performances of the proposed circuit-oriented method.

- by Mauro Feliziani
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- Engineering, Finite Element Methods, Electrostatics, Finite element method

This paper presents a three dimensional study of a gas-fired, regenerative, side-port glass melting furnace. The furnace is divided into three regions: combustion space, glass tank and batch blanket. The combustion space is simulated separately, while the glass tank and the batch blanket are coupled together as a whole. To couple the three regions, a new method is proposed that is more flexible and faster than the existing conventional methods. The melting process of the batch blanket, the natural convection vortices of the glass tank and the turbulence and the chemical reactions of the combustion space are all simulated. The simulation was preformed using Gambit-2 and Fluent-6 software. The calculated temperatures are compared with actual values measured at different locations on the furnace surfaces. Results indicate that the maximum relative error is less than 7.6%. This work can form the basis for the parametric analysis of the furnace to reduce its fuel consumption.

- by Milton Lima
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- Mechanical Engineering, Turbulence, Combustion, Simulation

Bender elements are convenient shear wave transducers for instrumenting soil cells due to optimal soil-transducer coupling and compatible operating frequency. Experimental and analytical methods are implemented in this study to explore various aspects of bender element installations including: electromagnetic coupling prevention, directivity, resonant frequency, detection of first arrival, and near field effects. It is shown that electromagnetic coupling effects are critical in soils with high electrical conductivity and can be minimized by shielding and grounding, or by using parallel-type bender elements. Bender elements generate both P-and S-waves. The in-plane S-wave directivity is quasicircular. The resonant frequency of bender element installations depends on the geometry of the bender element, the anchor efficiency, and the soil stiffness. The cross correlation of subsequent reflections is a self-healing measurement procedure which resolves uncertainties in both travel time and travel distance. Near field effects can be effectively taken into consideration by matching the measured signal with the analytical solution, directly rendering shear wave velocity.

- by T. Choudhary
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- Chemical Engineering, Surface Science, Carbon, Fuel Cell

Graph Theory, which studies the properties of graphs, has been widely accepted as a core subject in the knowledge of computer science. Object-Oriented (OO) software engineering, which deals with the analysis, design and implementation of systems employing classes as modules. Since the main mode of representation, namely the class diagram, is essentially a directed graph. The study of graph properties can be valuable in many ways for understanding the characteristics of the underlying software systems. The usefulness of graph theory on OO systems to develop metric suite is presented in this paper. Metrics developed in previous research, while contributing to the field's understanding of s/w development process, have generally been subject to serious criticism, including the lack of a theoretical base. It provides steps to perform measurements of key structural attributes including coupling and cohesion .In this paper Six design metrics are developed, & then analytically evaluated. The need for such metric is particularly acute when an organization is adopting a new technology for which established practices have yet to be developed. This research addresses S/W product attribute needs through the development & implementation of a new suite of metric for OO design.

- by Prashant Patil
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- Software Engineering, Programming Languages, Object Oriented Design, Inheritance

We present a new petro-elastical and numerical-simulation methodology to compute synthetic seismograms for reservoirs subject to CO 2 sequestration. The petro-elastical equations model the seismic properties of reservoir rocks saturated with CO 2 , methane, oil and brine. The gas properties are obtained from the van der Waals equation and we take into account the absorption of gas by oil and brine, as a function of the in situ pore pressure and temperature. The dry-rock bulk and shear moduli can be obtained either by calibration from real data or by using rock-physics models based on the Hertz-Mindlin and Hashin-Shtrikman theories. Mesoscopic attenuation due to fluids effects is quantified by using White's model of patchy saturation, and the wet-rock velocities are calculated with Gassmann equations by using an effective fluid modulus to describe the velocities predicted by White's model. The simulations are performed with a poro-viscoelastic modeling code based on Biot's theory, where viscoelasticity is described by generalizing the solid/fluid coupling modulus to a relaxation function. Using the pseudo-spectral method, which allows general material variability, a complete and accurate characterization of the reservoir can be obtained. A simulation, that considers the Utsira sand of the North Sea, illustrates the methodology.

- by Giuliana Rossi
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- Geophysics, Viscoelasticity, Theory, Simulation

Hydrogen has been dubbed the fuel of the future. As fossil fuel reserves become depleted and greenhouse gas emissions are reduced inline with the Kyoto protocol, alternative energy sources and vectors, such as hydrogen, must be developed. Hydrogen produced from water splitting, as opposed to from hydrocarbons, has the potential to be a carbon neutral energy solution. There are several methods to extract hydrogen from water, three leading candidates being high temperature electrolysis, the SI thermochemical cycle and the HyS hybrid thermochemical cycle. All three of these processes involve a section requiring very high temperatures. The Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR), a gas cooled Generation IV reactor, is ideally suited for providing this high temperature heat. Nuclear hydrogen production is being investigated around the world. The four leading consortiums are the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), PBMR/Westinghouse, GA, and AREVA NP/CEA/EDF. There are also many smaller R&D efforts focussing on the development of particular materials and components and on process flowsheeting. A nuclear hydrogen plant involves four key pieces of equipment: the VHTR, the hydrogen production plant (HPP), the intermediate heat exchanger (IHX) and the power conversion system (PCS). The choice of all four items varies dramatically between programmes. Both pebble bed and prismatic fuel block VHTRs are being developed, which can be directly or indirectly coupled to a HPP and PCS placed either in series or parallel. Either a Rankine steam cycle or a Brayton gas turbine cycle can be employed in the PCS. This report details the choices made and research being carried out around the world. Predicted process efficiencies and plant costs are currently at a preliminary stage and are very similar, regardless of the options chosen. The cost of hydrogen produced from water splitting using nuclear technologies is around $2/kg H 2 . This is competitive with hydrogen produced by other methods, particularly if carbon emissions are regulated and costed. The technological feasibility and testing of key components will be one of the determining factors in plant viability.

- by ray allen
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- GAS TURBINE, Heat Exchanger, Alternative Energy, Fossil Fuels
- by Carlos Habib
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- Mechanical Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, CFD Analysis, Coupling

Social cognition researchers have become increasingly interested in the ways that behavioral, physiological and neural coupling facilitate social interaction and interpersonal
understanding. We distinguish two ways of conceptualizing the role of such coupling processes in social cognition: strong and moderate interactionism. According to strong interactionism (SI), low-level coupling processes are alternatives to higher-level individual cognitive processes; the former at least sometimes render the latter superfluous. Moderate interactionism (MI) on the other hand, is an integrative approach. Its guiding assumption is that higher-level cognitive processes are likely to have been shaped by the need to coordinate, modulate and extract information from low-level coupling processes. In this paper, we present a case study on Möbius Syndrome (MS) in order to contrast SI and MI. We show how MS—a form of congenital bilateral facial paralysis—can be a fruitful source of insight for research exploring the relation between high-level cognition and low-level coupling. Lacking a capacity for facial expression, individuals with MS are deprived of a primary channel for gestural coupling. According to SI, they lack an essential enabling feature for social interaction and interpersonal understanding more generally and thus ought to exhibit severe deficits in these areas. We challenge SI’s prediction and show how MS cases offer compelling reasons for instead adopting MI’s
pluralistic model of social interaction and interpersonal understanding. We conclude that investigations of coupling processes within social interaction should inform rather than
marginaliz e or eliminate investigation of higher-level individual cognition.

- by John Michael and +1
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- Gesture, Social Cognition, Social Interaction, Theory of Mind

Suppose we are given a graph in which edge has an integral weight. An 'exact' problem is to determine whether a desired structure exists for which the sum of the edge weights is exactly k for some prescribed k. We consider the special case of the problem in which all costs are zero or one for arborescences and show that a 'continuity' property is possessed similar to that possessed by matroids. This enables us to determine in polynomial time the complete set of values of k for which a solution exists. We also give a minmax theorem for the maximum possible value Of k, in terms of a packing of certain directed cuts in the graph. We also show how enumerative techniques can be used to solve the general exact problem for arborescences (implying spanning trees), perfect matchings in planar graphs and sets of disjoint cycles in a class of planar directed graphs which includes those of degree three. For these problems, we thereby obtain polynomial algorithms provided that the weights are bounded by a constant or encoded in unary.

- by William Pulleyblank
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- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, Computer Science, Graph Theory

- by Ray Allen and +1
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- GAS TURBINE, Heat Exchanger, Alternative Energy, Fossil Fuels
- by Thomas Christiano
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- Heuristics, Inclusion, Citizen Journalism, Boundaries

A novel bio-inspired architecture comprising three layers is introduced for a six-legged robot in order to generate adaptive rhythmic locomotion patterns using environmental information. Taking inspiration from the intracellular signalling processes that decode environmental information, and considering the emergent behaviours that arise from the interaction of multiple signalling pathways, we develop a decentralised robot controller composed of a collection of artificial signalling networks. Crosstalk, a biological signalling mechanism, is used to couple such networks favouring their interaction. We also apply nonlinear oscillators to model gait generators, which induce symmetric and rhythmical locomotion movements. The trajectories are modulated by a coupled artificial signalling network, which yields adaptive and stable robotic locomotive patterns. Gait trajectories are converted into joint angles by means of inverse kinematics. The architecture is implemented in a simulated version of the real robot T-Hex. Our results demonstrate the ability of the architecture to generate adaptive and periodic gaits.

- by Michael Lones and +1
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- Adaptation, Adaptive Control, Evolution, Stability

Water resources planning and management efficacy is subject to capturing inherent uncertainties stemming from climatic and hydrological inputs and models. Streamflow forecasts, critical in reservoir operation and water allocation decision making, fundamentally contain uncertainties arising from assumed initial condi- tions, model structure, and modeled processes. Accounting for these propagating uncertainties remains a formi- dable challenge. Recent enhancements in climate forecasting

- by Hyun-han Kwon
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- Decision Making, Hydrology, Methodology, Structure

-Une méthode permettant de coupler la dynamique non-linéaire d'une roue aubagée et le phénomène d'usure par fretting en pied d'aube est proposée. La démarche s'appuie sur uń équilibrage harmonique multi-échelle basé sur la séparation en temps rapide et lent suivant les mécaniques mises en jeu. Un exemple numérique d'analyse vibratoire en fonction de l'usure d'une roue aubagée est présenté.

- by F. Thouverez
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- Wear, Vibration, Dynamic Load Balancing, Mécanique

This article outlines the biophysics of electrosurgery and tissue energy sources, including the basic concepts of both modalities. It explores the biophysics of electrodiathermy, including current density, waveforms and electrosurgical circuits. The principles of monopolar and bipolar diathermy are described with reference to the safety issues pertinent to implantable cardiac devices and other implants. Safe application of electrodiathermy in endoscopic and laparoscopic surgery are discussed, exploring potential risks such as direct and capacitance coupling. The principles behind tissue energizers, specifically advanced bipolar energy sources and ultrasonic devices, are also covered.

- by David Messenger and +1
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- Biophysics, Surgery, Risks, Coupling
- by Salah El-Hendawy
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- Civil Engineering, Water Engineering, Agricultural Water Management, Seasonality

A multistatic ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system has been developed and used to measure the response of a number of targets to produce data for the investigation of multistatic inversion algorithms. The system consists of a linear array of resistive-vee antennas, microwave switches, a vector network analyzer, and a 3-D positioner, all under computer control. The array has two transmitters and four receivers which provide eight bistatic spacings from 12 to 96 cm in 12-cm increments. Buried targets are scanned with and without surface clutter, which is a layer of rocks whose spacing is empirically chosen to maximize the clutter effect. The measured responses are calibrated so that the direct coupling in the system is removed, and the signal reference point is located at the antenna drive point. Images are formed using a frequency-domain beamforming algorithm that compensates for the phase response of the antennas. Images of targets in air validate the system calibration and the imaging algorithm. Bistatic and multistatic images for the buried targets are very good, and they show the effectiveness of the system and processing.

- by Ali Cafer Gurbuz
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- Geophysics, Algorithms, Ground Penetrating Radar, Beamforming

Evaluation of the applicability and utility of watershed hydrologic models in different hydro-geologic and soil conditions is necessary for a range of spatial scales and to assess the utility of these models as watershed water resources management tools. This study presents the application of the hydrological model TOPNET to the Big Darby Creek watershed, Ohio, United States. It focuses on the simulation modeling of stream flow in the watershed based on meteorological data for the eight year period of 1992–1999. Visual comparison of time series plots and statistical measures namely, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NS), coefficient of correlation (R2), and the percent bias (PBIAS) were used to assess the model performance. The statistical model evaluation results indicated that the model has a relatively high confidence and can give a good representation of the flow hydrographs for the watershed. For the calibration period simulations of annual stream flow were accurate with a mean R2 and NS of 86% and 85% for the Big Darby at Darbyville gaging station. For the little Darby at West Jefferson gaging station a mean R2 of 81% was obtained while the NS averaged 78%. Further analysis based on the aggregation of the water years into wet seasons and dry seasons, the model was also able to adequately simulate stream flow for both gaging stations and for both low flow periods and high flow periods. Statistical analysis for the validation period also yielded high R2 values of 88% and 83% for the Darby at Big Darby at Darbyville gaging station and Little Darby at West Jefferson gaging station respectively. The worst PBIAS obtained for both calibration and validation period was 18% and this is better than recommended values for satisfactory daily simulations of ±25% for PBIAS. The encouraging simulation results obtained in this study shows the utility and usefulness of the TOPNET model in hydrological modeling and ultimately as a water resources management tool.

- by Alphonce C . Guzha
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- Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering, Geology, Hydrology

An inversion code in Matlab is constructed to recover the parameters of Cole-Cole model from spectral induced polarization (SIP) data in a 1D earth. In a spectral induced polarization survey the impedances at various frequencies are recorded. Both induced polarization and electromagnetic coupling effects occur simultaneously in this frequency bandwidth, the latter being more and more dominate when frequency increases. We used CR1Dmode code published by as forward modelling. This code solves electromagnetic responses in the presence of complex resistivity effects in a 1D earth. A homotopy method is designed to overcome the local convergence of normal iterative methods. In addition, to further condition the inverse problem, we incorporate standard Gauss-Newton (or Quasi Newton) methods. The graphical user interfaces allow for easy data entry and the a priori model and also cable configuration. We present two synthetic examples to illustrate that the spectral parameters can be recovered from multifrequency complex resistivity data.

- by Christian Camerlynck
- •
- Engineering, Earth Sciences, Algorithms, Iterative Methods

1] In southern and central Alaska the subduction and active volcanism of the Aleutian subduction zone give way to a broad plate boundary zone with mountain building and strike-slip faulting, where the Yakutat terrane joins the subducting Pacific plate. The interplay of these tectonic elements can be best understood by considering the entire region in three dimensions. We image three-dimensional seismic velocity using abundant local earthquakes, supplemented by active source data. Crustal low-velocity correlates with basins. The Denali fault zone is a dominant feature with a change in crustal thickness across the fault. A relatively high-velocity subducted slab and a low-velocity mantle wedge are observed, and high V p /V s beneath the active volcanic systems, which indicates focusing of partial melt. North of Cook Inlet, the subducted Yakutat slab is characterized by a thick low-velocity, high-V p /V s crust. High-velocity material above the Yakutat slab may represent a residual older slab, which inhibits vertical flow of Yakutat subduction fluids. Alternate lateral flow allows Yakutat subduction fluids to contribute to Cook Inlet volcanism and the Wrangell volcanic field. The apparent northeast edge of the subducted Yakutat slab is southwest of the Wrangell volcanics, which have adakitic composition consistent with melting of this Yakutat slab edge. In the mantle, the Yakutat slab is subducting with the Pacific plate, while at shallower depths the Yakutat slab overthrusts the shallow Pacific plate along the Transition fault. This region of crustal doubling within the shallow slab is associated with extremely strong plate coupling and the primary asperity of the M w 9.2 great 1964 earthquake.

- by Donna Eberhart-Phillips
- •
- Tectonics, Multidisciplinary, Tomography, Depth

This study uses a semi-analytical technique (the scaled boundary finite-element method) to evaluate the loaddisplacement response of rigid circular footings embedded in a non-homogeneous elastic half-space. Results are presented in terms of dimensionless elastic stiffness coefficients. The footings are subjected to vertical, horizontal, moment and torsional loads. The cross-coupling between the horizontal and moment load case is also evaluated. The variation of soil shear modulus with depth may correspond to normally consolidated sand or clay, and the footing geometries considered cover a range of footings commonly encountered in engineering practice.

- by Andrew J Deeks
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- Civil Engineering, Elasticity, Finite Element Analysis, Geometry
- by Andrea Cannata
- •
- Multidisciplinary, Geometry, Trajectory, Models

The relative elastic energy partitioning during Strombolian eruptions can be estimated from acoustic pressure and seismic velocity records. We outline methods for determining acoustic and seismic energies for sensors deployed within several kilometers of erupting vents. We use these energies to introduce the concept of the volcano acoustic-seismic ratio (g, or VASR), which is the ratio of elastic energy propagated through the atmosphere and into the earth. Eruption VASR is a physical diagnostic of explosive degassing that is appropriate for comparing eruption mechanisms at individual and between various volcanoes. Here we assess acoustic and seismic energies and corresponding VASR for discrete Strombolian explosive events at Karymsky and Erebus Volcanoes. We attribute the relatively high and stable VASR at Erebus (g = 8, standard deviation 41%) to repeatable source conditions occurring at the surface of a persistent lava lake, with accompanying strong coupling to the atmosphere. Lower and more variable VASR at Karymsky (g = 0.18 in 1998 to g = 1.51 in 1991, with standard deviations of 93% and 313%, respectively) is attributed to changing conditions within a narrow, partially choked conduit. Variable seismoacoustic energy partitioning for Karymsky, as manifested by the large VASR standard deviation, suggests that conduit conditions affecting VASR, which include magma properties, conduit obstruction, or fragmentation depths can evolve both during the course of an explosion and between successive events. D

- by Richard C Aster
- •
- Geology, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Seismology

Field levels in indirect electrostatic discharge (ESD) test setups are hardly known yet. It has been proposed to ANSI and IEC to use a horizontal simulator position instead of a vertical position in indirect ESD testing. This paper shows the field values on the horizontal coupling plane for different excitations and grounding topologies and questions if the goal of the change -a reduction of the simulator influence -will be achieved. Also, investigations dealing with the sensitivity of digital devices to impulsive fields are presented.

- by David Pommerenke
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- Engineering, Electrostatics, ESD, Sensitivity

We tested the usefulness of acquiring multicomponent GPR data to detect cracks in a historical building, and to monitor their dynamics, caused by a slowly and irregularly moving landslide. We used 2 GHz bipolar antennas in a configuration that allows for acquiring the in-line and cross-line electric field components with x-and y-directed antennas. The 2 × 2 data matrix was collected on a floor in the building along transects at four different times over a period of one year. The data were processed with a standard 2D scalar algorithm and with the latest 3D single component vector algorithm that corrects for antenna effects. We have implemented a 3D single component vector migration algorithm in a 2.5D sense to produce 2D slices of a 3D vector migration image by applying the algorithm on line data. This procedure allows for migrating single component line data taking into account all vector effects as well as three-dimensional wave propagation. We show that the 2.5D vector migration images have a much better in-line resolution than the migration images obtained by applying a standard 2D scalar migration algorithm. The GPR profiles agree with the a priori information about the structure of the floor. In particular, we detected two different types of anomalies, only a few of which can be due to utilities and to metallic mesh. Some shallower anomalies agree well with the cracks visible on the tiling, suggesting that some cracks can be directly detected using GPR. Visually there were no changes in the cracks on the floor and no clear changes in the GPR data could be attributed to possible subsurface changes in the cracks. The variations in the GPR images seemed primarily caused by changes in the coupling of the antennas with the investigated structure (floor) depending on the season when the measurements were made. For this reason the monitoring aspect of the survey is not successful.

- by Luciana Orlando
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- Geophysics, Algorithms, Migration, High Frequency

Dynamic response of structures subjected to earthquake-induced base excitations are often simplified by ignoring the tilt components of ground motion. However, close to the earthquake source, tilting of the ground surface may become significant. Based on strong-motion records at the Pacoima Dam-upper left abutment obtained during the 1994 Northridge Earthquake, residual tilt reached 3.1°i n the N45°E direction while the dynamic tilt remained higher. This study investigates the consequences of neglecting the effects of the tilt component in ground motions on elastic and inelastic spectral ordinates. A complete equation of motion for a single-degree-of-freedom ͑SDOF͒ oscillator is developed which includes the effects of tilt ͑as the secondary P -⌬ effect͒ in addition to inertial force effects due to angular and translation accelerations. The expected values of the largest response peaks are computed for the translational and tilting excitations to investigate the relative contribution of each forcing function. The coupled tilt and translational ground motion response spectrum ͑CTT spectrum͒ is generated considering elastic and inelastic response of SDOF oscillator. The CTT spectrum reflects kinematic characteristics of the ground motion that are not identifiable by the translational ground motion response spectrum alone and therefore emerges as a distinct intensity measure of translational ground motion when it is coupled with dynamic tilting of the ground surface on the order of few degrees.

- by Erol Kalkan
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- Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Oscillations, Spectrum

In-plane performance of masonry loadbearing walls was tested in a quasi-static fashion by loading individual brickwork perforated walls with constant normal force and increasing lateral force. Fifteen full-scale unreinforced frames were constructed by professional bricklayers, from ordinary bricks and lime-mortar according to ancient techniques, so as to be representative of historic masonry. Each wall was subjected to two monotonic loadings (with unloading), up to the full drop-off in the stiffness and complete development of the kinematic mechanism. The specimens exhibited significant overstrength with respect to the strength provided by the masses and high deformation capacity, which are not adequately represented by code provisions for analysis of ancient masonry buildings. The overstrength is here described by several key parameters, namely: (1) Level of coupling piers by spandrels, (2) virtual work done by interlocking and friction forces, (3) and maximum tensile stress in the top spandrel and nodal panels. The paper attempts also to calibrate the behavior factors (q) for masonry frames that are not overly conservative, as code-prescribed q-factors are. Thus, another key issue in the paper is to derive q-factors directly on the basis of the measured values to reproduce the overstrength, allowing for the normal force in the piers and the masonry texture of the wall.

- by Paolo Foraboschi
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- Civil Engineering, Composite Materials and Structures, Behavior, Modeling

We present the capabilities of low-frequency radar systems to sound the subsurface for a site located in south-central Egypt, the Bir Safsaf region. This site was already intensively studied since the SIR-A and SIR-B orbital radars revealed buried paleodrainage channels. Our approach is based on the coupling between two complementary radar techniques: the orbital synthetic aperture radar (SAR) in C and L bands (5.3 and 1.25 GHz) for imaging large-scale subsurface structures, and the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) at 500 and 900 MHz for sounding the soil at a local scale. We show that the total backscattered power computed from L-band SAR and 900-MHz GPR profiles can be correlated, and we combined both data to derive the geological structure of the subsurface. GPR data provide information on the geometry of the buried scatterers and layers, while the analysis of polarimetric SAR data provides information on the distribution of rocks in the sedimentary layers and at the interface between these layers. The analysis of 500-MHz GPR data revealed some deeper structures that should be detected by lower frequency SARs, such as a P-band system.

- by Essam Heggy
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- Geology, Geomorphology, Geophysics, Hydrology

Differential and common-mode transfer impedances are proposed herein to analyze noise coupled to (from) the dc power-bus from (to) via transitions in differential signals. Expressions for the two transfer impedances in terms of conventional single-ended transfer impedances are derived and verified through measurements, full-wave finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations and an analytical cavity model. Some properties of the differential and common-mode transfer impedances are investigated to facilitate engineering design. The impact of signal current imbalances on power-bus noise and the benefit of differential signals as compared to single-ended signals are quantified.

- by Marco Leone
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- Signal Integrity, Engineering Design, Electromagnetic Interference, Signal Analysis

In this paper, we propose a suite of cognitive metrics for evaluating complexity of object-oriented (OO) codes. The proposed metric suite evaluates several important features of OO languages. Specifically, the proposed metrics are to measure method complexity, message complexity (coupling), attributes complexity and class complexity. We propose also a code complexity by considering the complexity due to inheritance for the whole system. All these proposed metrics (except attribute complexity) use the cognitive aspect of the code in terms of cognitive weight. All the metrics have critically examined through theoretical and empirical validation processes.

- by Cristian Romero mateos
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- Class, Cognitive Complexity, Software Metrics, Coupling

- by Giuliana Rossi
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- Geophysics, Viscoelasticity, Theory, Simulation

For the evaluation of organ dose and dose equivalent of astronauts on space shuttle and the International Space Station (ISS) missions, the CAMERA models of CAM (Computerized Anatomical Male) and CAF (Computerized Anatomical Female) of human tissue shielding have been implemented and used in radiation transport model calculations at NASA. One of new human geometry models to meet the "reference person" of International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is based on detailed Voxel (volumetric and pixel) phantom models denoted for male and female as MAX (Male Adult voXel) and FAX (Female Adult voXel), respectively. We compared the CAM model predictions of organ doses to those of MAX model, since the MAX model represents the male adult body with much higher fidelity than the CAM model currently used at NASA. Directional body-shielding mass was evaluated for over 1500 target points of MAX for specified organs considered to be sensitive to the induction of stochastic effects. Radiation exposures to solar particle event (SPE), trapped protons, and galactic cosmic ray (GCR) were assessed at the specific sites in the MAX phantom by coupling space radiation transport models with the relevant body-shielding mass. The development of multiple-point body-shielding distributions at each organ made it possible to estimate the mean and variance of organ doses at the specific organ. For the estimate of doses to the blood forming organs (BFOs), data on active marrow distributions in adult were used to weight the bone marrow sites over the human body. The discrete number of target points of MAX organs resulted in a reduced organ dose and dose equivalent compared to the results of CAM organs especially for SPE, and should be further investigated. Differences of effective doses between the two approaches were found to be small (<5%) for GCR.