DSR Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

A VLAN is a logical connection that allows hosts to be grouped together in the same broadcast domain, so that packets are delivered only to ports that are combined to the same VLAN. We can improve wireless network performance and save bandwidth through the characteristic VLAN network. In addition, the implementation of VLAN greatly improves wireless network security by reducing the number of hosts receiving copies of frames broadcast by switches, thus keeping hosts holding critical data on a separate VLAN. In this paper we compare wireless network with VLAN via wireless network. The proposed network is evaluated within terms of delay and average throughput using web browsing applications and file transfer in heavy traffic. The simulation was carried out using OPNET 14.5 modeler and the results show that the use of VLAN via wireless network improved performance by reducing traffic resulting in a minimized delay time. Furthermore, VLAN implementation reduces network throughput because...

- by fahim maan
- •
- MANET Routing protocols, Performance Evaluation, Wireless Mobile Charger, Manet

The Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANET) technology is a self-organized wireless interconnection of communication devices without the use of any fixed network infrastructure/backbone. The performance of Ad-hoc ondemand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol is two MANET protocol. Selecting an appropriate routing protocol for steering data packet is a very important issue to evaluate the performance of wireless mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET). In order to guarantee an optimum use of these protocols, we need to test different routing protocols performances. This paper presents the performance analysis comparison of ad-hoc on-demand routing protocol (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) under different performance metrics like throughput, packet drop rate and end-to-end delay. Efficiency achieved by the AODV protocol is higher than DSR protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. The simulation is done in Network Simulator (NS) 2.

- by Publishing India Group and +1
- •
- Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Computer Networks, Performance, DSR

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are utilized for a plethora of applications such as weather forecasting, monitoring systems, surveillance, and so on. The critical issues of the WSN are energy constraints, limited memory, and computation time. This spectrum of criticality takes a deep dive with large-scale WSNs. In such scenario, the network lifetime has to be efficiently utilized with the available resources by organizing into clusters. Even though the technique of clustering has proven to be highly effective in minimizing the energy, the tradition cluster based WSNs, the protocol overhead is high for Cluster Heads (CHs) as it receives and aggregates the data from its cluster members. Therefore, efficient management of CH along with routing behavior is vital in prolonging the network lifetime. In this paper, an enhanced CH-Management technique is proposed which efficiently elects its CH using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), hereafter referred to as PSO_DDE. The PSO_DDE approach considers various parameters such as within-cluster distance between nodes (intra-cluster distance), neighbor density, and residual energy of nodes for the best candidate selection of CH. Also, the cluster formation is defined by the k-means based on the Euclidian distance. The PSO_DDE approach is integrated with the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) for efficiently traversing the data packet to the sink node. The performance metrics are compared with the existing approaches using NS-2 simulator, and the proposed approach shows superiority of results.

- by IAEME Publication
- •
- K-means, Pso, DSR, Data Aggregation

A Network which is form spontaneously by the collection of wireless nodes without any centralized administration or already existing network infrastructure called Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). Performance evaluation of different Ad-Hoc networks routing protocols viz. DSDV, AODV & DSR on the basis of four parameter such as Packet delivery ratio, throughput, packet drop and routing overhead is main objective of this paper. NS-2, which is a discrete event simulation tool, is used in which The Tool Command Language (TCL) is used for simulation of varying parameter for routing algorithm. Importance of selection criteria of routing protocols in dynamic environment is illustrated in the result of this work.

- by GJESR Journal
- •
- NS2, DSR, AODV, performance comprision of AODV and DSDV based MANET
- by Dr.Ammar Almomani
- •
- Manet, DSR, Botnet, AODV
- by ritu jain
- •
- Computer Networks, Manet, DSR, AODV
- by Arun Yadav
- •
- Computer Networks, Manet, DSR, AODV

This paper presents the development of a comprehensive materials and traffic database to support the implementation of MEPDG in Idaho. A database covering all hierarchical input levels required by MEPDG for hot-mix-asphalt (HMA) and binders, typical in Idaho, was established. This database was also utilized to validate the prediction accuracy of the current MEPDG NCHRP 1-37A HMA dynamic modulus (E*) model. The model was also calibrated for Idaho mixes. For the unbound materials and subgrade soils, a total of 8233 historical R-value results along with routine material properties were used to develop level 2 unbound material characterization. A simple R-value regression model as a function of the soil plasticity index and percent passing No. 200 U.S. sieve was developed. A resilient modulus (M r) predictive model based on the estimated R-value of the soil and laboratory measured M r values, collected from literature, was also developed. For MEPDG traffic characterization, classification and weight data from 25 weigh-in-motion (WIM) sites in Idaho were analyzed. Site-specific (level 1) axle load spectra (ALS), traffic adjustment factors, and number of axles per truck class were established. The established database will facilitate MEPDG implementation in Idaho. It also provides framework for other agencies trying to implement MEPDG.

- by Sherif El-Badawy
- •
- Calibration, DSR, Database, Performance of Pavements

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), links are created and destroyed in an unpredictable way, which makes quite challenging the determination of routes between each pair of nodes. In this paper, we propose a formulation of the routing problem in multi-services MANETs, as well as the implementation of an adaptation of the dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol.

Ad hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes which dynamically form a temporary network without any infrastructure or centralize entity. There are number of routing protocol exists in ad hoc network and this protocols have been compared. These protocols are like DSR (Dynamic Source Routing), AODV (Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector Routing Algorithm), and TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm) like more. AODV is Reactive routing protocol. We modify the existing AODV protocol. All Routing Protocol have different Strategies of routing like End to End delay, Packet delivery ratio, Traffic overhead and Power Consumptions. Routing Deals with route discovery between source and destination. Aim of Dissertation is to improve route error tolerance mechanism of AODV. In our propose scheme the transmission starts from closest neighbor node if the link fail in middle of the transmission. That shows very important reductions in delay and it improves the packet delivery ratio. It also reduces the routing overhead by reducing frequency of route discovery process.

- by IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology and Engineering
- •
- Manet, DSR, AODV, ZRP

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANETs) is an
infrastructure – less network which is created by deploying the
mobile nodes carrying wireless devices, able to route the data
through multi hop fashion. MANETs uses distributed routing
approach. In this paper, analysis of different classification of
routing protocols such as: Reactive (AODV, DSR) Proactive
(DSDV) and Hybrid protocols ZRP (Zone Routing Protocols)
has been done using NS2 simulator. The above work analysis has
been done on the following QoS parameters such as: Packet
Delivery Ratio, Average Throughput, Routing Overhead and
Average Delay

- by IJSRP Journal
- •
- Manet, DSR, DSDV, ZRP

- by Princess Barbara
- •
- Computer Networks, Ad Hoc Networks, Wormhole Attack, DSR

Routing protocols have an important role in any Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET). Researchers have elaborated several routing protocols that possess different performance levels. In this paper we give a performance evaluation of AODV, DSR, DSDV, OLSR and DYMO routing protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETS) to determine the best in different scenarios. We analyse these MANET routing protocols by using NS-2 simulator. We specify how the Number of Nodes parameter influences their performance. In this study, performance is calculated in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio, Average End to End Delay, Normalised Routing Load and Average Throughput.

- by Abdelmalek Azizi and +1
- •
- Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs), DSR, AODV, OLSR

Wireless Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANET) consist of a set of
mobile and collaborative nodes, characterized by the lack of an
infrastructure that manages the routing between the nodes of the
network. wireless Mobile Ad-hoc networks in the routing process
rely on the transfer of the data packet from source to Destination
over the network. The path from the source node to the Destination
node is chosen based on several criteria called path selection
criteria, single-path routing protocols store the best path of the
Destination node in the source node routing table, and multi-path
routing protocols store multiple paths for the Destination node in
the source node routing table with a view to existence Alternate
routes can be used if the user base path fails. In this research, we
conducted a performance Evaluation of the single-path routing
protocols in wireless mobile Ad-hoc networks AODV, DSR,
DSDV, where the nodes move random movement in the RWP
model, and the contract speed is changed for all performance
parameters (throughput -Data Packets Dropped - Average End-to-
End Delay - Packet Delivery Ratio/Fraction - Normalized Routing
Load - Routing Overhead). The study showed that the performance
of the AODV protocol is best for medium and slow speed in all
measured parameters, while performance of DSDV protocol is the
worst for medium and slow speed, and that there is no effective
routing protocol no matter how fast the nodes are.

- by Moaath Alshaikh
- •
- Routing, MANET Routing protocols, Manet, DSR

O resultado dos diversos projetos de uma empresa contribui para o resultado estratégico do negócio, para a aprendizagem nos projetos, e para o processo de aprendizagem organizacional. Em adição a aprendizagem em projetos, com as lições aprendidas, apoiam os gestores em seus projetos, com o registro das experiências bem sucedidas e de fracassos, coletando e reutilizando as experiências de forma organizada e centralizada. Esta pesquisa explora a gestão de lições aprendidas (GLA), com apoio de uma plataforma wiki, em uma empresa de médio porte, no ramo de TI, especializada em sistemas de logística e transporte. Na relevância do tema, encontram-se as necessidades das empresas, a pouca atenção ao tema nos guias mais utilizados em projetos (PMBOK-PMI e ICB-IPMA). Esse cenário motiva a busca de um modelo que auxilie a GLA em projetos de Tecnologia da Informação e Sistemas de Informação (TI/SI). Essa dissertação tem como objetivo avaliar a instanciação de um modelo de gestão de lições aprendidas em projetos de TI/SI, utilizando uma wiki. Este modelo suporta os processos de GLA: conscientização; coleta; verificação; armazenamento; disseminação e reuso. Este estudo adota o paradigma Design Science Research e o método Technical Action Research, têm uma abordagem exploratória e prescritiva, com uso dos métodos abdutivo, indutivo e dedutivo. A pesquisa instanciou o modelo Target 2.0 na fase de execução de um projeto de TI, demonstrando que o modelo atingiu seus resultados, contribuindo durante a pesquisa para a solução do problema da empresa com a GLA. No resultado emergiu evidências da relação sócio material, na qualidade das relações entre as pessoas e o modelo, sob uma presente teoria social. A pesquisa contribui para a prática de GLA em projetos, contribui com gestores de projetos na GLA, além de contribuir com a Administração permitindo expandir o uso do modelo gestão do conhecimento da empresa. A pesquisa contribui na teoria com uso do modelo na GLA da fase de execução de um projeto de TI, apresentando melhorias na GLA. As seis proposições elaboradas pelo pesquisador, foram confirmadas pela análise dos resultados da pesquisa de campo, sendo que uma possui ressalva que sugere melhorias na elaboração das páginas wiki.

- by Roberto Antonio Winter
- •
- Web 2.0, TAM, Gestão Do Conhecimento, DSR
- by Deepinder Singh Wadhwa
- •
- Computer Networks, DSR, AODV, Tora

In wireless ad hoc networks mobile stations or nodes are free to move around. The transmission range of the nodes is fixed in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) whereas the network topology changes in a different fashion. Due to dynamic nature of network topology some of the network links are destroyed while some new links are established. The routing protocols developed for wired networks cannot be used efficiently for wireless networks. For wireless ad hoc networks there are a few new routing protocols suitable for the dynamically changing ad hoc wireless environment. In this paper we compare the performance of two on-demand routing protocols (AODV and DSR) in terms of QoS parameters such as throughput, minimum, maximum & average delay and packet delivery ratio. We performed extensive simulations using NS-2 simulator using both conventional TCP and TCP Vegas traffic sources.

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes dynamically forming a temporary network without the aid of any established infrastructure or centralized administration. The mobility of nodes in MANETs results in frequent changes of network topology making routing in MANETs a challenging task. Routing protocols in MANET helps node to send and receive packets. Some studies have been
reported in the literature to evaluate the performance of the proposed routing algorithms. This paper evaluates the performance of reactive (DSR) routing protocols in MANETs based on Average end-to-end delay, Throughput using OPNET 14.5. The performance DSR routing protocols is evaluated with respect to throughput and end-to-end delay under different traffic load using OPNET simulator.

This investigation is dedicated to unlocking the hidden potential of discarded cosmetics towards building green sustainable road pavements in the future. It is particularly aiming at exploring waste lipstick (WLS) as a high-quality functional additive for advanced asphalt mix technologies. To fuel this novel innovation, the effect of various WLS doses (e.g., 5, 10, and 15 wt.%) on the performance of base AP-5 asphalt cement was studied in detail. A wide array of cutting-edge analytical lab techniques was employed to inspect in-depth the physicochemical, microstructural, thermo-morphological, and rheological properties of resultant admixtures including: elemental analysis, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thin-layer chromatography-flame ionization detection (TLC-FID), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), needle penetration, ring and ball softening point, Brookfield viscometer, ductility, and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests. Unlike the unstable response of asphaltenes, the additive/artificial aging treatments increased the fraction of resins the most, and decreased that of aromatics; however, asphaltenes did not impair the saturates portion, according to Iatroscan research. FT-IR scan divulged that the WLS-asphalt interaction was physical rather than chemical. XRD diagnosis not only revealed an obvious correlation between the asphaltenes content and the fresh-binder crystallinity but also revealed the presence of fillers in the WLS, which may generate outstanding technical qualities to bituminous mixes. According to AFM/SEM analyses, the stepwise incorporation of WLS grew the magnitude of the “bee-shaped” microstructures and extended the roughness rate of unaged/aged binders. The prolonged consumption of the high thermal-stable additive caused a remarkable drop in the onset degradation and glass transition temperature of mixtures, thus enhancing their workability and low-temperature performance, according to TGA/DTGA/DSC data. The DSR and empirical rheological experiments demonstrated that the WLS could effectively lower the manufacturing and compaction temperatures of asphalt mixes and impart them with valuable anti-aging/fatigue-cracking assets. In a nutshell, the use of waste lipstick as an asphalt modifier is viable and cost-effective and could attenuate the pollution arisen from the beauty sector, while improving the performance of hot/warm asphalt mixes (HAM/WAM) and extending the service life of roadways.

- by Nader Nciri
- •
- Viscosity, DSR, Ductility, Penetration Testing
- by Tuấn Sương nguyễn
- •
- Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Wireless Communications, Network Security, DSR
- by Evangelin Motha
- •
- Information Systems, Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering
- by mahesh parmar
- •
- Wireless Communications, Network Security, Manet, DSR
- by Eblerta Ajeti
- •
- Distributed Generation, Energy efficiency, Dynamic Load Balancing, DSR

Mobility model is the foundation of the simulation study of various routing protocols in Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a continuously self-configuring network without infrastructure, where every node functions as a transmitter, router, and data sink. A high mobility of MANET nodes reduces the reliability of network communication. In dynamic networks, high mobility of the nodes makes it very difficult to predict the dynamic network topology and hence route/link failures. NS2 network simulator is used to implement MANET by using Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Ad Hoc Demand Vector (AODV), and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) by using mobility generator tool, Bonnmotion-3.0.1 in this paper. This paper compares mobility model on AODV, DSDV, and DSR routing protocols with QoS performance metrics throughput, packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, packet overhead and packet dropping rate.

- by IJFRCSCE Journal
- •
- Wireless Communications, Computer Networks, Manet, DSR

Mobile Ad Hoc Network is one of the most promising wireless multi-hop network which does not require a specific network infrastructure. MANET routing protocols are challenged with establishing and maintaining multihop routes due to frequent mobility, bandwidth limitation and power constraints and the task of routing is distributed among network nodes which act as both end points and routers. The conventional routing approaches in search and maintain routes between the respective source and destination pairs with minimum hop count to provide the path without considering any other factors mainly mobility speed and other issues such as neighbour energy level affect the routing algorithm performance significantly. The On-demand routing protocol have certain issues such as changes in the network topology, which lead to link breakages that may increase the Route Request (RREQ) packets and routing overhead. Accordingly, this paper intends to compare study of the three of modified and upgraded on-demand route source routing protocols such as Neighbour Aware AODV (NAAODV), probabilistic route discovery (PB-AODV) based on existing standard AODV and Region Based Route Discovery (RBRD). The comprehensive set of performance metrics are throughput, end to end delay, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead with variable node mobility speed from 10 m/s to 40 m/s are evaluated These three techniques performs well and can result in significant reduction of control overhead while achieving increased throughput, packet delivery ratio and reduced delay compared with conventional routing protocols.

- by IAEME Publication
- •
- Routing, Broadcasting, Ad Hoc Networks, DSR

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are independent systems that can work without the requirement for unified controls, pre-setup to the paths/routes or advance communication structures. The nodes/hubs of a MANET are independently controlled, which permit them to behave unreservedly in a randomized way inside the MANET. The hubs can leave their MANET and join different MANETs whenever the need arises. These attributes, in any case, may contrarily influence the performance of the routing conventions (or protocols) and the general topology of the systems. Along these lines, MANETs include uniquely planned routing conventions that responsively as well as proactively carry out the routing. This paper assesses and looks at the effectiveness (or performance) of five directing conventions which are AOMDV, DSDV, AODV, DSR and OLSR in a MANET domain. The research incorporates executing a simulating environment to look at the operation of the routing conventions dependent on the variable number of hubs. Three evaluation indices are utilized: Throughput (TH), Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and End-to-End delay (E2E). The assessment outcomes indicate that the AODV beats other conventions in the majority of the simulated scenarios.

- by beei iaes
- •
- Manet, DSR, AODV, OLSR

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are utilized for a plethora of applications such
as weather forecasting, monitoring systems, surveillance, and so on. The critical issues
of the WSN are energy constraints, limited memory, and computation time. This
spectrum of criticality takes a deep dive with large-scale WSNs. In such scenario, the
network lifetime has to be efficiently utilized with the available resources by organizing
into clusters. Even though the technique of clustering has proven to be highly effective
in minimizing the energy, the tradition cluster based WSNs, the protocol overhead is
high for Cluster Heads (CHs) as it receives and aggregates the data from its cluster
members. Therefore, efficient management of CH along with routing behavior is vital
in prolonging the network lifetime. In this paper, an enhanced CH-Management
technique is proposed which efficiently elects its CH using Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO), hereafter referred to as PSO_DDE. The PSO_DDE approach considers various
parameters such as within-cluster distance between nodes (intra-cluster distance),
neighbor density, and residual energy of nodes for the best candidate selection of CH.
Also, the cluster formation is defined by the k-means based on the Euclidian distance.
The PSO_DDE approach is integrated with the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) for
efficiently traversing the data packet to the sink node. The performance metrics are
compared with the existing approaches using NS-2 simulator, and the proposed
approach shows superiority of results.

- by IAEME Publication
- •
- K-means, Pso, DSR, Data Aggregation

In the design of mobile ad hoc networks, a challenging problem is how to route information reliably and efficiently from one node to another in moderate to high level of mobility. Due to mobility, limited residual energy of the node, selection of stable and durable path for the communication is the challenge. Also remaining queuing capacity is also affected on the packet loss. Many proposals have been addressed to this problem; however, few papers consider a proactive protocol like Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) to better manage the energy consumption and link stability in routing path selection algorithms. In this paper, we explored modification to MPR selection and integrating appropriate routing metrics in the routing decision scheme to lessen effects of reason that lead to more packet loss. Our power-aware version of OLSR is proven by simulations in NS3 under a range of different mobile scenarios and network density. Significant performance gains are obtained in terms of packet loss ratio and MPR count for our modified OLSR version.

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) when an event is detected there is an increase in data traffic that might lead to packets being transmitted through the network close to the packet handling capacity of the WSN. The WSN experiences a decrease in network performance due to packet loss, long delays, and reduction in throughput. In this paper we developed an adaptive congestion control algorithm that monitors network utilization and adjust traffic levels and/or increases network resources to improve throughput and conserve energy. The traffic congestion control protocol DelStatic is developed by introducing backpressure mechanism into NOAH. We analyzed various routing protocols and established that DSR has a higher resource congestion control capability. The proposed protocol, ACCP uses a sink switching algorithm to trigger DelStatic or DSR feedback to a congested node based on its Node Rank. From the simulation results, ACCP protocol does not only improve throughput but also conserves energy which is critical to sensor application survivability on the field. Our Adaptive Congestion control achieved reliability, high throughput and energy efficiency.

- by IOSR Journals
- •
- Computer Networks, Manet, DSR, AODV

With the rapid development in mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), it has become very essential to focus on the efficiency in performance of small sensing nodes operating in WSNs. While designing a routing protocol for mobile sensor nodes, the quality parameters like end-to-end delays and routing overhead are always considered. Moreover, the nodes in wirelessly connected mobile networks consume considerable power on routing more than other functionalities. Any modification in a standard routing protocol can also affect routing overhead, end-to-end delays, and energy consumption of nodes. In this paper a new hybrid routing protocol, named as State-Aware Link Maintenance Approach (SALMA), is introduced which is based on Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocols. The work also focuses on the activeness of nodes in the network operations and defines three states of nodes, that is, white, gray, and black. The work concludes that the proposed protocol gives improvements in some quality of service metrics like lower delay than DSR, lower routing overhead than OLSR, and lesser energy consumption by the network nodes.

A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a self configuring, infrastructure less network of mobile devices connected by wireless links. Loopholes like wireless medium, lack of a fixed infrastructure, dynamic topology, rapid deployment practices, and the hostile environments in which they may be deployed, make MANET vulnerable to a wide range of security attacks and Wormhole attack is one of them. During this attack a malicious node captures packets from one location in the network, and tunnels them to another colluding malicious node at a distant point, which replays them locally. This paper presents a cluster based Wormhole attack avoidance technique. The concept of hierarchical clustering with a novel hierarchical 32-bit node addressing scheme is used for avoiding the attacking path during the route discovery phase of the DSR protocol, which is considered as the under lying routing protocol. Pinpointing the location of the wormhole nodes in the case of exposed attack is also given by using this method.

- by Titan Deb
- •
- Ubicomp, Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs), DSR, Sensor Network

Delay Tolerant Networks (DTN) very often suffers from route failures due to the store-carry and forward approach and also due to the mobility of nodes. The problem is delay at each node until the message carrying node doesn’t find the receiver node. This situation limits the applicability of traditional routing techniques which categorize lack of path as failure of nodes and try to seek for existing end-to-end path. Approaches have been proposed which focus either on epidemic message replication or on prophet routing previously known information about the connectivity schedule. We have considered that the protocol have the previous knowledge of routing and computed delay on the basis of replication on the nodes and on the basis of total time to transfer the packets from one node to other node. The proposed work prevents in large delays due to replications and the total time for sending the packets. Keyword DTN , PRoPHET, TCP/IP, AODV, DSR,

- by lokesh Pawar
- •
- TCP IP, DSR, AODV, Prophet

ABTRACT Energy consumption is one of the limitations in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The routing protocols are the hot areas to address quality-of-service (QoS) related issues viz. Energy consumption, network lifetime, network scalability and packet overhead. The key issue in WSN is that these networks suffer from the packet overhead, which is the core cause of more energy consumption and damage the QoS in sensor networks. In WSN, there are several routing protocols which are used to improve the performance of the network. Out of those protocols, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol is more appropriate in terms of small energy density, but sometimes when the mode of a node changes from active to sleep, the effectiveness decreases as the data packets needs to wait at the initial point where the packet has been sent and this increases the waiting time and end to end interruption of the packets which leads to increase in energy consumption. Our problem is to recognize the dead nodes and to choose another suitable path so that the data transmission becomes smoother and less energy gets preserved. In order to resolve these issues, we propose directional transmission-based energy aware routing protocol named as PDORP. The proposed protocol PDORP has the characteristics of both Power Efficient Gathering Sensor Information System (PEGASIS) and DSR routing protocols. In addition, hybridization of Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO) is applied to proposed routing protocol to identify energy efficient optimal paths. The performance analysis, comparison through a hybridization approach of the proposed routing protocol gives better result comprising less bit error rate, less delay, less energy ingesting and better throughput which leads to better QoS and prolong the lifetime of

- by IAEME Publication
- •
- Wireless Sensor Networks, Optimization, DSR, LEACH

The research interest in mobile ad-hoc networks is growing rapidly. The increasing need of MANET in day to day life is causing researchers to find solutions to the current issues in it. The routing protocols play an important part in the performance of the MANETS. There are a variety of routing protocols in MANET, which are chosen based on the scenarios. They are selected based on Routing Strength, Weakness. We have done a study review on some of the routing protocols that exist in MANET.

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is an infrastructure less and decentralized network which need a robust dynamic routing protocol. Many routing protocols for such networks have been proposed so far to find optimized routes from source to the destination and prominent among them are Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV), and Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) routing protocols. The performance comparison of these protocols should be considered as the primary step towards the invention of a new routing protocol. This paper presents a performance comparison of proactive and reactive routing protocols DSDV, AODV and DSR based on QoS metrics (packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay, throughput, jitter), normalized routing overhead and normalized MAC overhead by using the NS-2 simulator. The performance comparison is conducted by varying mobility speed, number of nodes and data rate. The comparison results show that AODV performs optimally well not the best among all the studied protocols.

In Contrast with traditional networks, ad hoc networks not require any previously built
infrastructure, they are distributed and fully self-organized systems. Due to absence of any fixed node, each node acts as a router, providing routing capabilities of the MANET. In a distributed network, with out any infrastructure communicating peers have to rely on thewhole network, therefore the proper security hardly can be established. This paper proposes
enhancements in Preemptive DSR to provide secured route discovery. This paper evaluates
integration of Secured Routing Protocol (SRP) and Secured Message Transmission(SMT) with
Preemptive Dynamic Source Routing (PDSR) to get Secured PDSR(S-PDSR), which is
capable of secured route discovery.

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that dynamically form a network temporarily without any support of central administration. Moreover, Every node in MANET moves arbitrarily making the multi-hop network topology to change randomly at unpredictable times. There are several familiar routing protocols like DSDV, AODV, DSR, etc… which have been proposed for providing communication among all the nodes in the network. This paper presents a performance comparison of proactive and reactive protocols DSDV, AODV and DSR based on metrics such as throughput, packet delivery ratio and average end-to-end delay by using the NS-2 simulator.

Mobile Ad hoc Networks are open, shared, dynamic and self-organized networks. These distinct nature lead to efficient use in emergency and recue scenar
ios where the sharing of information is necessary. In order to share information within the network, a pr oper routing protocol is required to establish rout es between nodes. This article discusses which of the routing protocols such as reactive or proactive has better performance in such scenario. In order to
implement the test bed, we choose a real area in Uttarakh and state, India where the disaster occurred recently hence so many civilizations had vanished due to lack of communication and failure in recovery. Our aim is to choose an optimum routing protocol that is correct and used for efficient route establ ishment between nodes so that message could be delivered on time without loss and it will be implemented and
used in future based on the model that we propose.

MANET does not have pre-existing fixed structure. Mobile nodes send packets to the destination nodes directly or via the intermediate nodes. Nodes exchange packets with each other to allow the message to pass among both ends step by step. These packets are outside the wireless transmission range. It is for potential security concern because intermediate nodes cannot be trusted. With such feature ad-hoc networks are least attacked which influences performance of the network with its reliability. Secure communication in MANET is to be claimed by the reliability parameter of the key management strategy, which is capable for securing contents among the nodes. This survey presents the conceptual view for various key management techniques with their special features.