Traffic Signal Control Research Papers (original) (raw)

The paper presents a novel concept for traffic signal controller. Instead of the traditional central architecture, a wireless operation with distributed control architecture is proposed for traffic light control. The concept rests on... more

The paper presents a novel concept for traffic signal controller. Instead of the traditional central architecture, a wireless operation with distributed control architecture is proposed for traffic light control. The concept rests on local control units distributed in space as well, i.e. the signal heads also have own control logic. The basis of safe distributed operation is described in detail in the paper. Beside the presentation of the concept the required conformity with the specific standards are also investigated. Moreover, a formal method (Petri Nets modeling) is provided concerning a part of the proposed system, which confirms that the whole system goes to fail-safe state when critical problem occurs in any of the subsystems or communication.

—Adaptive traffic control system is the latest generation of traffic control systems that operates, manages and control the signalized intersections with/without coordination. ATAK is one of the adaptive traffic control system that is... more

—Adaptive traffic control system is the latest generation of traffic control systems that operates, manages and control the signalized intersections with/without coordination. ATAK is one of the adaptive traffic control system that is developed by ISBAK Inc., in Turkey. It uses the genetic and fuzzy-logic algorithm as an optimization tool. The genetic algorithm is used for optimizing signal timings and fuzzy logic is used for controlling the exceptional cases during the operation of traffic control devices. This study defines the ATAK system as an traffic management tool at signalized intersections. The performance of the system is outlined. Application of the ATAK system at isolated and coordinated intersection showed that the performance improvement is about 10% in terms of cycle time and travel time improvement is about 15%.

A signal timing assignment proposal for urban multi lane signalised roundabouts The relationship between the left-turning traffic volume and the storage area at signalised roundabouts is investigated, and a calculation procedure for... more

A signal timing assignment proposal for urban multi lane signalised roundabouts The relationship between the left-turning traffic volume and the storage area at signalised roundabouts is investigated, and a calculation procedure for signal timing is proposed in this paper. The parameters associated with the developing stages of a new expression/ model are also defined. Four different signal timing scenarios are considered. The results show that the proposed formula can be used for the design of signalised roundabouts. Prijedlog vremenskog usklađenja semafora na gradskim višetračnim semaforiziranim kružnim raskrižjima U radu se ocjenjuje odnos između količine vozila koja skreću lijevo i prostora za čekanje na semaforiziranim kružnim raskrižjima, te se predlaže postupak za izračun vremenskog ciklusa promjene svjetala na semaforima. Definiraju se i parametri vezani za razne korake razvoja novog izraza/modela. Korištena su četiri različita scenarija promjene svjetala. Rezultati pokazuju da se predloženi izraz može koristiti za projektiranje semaforiziranih kružnih raskrižja. Ključne riječi: promet, raskrižje, semaforizirana kružna raskrižja, simulacija, VISSIM Vorherige Mitteilung In der Abhandlung wird das Verhältnis zwischen der Menge der linksabbiegenden Fahrzeuge und des Warteraums an Kreisverkehren mit Ampeln beurteilt, und es wird ein Verfahren zur Berechnung des Zeitzykluses der Ampelumschaltung vorgeschlagen. Definiert werden auch die Parameter in Bezug auf verschiedene Entwicklungsschritte des neuen Modells. Verwendet wurden vier unterschiedliche Szenarien der Ampelumschaltung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der vorgeschlagene Entwurf für die Projektierung von Kreisverkehren mit Ampeln verwendet werden kann.

Traffic signs displayed on the roads play an important role in our lives while driving. They supply critical information, for the road users. This successively requires them to regulate their driving behaviour and ensure that they... more

Traffic signs displayed on the roads play an important role in our lives while driving. They supply critical information, for the road users. This successively requires them to regulate their driving behaviour and ensure that they strictly follow the road regulations currently enforced without causing any trouble to other drivers and pedestrians. Traffic Sign Classification is employed to detect and classify traffic signs to inform and warn a driver beforehand to avoid violation of rules. There are certain disadvantages of the existing systems, used for classification, like incorrect predictions, hardware cost and maintenance, which are to a great extent resolved by the proposed system. The proposed approach implements a traffic signs classification algorithm employing a convolutional neural network. Also, it consists of the feature of web cam detection of the traffic sign. This will help the driver to observe the sign close to his / her eyes on the display screen and thus save his/her time in manually checking the traffic sign each time.

Left-turns are one of the most critical maneuvers at signalized intersections. There are several types of left turn signal phasing in use: protected-only, permitted/protected, permitted-only, and prohibited. If the protected part of a... more

Left-turns are one of the most critical maneuvers at signalized intersections. There are several types of left turn signal phasing in use: protected-only, permitted/protected, permitted-only, and prohibited. If the protected part of a left turn phase is assigned before the through phase starts, a left-turn sequence is called lead. If the opposite is true, it is called lag. Currently there are no uniform guidelines on left-turn installations. Furthermore, the practice on left-turns is not consistent. This paper summarizes a literature on left turn phasing, sequencing and left-turn signal displays (e.g., flashing yellow arrows) and points out the key findings and shortcomings. The authors propose computational and simulation tools – driving simulators, microsimulation, surrogate safety models and augmented reality for future research which could lead toward the unification of left-turn set of guidelines.

In this paper, we focus on computing a consistent traffic signal configuration at each junction that optimizes multiple performance indices, i.e., multi-objective traffic signal control. The multi-objective function includes minimizing... more

In this paper, we focus on computing a consistent traffic signal configuration at each junction that optimizes multiple performance indices, i.e., multi-objective traffic signal control. The multi-objective function includes minimizing trip waiting time, total trip time, and junction waiting time. Moreover, the multi-objective function includes maximizing flow rate, satisfying green waves for platoons traveling in main roads, avoiding accidents especially in residential areas, and forcing vehicles to move within moderate speed range of minimum fuel consumption. In particular, we formulate our multi-objective traffic signal control as a Multi-Agent System (MAS). Traffic signal controllers have a distributed nature in which each traffic signal agent acts individually and possibly cooperatively in a MAS. In addition, agents act autonomously according to the current traffic situation without any human intervention. Thus, we develop a multi-agent multi-objective Reinforcement Learning (RL) traffic signal control framework that simulates the driver’s behavior (acceleration/deceleration) continuously in space and time dimensions. The proposed framework is based on a multi-objective sequential decision making process whose parameters are estimated based on the Bayesian interpretation of probability. Using this interpretation together with a novel adaptive cooperative exploration technique, the proposed traffic signal controller can make real-time adaptation in the sense that it responds effectively to the changing road dynamics. These road dynamics are simulated by the Green Light District (GLD) vehicle traffic simulator that is the testbed of our traffic signal control. We have implemented the Intelligent Driver Model (IDM) acceleration model in the GLD traffic simulator. The change in road conditions is modeled by varying the traffic demand probability distribution and adapting the IDM parameters to the adverse weather conditions. Under the congested and free traffic situations, the proposed multi-objective controller significantly outperforms the underlying single objective controller which only minimizes the trip waiting time (i.e., the total waiting time in the whole vehicle trip rather than at a specific junction). For instance, the average trip and waiting times are lower 8 and 6 times respectively when using the multi-objective controller.
Keywords:
adaptive optimization, multi-objective optimization, reinforcement learning, exploration, traffic signal control, cooperative multi-agent system

Traffic control (TC) is a challenging problem in today’s modern society. This is due to several factors including the huge number of vehicles, the high dynamics of the system, and the nonlinear behavior exhibited by the different... more

Traffic control (TC) is a challenging problem in today’s modern society. This is due to several factors including the huge number of vehicles, the high dynamics of the system, and the nonlinear behavior exhibited by the different components of the system. Poor traffic management inflicts considerable cost due to the high rate of accidents, time losses, and negative impact on the economy as well as the environment. In this paper, we develop a traffic control system based on the Bayesian interpretation of probability that is adaptive to the high dynamics and non-stationarity of the road network. In order to simulate the traffic non-stationarity, we extend the Green Light District (GLD) vehicle traffic simulator. The change in road conditions is modeled by varying vehicle spawning probability distributions. We also implement the acceleration and lane changing models in GLD based on the Intelligent Driver Model (IDM).
Index Terms—reinforcement learning, traffic control, traffic simulation, multi agent systems, driver behavior

Enhancing traffic efficiency and alleviating (even circumventing) traffic congestion with advanced traffic signal control (TSC) strategies are always the main issues to be addressed in urban transportation systems. Since model predictive... more

Enhancing traffic efficiency and alleviating (even circumventing) traffic congestion with advanced traffic signal control (TSC) strategies are always the main issues to be addressed in urban transportation systems. Since model predictive control (MPC) has a lot of advantages in modeling complex dynamic systems, it has been widely studied in traffic signal control over the past 20 years. There is a need for an in-depth understanding of MPC-based TSC methods for traffic networks. Therefore, this paper presents the motivation of using MPC for TSC and how MPC-based TSC approaches are implemented to manage and control the dynamics of traffic flows both in urban road networks and freeway networks. Meanwhile, typical performance evaluation metrics, solution methods, examples of simulations, and applications related to MPC-based TSC approaches are reported. More importantly, this paper summarizes the recent developments and the research trends in coordination and control of traffic networks with MPC-based TSC approaches. Remaining challenges and open issues are discussed towards the end of this paper to discover potential future research directions.

Our country (India) is the second largest population of world; according to that vehicles are increased day to day life. Here, the questions arise! how to avoid the congestion in the road; that means traffic management. Traffic management... more

Our country (India) is the second largest population of world; according to that vehicles are increased day to day life. Here, the questions arise! how to avoid the congestion in the road; that means traffic management. Traffic management has since quite a while ago existed in some frame, from the beginning of railroad flagging or movement lights on city lanes, yet the improvement and execution of modern coordinated applications in light of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) has developed apace lately, because of effective research and technological advances. Develop a system which can be used to predict high level of traffic congestion using data collected from live video stream analysis sensors image processing traffic congestion system can utilize the power of cloud computing and the strength of artificial neural networks traffic is increasing in every major city, which raises an average commute time. Los Angeles has the highest time lost in traffic congestion and parking search while minimizing implementation costs and requirements of maintenance.

METODE WEBSTER Tahapan Perhitungan lampu lalu lintas dengan metode Webster adalah : 1 Tentukan banyaknya dan urutan fase/stage 2 Hitung rasio antara volume lalu lintas dan arus jenuh (q/s) tiap pergerakan 3 Tentukan nilai q/s kritis (y)... more

METODE WEBSTER Tahapan Perhitungan lampu lalu lintas dengan metode Webster adalah : 1 Tentukan banyaknya dan urutan fase/stage 2 Hitung rasio antara volume lalu lintas dan arus jenuh (q/s) tiap pergerakan 3 Tentukan nilai q/s kritis (y) setiap stage 4 Y= Σy, bila Y > 0,8 dilakukan penghitngan ulang 5 Hitung L = Σ waktu hilang dalam waktu siklus L = n x (I p-a) + n.(I 1 + I 2) dimana : n = jumlah fase/stage I p = Intergreen period, Ip normal tergantung dari ukuran simpang I 1 = waktu hilang di awal periode hijau, dimana kendaraan kehilangan start awal pada saat mau memulai pergerakan I 2 = waktu hilang di akhir periode hijau, akibat masih adanya kendaraan yang melewati simpang pada saat nyala kuning 6 Hitung waktu siklus optimal; C o = (1,5.L + 5)/(1-Y) 7 Pilih waktu siklus (C) antara 0,75.C o-1,50.C o 8 Hitung waktu hijau efektif total, E g = C-L 9 Hitung waktu hijau efektif tiap fase/stage, g n = y n /Y. (C-L) 10 Hitung waktu hijau aktual; k = g + I 1 + I 2-a dimana : a = amber time/waktu kuning biasanya ditetapkan sebesar = 3 detik

Study carried out in Indore, which is largest city of Madhya Pradesh, with 2.17 million people living there. It is the 14th largest city in India and 147th largest city in the world. With numbers of population and vehicles increasing day... more

Study carried out in Indore, which is largest city of Madhya Pradesh, with 2.17 million people living there. It is the 14th largest city in India and 147th largest city in the world. With numbers of population and vehicles increasing day by day also increases the load on traffic. Result in excess fuel consumption and pollution. For quantifying the excess fuel consumption and pollution load to the environment by motor vehicles during idling at Traffic signal, studies were carried out at different traffic signal squares of Indore. The selected traffic signal crossings were Mhownaka, Palasia, Regal, Bhowarkua, Gurudwara, Bangali, Vijay nagar, Patlipura, Nehru square and Navlakha. Study reveals that about 3,750 liters of fuel being consumed daily in idling of vehicle. Impatient drivers, old unreliable vehicles and traffic signals not equipped with timer are resulting in addition of 8,662.5 kg of CO2 in atmosphere. Using signal timers and implementing laws against vehicle idling will reduce Wastage and emission.

Salah satu ketidakefektifan pengatur lalu-lintas yang digunakan di ruas Jalan Senopati dan Jalan Sultan Agung Yogyakarta adalah tidak adanya sinkronisasi antara pengatur lalu-lintas di simpang empat Kantor Pos (Nol Kilometer), Gondomanan... more

Salah satu ketidakefektifan pengatur lalu-lintas yang digunakan di ruas Jalan Senopati dan Jalan Sultan Agung Yogyakarta adalah tidak adanya sinkronisasi antara pengatur lalu-lintas di simpang empat Kantor Pos (Nol Kilometer), Gondomanan dan Bintaran. Hal ini dapat menimbulkan antrian panjang dan kemacetan. Sementara itu tidak adanya variasi waktu hijau juga menambah panjang antrian pada jam-jam sibuk, dan menjadikan adanya pemborosan waktu pada jam-jam sepi.
Salah satu solusi yang diajukan pada penelitian ini adalah digunakannya sistem pengatur lalu-lintas terkoordinasi yang mempunyai jadwal pewaktuan. Dengan sistem ini, sebagian besar kendaraan yang mendapat isyarat hijau di simpang empat Kantor Pos akan mendapat isyarat hijau setibanya di simpang empat Gondomanan, dan di simpang empat Bintaran; demikian pula sebaliknya.
Pengatur lalu-lintas di simpang empat Gondomanan bertindak sebagai master (master controller); sedangkan pengatur lalu-lintas di simpang empat Kantor Pos dan Bintaran bertindak sebagai pengatur lalu-lintas lokal (local controller). Pengatur lalulintas master mengirim data sinkronisasi ke kedua pengatur lalu-lintas lokal secara nirkabel.
Semua pengatur lalu-lintas mempunyai jadwal pewaktuan lalu-lintas sendirisendiri yang telah disesuaikan dengan kondisi kepadatan lalu-lintas. Data pewaktuan tersebut didapat dari analisis atas hasil survei yang dilakukan selama 7 × 24 jam. Semua pengatur lalu-lintas yang menggunakan mikrokontroler AVR ATmega128A ini telah dapat mengatur lalu-lintas sesuai jadwal pewaktuan dan secara terkoordinasi. Proses sinkronisasi hanya memerlukan waktu satu hingga beberapa siklus. Prediksi pergerakan kendaraan telah dibuat menjadi diagram trayektori kendaraan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa sistem ini dapat menurunkan waktu tempuh kendaraan hingga 40 %.
Program pengaturan lalu-lintas ini baru menggunakan tidak lebih dari 10 % ruang memori di mikrokontroler, baik memori flash, SRAM, maupun EEPROM. Siklus kerja CPU mikrokontroler juga baru di bawah 1%. Pengatur lalu-lintas ini masih dapat secara leluasa dikembangkan untuk ditambah sensor kamera sebagai pendeteksi jumlah antrian kendaraan.

With the rapid development of road infrastructure, the volume of the vehicle on the road network increases which leads to traffic Congestion. The exact situation exists in the Coimbatore cities. Traffic congestions are amongst the top... more

With the rapid development of road infrastructure, the volume of the vehicle on the road network increases which leads to traffic Congestion. The exact situation exists in the Coimbatore cities. Traffic congestions are amongst the top list of the problems faced in Muscat and other cities around Coimbatore. This is mainly caused due to the rapid surprise in the number of vehicles in a short period. To overcome such an impact of traffic congestions, it is required to develop an IoT Based traffic control system. The proposed system would be based on the measurement of the actual traffic density on the road. This would be achieved using real-time video and image processing techniques. Wherein the images captured and are stored in the server, which will be compared with the real-time image captured via camera to identify the density. The theme is to control the traffic by determining the traffic density on each side of the four roads and enabling a controlling option of the traffic signal to the user through a software application.

The traffic of vehicles in urban areas has many problems that include the increase of traffic congestion and psychological stress of drivers leading to high rate of accidents, considerable time losses, and high rate of vehicle emissions.... more

The traffic of vehicles in urban areas has many problems that include the increase of traffic congestion and psychological stress of drivers leading to high rate of accidents, considerable time losses, and high rate of vehicle emissions. Accordingly, those problems have a considerable negative effect on the country economy. One possible solution for the traffic problem which has a great impact in tackling those negative effects is using traffic signal control. Hence, in this thesis, we focus on computing a consistent traffic signal con- figuration at each junction that optimizes multiple performance indices, i.e., multi-objective traffic signal control. The multi-objective function includes minimizing trip waiting time, total trip time, and junction waiting time. More- over, the multi-objective function includes maximizing flow rate, satisfying green waves for platoons traveling in main roads, avoiding accidents especially in residential areas, and forcing vehicles to move within moderate speed range of minimum fuel consumption. In particular, we formulate our multi-objective traffic signal control as a Multi- Agent System (MAS). Traffic signal controllers have a distributed nature in which each traffic signal agent acts individually and possibly cooperatively in a MAS. In addition, agents act autonomously according to the current traffic situation without any human intervention. Thus, we develop a multi-agent multi-objective Reinforcement Learning (RL) traffic signal control framework that simulates the driver’s behavior (acceleration/deceleration) continuously in space and time dimensions. This framework has two main challenges; the formulation of the learning task as a multi-objective function and the application of this multi-objective learn- ing framework on continuous space-time models. Particularly, the proposed framework is based on a multi-objective sequential decision making process whose parameters are estimated based on the Bayesian interpretation of prob- ability. Using this interpretation together with a novel adaptive cooperative exploration technique, the proposed traffic signal controller can make real- time adaptation in the sense that it responds effectively to the changing road dynamics. These road dynamics are simulated by the Green Light District (GLD) vehicle traffic simulator that is the testbed of our traffic signal control. GLD is an open-source traffic simulator that facilitates the traffic signal control research by using customizable road networks. We have implemented the Intelligent Driver Model (IDM) acceleration model in the GLD traffic simulator. The change in road conditions is modeled by varying the traffic demand proba- bility distribution and adapting the IDM parameters to the adverse weather conditions. For better performance evaluation, we added new performance indices based on collaborative learning to the GLD traffic simulator. These performance indices are based on estimating the remaining time of vehicles till arriving to their destinations rather than depending only on the elapsed time in the whole trip of the arrived vehicles. Moreover, we added new performance indices, i.e., Measures Of Effectiveness (MOEs) to evaluate the various system objectives, e.g., average number of trip stops, average speed, percentage of arrived vehicles, percentage of rejected vehicles, maximum and average queue lengths, etc. Under the congested and free traffic situations, the proposed multi-objective controller significantly outperforms the underlying single objective controller which only minimizes the trip waiting time (i.e., the total waiting time in the whole vehicle trip rather than at a specific junction). For instance, the average trip and waiting times are lower 8 and 6 times respectively when using the multi-objective controller.

Road traffic management has become a worldwide concern. Several traffic simulators have been developed in order to contribute to solving traffic congestion problems. Comparative studies of simulators in this field of activity are... more

Road traffic management has become a worldwide concern. Several traffic simulators have been developed in order to contribute to solving traffic congestion problems. Comparative studies of simulators in this field of activity are concerned with the comparison of the simulation results with the results of the real situation; others are interested in the ability of certain platforms to simulate public transport systems. Our study aims purports to cover carryout of existing simulators in the sense that, on the one hand, poised in eleven major reviews of simulation platforms (commercial and open-source) the most used, given that the existing comparative studies do not cover all simulators we compared. On the other hand, our comparative study takes into consideration new criteria such as use wireless sensors and the ability of simulators to support GIS (Geographic Information System).

Universiteti i Prishtines "Hasan Prishtina"
Fakulteti i Inxhinierise Mekanike
Departamenti Komunikacionit
Prishtine

This paper proposed a method that combines Polar Fourier Transform, color moments, and vein features to retrieve leaf images based on a leaf image. The method is very useful to help people in recognizing foliage plants. Foliage plants are... more

This paper proposed a method that combines Polar Fourier Transform, color moments, and vein features to retrieve leaf images based on a leaf image. The method is very useful to help people in recognizing foliage plants. Foliage plants are plants that have various colors and unique patterns in the leaf. Therefore, the colors and its patterns are information that should be counted on in the processing of plant identification. To compare the performance of retrieving system to other result, the experiments used Flavia dataset, which is very popular in recognizing plants. The result shows that the method gave better performance than PNN, SVM, and Fourier Transform. The method was also tested using foliage plants with various colors. The accuracy was 90.80% for 50 kinds of plants.

Traffic signal control (TSC) with vehicle-to-everything(V2X) communication can be very efficient for solving traffic congestion problem. When regarding a low number of vehicles equipped with communication capability i.e. penetration rate... more

Traffic signal control (TSC) with vehicle-to-everything(V2X) communication can be very efficient for solving traffic congestion problem. When regarding a low number of vehicles equipped with communication capability i.e. penetration rate (PR), an assumption that TSC can operate with a sufficient quality need to be studied. In this paper, this assumption was investigated with simulations using COLOMBO framework. The PR is the major factor that influences the quality of TSC, but as well the evaluation interval should be taken into account. The performance of TSC in means of sufficient period should follow the evaluations of the overall system. COLOMBO framework has been further investigated and new two approaches have been proposed (i.e. instead of swarm algorithm used in COLOMBO framework, simple and fuzzy logic have been used). To evaluate the performance of our proposal, a comparison with COLOMBO's approaches have been done. The results suggested that the duration that a vehicle remains associated with roadside unit (RSU) directly or through group leader can be used for controlling (as well as evaluating the traffic conditions) of an intersection with good accuracy even for low PR.

—The increasing number of vehicles on our road intersections has given rise to the problems like road accidents, congestions, conflicts and bottlenecks. These problems can now only be solved by providing an efficient traffic control at... more

—The increasing number of vehicles on our road intersections has given rise to the problems like road accidents, congestions, conflicts and bottlenecks. These problems can now only be solved by providing an efficient traffic control at intersections and that can be achieved by provision of a traffic signal system at intersections for continuous and efficient movement of vehicles through the intersections Chandigarh – the city beautiful – though a modern and well planned city, is also facing the same traffic problems. Here, the present traffic signals are based on the static feed of time without considering the actual available traffic. This leads to a situation where vehicles wait unnecessarily in one of the lanes while the traffic flow is not up to the considerable amount in the other lane. This paper provides the redesigning the existing traffic signals with a new cycle time by conducting an entire day traffic volume studies at the intersection. The traffic field studies were done on the one of the congested intersection of Madhya Marg i.e. Transport Chowk for having the traffic data inputs.

D isorganized city planning and a huge rise in use o f automobiles on the road have caused massive traffic congestion in cities across the world. Pedestrian crossing designed to fa cilita te movement across the road network, have... more

D isorganized city planning and a huge rise in use o f automobiles on the road have caused massive traffic congestion in cities across the world. Pedestrian crossing designed to fa cilita te movement across the road network, have unfortunately become a hindrance to movements o f traffic. Though the sm art zebra lines had been introduced, it has not contributed much to reduce the time that holds vehicle lines under the traffic lights. M oreover, the establishm ent o f transfer hubs and underground crossings remain silent in local context because o f their cost. Even though there are p len ty o f pedestrian crossing mechanisms available, they are not secure and not ideal fo r the disabled, elderly, children, and the sick. Considerable numbers o f police officers have to spend their time on traffic controlling duties though i t ' s inefficient and wastage o f human resources. A number o f studies have fo cu sed on autom ated vehicles and robots as tools to ease problem s o f congestion. This paper, it fo cu ses on the design o f an autom ated guided carriage system fo r pedestrian transportation in an efficient a n d secure manner.

Saturation flow is one of the fundamental parameter that is used to define the level of service, to assign signal timings and other traffic operations. In the conventional approaches (Highway Capacity Manual, Canadian Capacity Guide etc.)... more

Saturation flow is one of the fundamental parameter that is used to define the level of service, to assign signal timings and other traffic operations. In the conventional approaches (Highway Capacity Manual, Canadian Capacity Guide etc.) base value is adjusted by the parameters that represent field and traffic conditions. Although the results obtained are acceptable, the adjustment parameters may not reflect the field conditions properly in many countries and does not represent any effects on driver behavior. This paper presents a new formula for saturation flow based on driver behavior and some vehicle characteristics. In this formula, mean length, headway and acceleration rates of vehicles, saturation speeds of intersection and mean reaction time of vehicles in a queue are considered. The formula is tested with field data and compared to the values obtained by the HCM, CCG (Canadian Capacity Guide) and the Akcelik approaches. Based on these comparisons, it is commented that estimation of the new formula is promising.

Image Morphing is one of the most powerful Digital Image processing technique, which is used to enhance many multimedia projects, presentations, education and computer based training. It is also used in medical imaging field to recover... more

Image Morphing is one of the most powerful Digital Image processing technique, which is used to enhance many multimedia projects, presentations, education and computer based training. It is also used in medical imaging field to recover features not visible in images by establishing correspondence of features among successive pair of scanned images. This paper discuss what morphing is and implementation of Triangulation based morphing Technique and Feature based Image Morphing. IT analyze both morphing techniques in terms of different attributes such as computational complexity, Visual quality of morph obtained and complexity involved in selection of features.

Salah satu ketidakefektifan pengatur isyarat lalu-lintas yang digunakan di simpang empat Gondomanan dan Bintaran adalah tidak adanya sinkronisasi di antara keduanya. Kadang sebagian besar kendaraan yang mendapat lampu hijau di simpang... more

Salah satu ketidakefektifan pengatur isyarat lalu-lintas yang digunakan di simpang empat Gondomanan dan Bintaran adalah tidak adanya sinkronisasi di antara keduanya. Kadang sebagian besar kendaraan yang mendapat lampu hijau di simpang empat Gondomanan mendapat lampu merah setibanya di simpang empat Bintaran. Hal ini menimbulkan antrian panjang yang dapat menimbulkan kemacetan. Sementara itu tidak adanya variasi waktu hijau juga menambah panjang antrian pada jam-jam sibuk, dan menjadikan adanya pemborosan waktu pada jam-jam sepi.
Salah satu solusi yang diajukan pada penelitian ini untuk mengatasi dua permasalahan tersebut adalah digunakannya sistem pengatur isyarat lalu-lintas sinkron
yang mempunyai beberapa variasi pola pengaturan. Dengan sistem ini, diusahakan sebagian besar kendaraan yang mendapat lampu hijau di simpang empat Gondomanan kembali mendapatkan lampu hijau setibanya di simpang empat Bintaran, demikian pula
sebaliknya. Pengatur lalu-lintas pada kedua simpang empat tersebut menggunakan konfigurasi master – slave. Proses sinkronisasi kedua pengatur isyarat lalu-lintas diselenggarakan menggunakan komunikasi nirkabel. Master dan slave mempunyai pola dan jadwal pengaturan isyarat lalu-lintas sendiri-sendiri yang telah disesuaikan dengan kondisi kepadatan lalu-lintas. Data tersebut didapat dari survei yang dilakukan selama
24 jam. Meskipun pola dan jadwal pengaturan dapat diubah sewaktu-waktu oleh terminal petugas Dinas Perhubungan, proses pengaturan lalu-lintas di master dan slave dijaga tetap sinkron. Prototipe sistem pengatur isyarat lalu-lintas sinkron hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat dikembangkan dan direalisasikan bersamaan dengan sistem ATCS untuk mendukung rencana penerapan sistem Intelligent Transportation
System.

This paper presents a method of addressing stochastic variation at closely spaced signalized intersections to provide secondary coordination to “minor” movements with significant traffic volumes. A neuro fuzzy signal control system was... more

This paper presents a method of addressing stochastic variation at closely spaced signalized intersections to provide secondary coordination to “minor” movements with significant traffic volumes. A neuro fuzzy signal control system was designed in this study to manage a non-coordinated movement to avoid queue spillback. Building on the conventional actuated-coordinated control system, the neuro-fuzzy controller does not lose the benefit of the primary coordination of the conventional controller but establishes a “secondary coordination” between the upstream coordinated phase (through phase) and the downstream non-coordinated phase (left-turn phase) on the basis of areal-time traffic demand. Under the neuro-fuzzy signal control, the traffic from the upstream intersection can arrive and join the queue at the downstream left-turn lane and be served in a timely fashion and thus reduce the likelihood of being delayed at the downstream intersection. The simulation results indicate that the neuro-fuzzy signal control consistently outperformed the conventional actuated-coordinated controller in terms of reduction in systemwide average delay and number of stops per vehicle under a wide range of traffic volumes by nearly 20% under heavier demand conditions.

In smart cities, it is expected that transport, communication as well as the movement of people and goods will take place in the shortest possible time while maintaining a high level of safety. In recent years, due to the significant... more

In smart cities, it is expected that transport, communication as well as the movement of people and goods will take place in the shortest possible time while maintaining a high level of safety. In recent years, due to the significant increase in the number of passengers and vehicles on the road and the capacity limitations of transport networks, it has become necessary to use new technologies for intelligent control and traffic management. Intelligent transport systems use advanced technologies in the field of data gathering, information processing, and traffic control to meet current transport needs. To be able to effectively control and manage road traffic, it is necessary to have reliable mathematical models that allow for a faithful representation of the real traffic conditions. Models of this type are usually the basis of complex algorithms used in practice in road traffic control. The application of appropriate models reflecting the behavior of road users contributes to the re...

Delay is the one of the design criteria that has been used for performance evaluation of signalized intersections. In pre-timed control, vehicle delays can be minimized or reduced by proper design of signal timings and phasing. But... more

Delay is the one of the design criteria that has been used for performance evaluation of signalized intersections. In pre-timed control, vehicle delays can be minimized or reduced by proper design of signal timings and phasing. But vehicle delays include many parameters such as signal timing, number of phases, vehicle headways, saturation flow, queueing etc. Among these parameters vehicle queue is formed by unbalanced signal timings or unexpected demand values. On the other hand, headways of vehicles can be effective on queue forming especially in discharging case. It is also related to driver behaviors. In this paper, relationship of cyclic vehicle queue and vehicular delay is investigated considering different signal timings and phase sequencing. The data are obtained from observations that are made at urban intersections of Denizli city, Turkey. Regression analysis is used for relationship and statistical tests are applied. The MuLReD (Multiple Linear Regression Analysis based Delay Estimation) model is developed and significance of the model is proved by statistically. Adjusted R2 value of MuLReD Model is obtained as 0,95. On the other hand, delay values obtained from the MuLReD Model and Akcelik Vehicle Delay Formula are compared with each other. As a result of comparisons, Mean Square Error (MSE) values for Akcelik Equation and the MuLReD Model are determined as about 112 and 7 respectively. These results show that outcomes obtained by the MuLReD Model are closer to field observations. Discussions about the present delay formulas, are also reported in the paper.

This paper extends the continuum signalized intersection model exhaustively studied in Han et al. (2014) to more accurately account for three realistic complications: signal offsets, queue spillbacks, and complex signal phasing schemes.... more

This paper extends the continuum signalized intersection model exhaustively studied in Han et al. (2014) to more accurately account for three realistic complications: signal offsets, queue spillbacks, and complex signal phasing schemes. The model extensions are derived theoretically based on signal cycle, green split, and offset, and are shown to approximate well traffic operations at signalized intersections treated using the traditional (and more realistic) on-and-off model. We propose a generalized continuum signal model, which explicitly handles complex vehicle spillback patterns on signalized networks with provable error estimates. Under mild conditions, the errors are small and bounded by fixed values that do not grow with time. Overall, this represents a significant improvement over the original continuum model, which had errors that grew quickly with time in the presence of any queue spillbacks and for which errors were not explicitly derived for different offset cases. Thus, the new model is able to more accurately approximate traffic dynamics in large networks with multiple signals under more realistic conditions. We also qualitatively describe how this new model can be applied to several realistic intersection configurations that might be encountered in typical urban networks. These include intersections with multiple entry and exit links, complex signal phasing, all-red times, and the presence of dedicated turning lanes. Numerical tests of the models show remarkable consistency with the on-and-off model, as expected from the theory, with the added benefit of significant computational savings and higher signal control resolution when using the continuum model.

This paper proposes a bi-level model for traffic network signal control, which is formulated as a dynamic Stackelberg game and solved as a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (MPEC). The lower-level problem is a dynamic user... more

This paper proposes a bi-level model for traffic network signal control, which is formulated as a dynamic Stackelberg game and solved as a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (MPEC). The lower-level problem is a dynamic user equilibrium (DUE) with embedded dynamic network loading (DNL) sub-problem based on the LWR model (Lighthill and Whitham, 1955; Richards, 1956). The upper-level decision variables are (time-varying) signal green splits with the objective of minimizing network-wide travel cost. Unlike most existing literature which mainly use an on-and-off (binary) representation of the signal controls, we employ a continuum signal model recently proposed and analyzed in Han et al. (2014), which aims at describing and predicting the aggregate behavior that exists at signalized intersections without relying on distinct signal phases. Advantages of this continuum signal model include fewer integer variables, less restrictive constraints on the time steps, and higher decision resolution. It simplifies the modeling representation of large-scale urban traffic networks with the benefit of improved computational efficiency in simulation or optimization. We present, for the LWR-based DNL model that explicitly captures vehicle spillback, an in-depth study on the implementation of the continuum signal model, as its approximation accuracy depends on a number of factors and may deteriorate greatly under certain conditions. The proposed MPEC is solved on two test networks with three metaheuristic methods. Parallel computing is employed to significantly accelerate the solution procedure.

In smart cities, it is expected that transport, communication as well as the movement of people and goods will take place in the shortest possible time while maintaining a high level of safety. In recent years, due to the significant... more

In smart cities, it is expected that transport, communication as well as the movement of people and goods will take place in the shortest possible time while maintaining a high level of safety. In recent years, due to the significant increase in the number of passengers and vehicles on the road and the capacity limitations of transport networks, it has become necessary to use new technologies for intelligent control and traffic management. Intelligent transport systems use advanced technologies in the field of data gathering, information processing, and traffic control to meet current transport needs. To be able to effectively control and manage road traffic, it is necessary to have reliable mathematical models that allow for a faithful representation of the real traffic conditions. Models of this type are usually the basis of complex algorithms used in practice in road traffic control. The application of appropriate models reflecting the behavior of road users contributes to the reduction of congestion, the vehicles travel time on the transport network, fuel consumption and the emissions, which in turn support broadly understood energy savings. The article proposes a model that allows for the estimation of the maximum queue size at the signal-controlled intersection approach (so-called: maximum back-of-queue). This model takes into account the most important traffic characteristics of the vehicles forming this queue. The verification allowed for the conclusion that the proposed model is characterized by high compliance with the actual traffic and road conditions at the intersections with signal controllers located in built-up areas in Poland. The obtained compliance confirms the possibility of using the model for practical applications in calculating the maximum back-of-queue at signal-controlled intersections located in built-up areas in Poland.

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) when an event is detected there is an increase in data traffic that might lead to packets being transmitted through the network close to the packet handling capacity of the WSN. The WSN experiences a... more

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) when an event is detected there is an increase in data traffic that might lead to packets being transmitted through the network close to the packet handling capacity of the WSN. The WSN experiences a decrease in network performance due to packet loss, long delays, and reduction in throughput. In this paper we developed an adaptive congestion control algorithm that monitors network utilization and adjust traffic levels and/or increases network resources to improve throughput and conserve energy. The traffic congestion control protocol DelStatic is developed by introducing backpressure mechanism into NOAH. We analyzed various routing protocols and established that DSR has a higher resource congestion control capability. The proposed protocol, ACCP uses a sink switching algorithm to trigger DelStatic or DSR feedback to a congested node based on its Node Rank. From the simulation results, ACCP protocol does not only improve throughput but also conserves energy which is critical to sensor application survivability on the field. Our Adaptive Congestion control achieved reliability, high throughput and energy efficiency.

C23 Resume With the spread of connected vehicles (CVs), a growth of novel information services exploiting data transmitted by CVs is expected. Wireless communication systems, in particular in vehicular applications, operate with a varying... more

C23 Resume With the spread of connected vehicles (CVs), a growth of novel information services exploiting data transmitted by CVs is expected. Wireless communication systems, in particular in vehicular applications, operate with a varying level of transmission reliability, which may affect the quality of V2X-data-driven intelligent transport systems (ITS). Therefore, the performance of ITS should be evaluated in a variety of conditions and the configuration of parameters should be fine-tuned in a safe testbed, using computer simulations. A simple framework is presented, which couples VISSIM traffic simulation and OMNeT++ communication networks simulation in real time, enabling an assessment of the relationship between a communication reliability and transport service quality. A functionality of the framework is demonstrated by applying it to a scheme controlling signalized intersections while estimating traffic flows from the V2I data. The proposed techniques rely heavily on an assumption of perfect communication (i.e. no latency and message loss), however, in the real world applications the reliability of communication networks might be affected by various factors [3-4]. Several studies investigate communication networks performance in connected vehicles environment [5-6] and while the effect of information transmission quality on vehicles' routing decisions in a signalized urban network has been investigated [7], the direct, real-time impact of imperfect communication on traffic control decisions at signalized intersections is less studied. As a field test validation of various traffic scenarios in connected vehicle environment might be too expensive and complex to set up, a common practice in traffic control research is to create simulation models. In this study, a simulation framework that integrates VISSIM traffic micro-simulation software and OMNET++ communication networks simulator was built in order to provide a testbed for realistic interaction scenarios. In the future work, the developed test bed/framework may provide some valuable insights into an impact of imperfect communication on, for example, signal traffic control performance in connected vehicles environment and possible ways to decrease the

Traffic load computation for real time traffic signal control system has become a challenging problem as well as the need of hour to make road traffic decent, safe, less time and fuel consuming. CCTV Cameras can prove to be a robust and... more

Traffic load computation for real time traffic signal control system has become a challenging problem as well as the need of hour to make road traffic decent, safe, less time and fuel consuming. CCTV Cameras can prove to be a robust and sufficient solution in this direction. Images of the traffic captured with the help of CCTV Camera, can be processed to retrieve the required output about current traffic. This presents a model to count the traffic load by some parameters such as edge detection, histogram equalization, labeling and removing the noise with the help of median filter. The load computed can then be used to control the traffic signals.

Disorganized city planning and a huge rise in use of automobiles on the road have caused massive traffic congestion in cities across the world. Pedestrian crossing designed to facilitate movement across the road network, have... more

Disorganized city planning and a huge rise in use of automobiles on the road have caused massive traffic congestion in cities across the world. Pedestrian crossing designed to facilitate movement across the road network, have unfortunately become a hindrance to movements of traffic. Though the smart zebra lines had been introduced, it has not contributed much to reduce the time that holds vehicle lines under the traffic lights. Moreover, the establishment of transfer hubs and underground crossings remain silent in local context because of their cost. Even though there are plenty of pedestrian crossing mechanisms available, they are not secure and not ideal for the disabled, elderly, children, and the sick. Considerable numbers of police officers have to spend their time on traffic controlling duties though it’s inefficient and wastage of human resources. A number of studies have focused on automated vehicles and robots as tools to ease problems of congestion. This paper, it focuses ...

Inefficient traffic light control in intersections is the main obstacle to ensure maximum utilization of traffic infrastructures. Ill-thought infrastructure design has ceased the possibility of an fully-automated system to succeed in... more

Inefficient traffic light control in intersections is the main obstacle to ensure maximum utilization of traffic infrastructures. Ill-thought infrastructure design has ceased the possibility of an fully-automated system to succeed in regulating traffic flow in intersections. This paper studies the practicality and implementation of a real-time adaptive traffic control assistance system, that acquires data from Google Maps API and calculates the optimal green light time for each entry roads of an intersection to minimize average waiting time using an algorithm derived from network flow model. Responsible person will use a handheld device to get the suggestion from the server using RESTful Web API.

This paper focuses on real-time traffic management facilitated by modern telecommunication technologies and advanced real-time optimization algorithms. The discussion begins with a recent European project that provides a real-time... more

This paper focuses on real-time traffic management facilitated by modern telecommunication technologies and advanced real-time optimization algorithms. The discussion begins with a recent European project that provides a real-time decision support system for the reduction of traffic congestion and emissions. The work ow and techniques involved therein are explained and issues and potential gaps identified. A more generic real-time decision-making framework based on decision rules and distributionally robust optimization is then introduced. The paper illustrates the wide applicability and unique advantages of such a framework with case studies on responsive signal control, use of an adaptive variable message sign, and air traffic management.