Exercise Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Background: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of ten weeks of combined training on the gene expression of nuclear factor-κB and sirtuin 1 in fast and slow twitch muscles of aged male rats. Methods: Sixteen rats, each 24... more

Background: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of ten weeks of combined training on the gene expression of nuclear factor-κB and sirtuin 1 in fast and slow twitch muscles of aged male rats.
Methods: Sixteen rats, each 24 months old, were randomly divided into two groups: combined training and control (Eight rats per group). Combined exercises were performed four sessions per week, including two days of endurance and two days of resistance. The exercises took place in a container measuring 50x50x100 cm, filled with water maintained at 30±1°C. On the first day, the animals swam for five minutes in water at a height equal to 100% of their body length, without weights. On the second and third days, the rats swam for 10 minutes with the water height equal to 120% of their body length. On the fourth and fifth days, they swam for 15 minutes with the water height at 140% of their body length, which remained constant during the study period. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance with SPSS version 22 software, with the significance level at P≤0.05.
Results: After ten weeks of combined training, a significant difference was observed in the gene expression of nuclear factor-κB and sirtuin 1 between the training and control groups (P=0.001 for both).
Conclusion: According to the results of this research, performing combined exercises in water with appropriate intensity and duration can regulate inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways, thereby strengthening muscles and reducing muscle wasting and atrophy in the elderly.

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Dynamic resistance exercise promotes a sizeable increase in blood pressure during its execution in non medicated hypertensives. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Atenolol not only decreases blood pressure... more

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Dynamic resistance exercise promotes a sizeable increase in blood pressure during its execution in non medicated hypertensives. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Atenolol not only decreases blood pressure level but also mitigates the increase of blood pressure during dynamic resistance exercise in hypertensive patients. An increase in blood pressure during resistance exercise might be at least in part attributed to an increase in cardiac output.AIMSThis study was conducted to determine whether atenolol was able to decrease BP level and mitigate BP increase during dynamic resistance exercise performed at three different intensities in hypertensives.METHODSTen essential hypertensives (systolic/diastolic BP between 140/90 and 160/105 mmHg) were blindly studied after 6 weeks of placebo and atenolol. In each phase, volunteers executed, in a random order, three protocols of knee‐extension exercises to fatigue: (i) one set at 100% of 1 RM; (ii) three sets at...

The main objective of the study was to compare the effect of different weekly frequencies of resistance training (RT) on strength and body composition in untrained individuals who participated in a corporate wellness program after a... more

The main objective of the study was to compare the effect of different weekly frequencies of resistance training (RT) on strength and body composition in untrained individuals who participated in a corporate wellness program after a three-month period. 48 men and 36 women within the ages of 30 to 45 years old were selected and they were divided into four groups that trained either two, three or four times per week, and a control group. Each group followed the same RT program. The participants completed 3 sets of 10-12RM of each exercise, with the exception of the abdominal crunch that followed a 15-20RM rep range per set. The loads were readjusted every time the upper training zone limit was surpassed. The rest interval between sets and exercises was between 60-90 seconds long. All sessions were supervised by a Physical Education professional with experience in resistance training. Anthropometric measurements and 10RM tests were done to analyze dependent variables. All groups presen...

The aim of the present study was to clarify the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation on moderate and high-intensity endurance exercise in the heat. Eight endurance-trained men [maximal oxygen uptake ( VO(2max)) 59.5+/-1.6 ml... more

The aim of the present study was to clarify the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation on moderate and high-intensity endurance exercise in the heat. Eight endurance-trained men [maximal oxygen uptake ( VO(2max)) 59.5+/-1.6 ml kg(-1) bw(-1), mean+/-SE] cycled to exhaustion twice at 60% VO(2max) and twice at 73% VO(2max) at an ambient temperature of 35 degrees C. Subjects ingested either a 6.4% maltodextrin solution (CHO) or an artificially flavoured and coloured placebo (PLA). Time to fatigue was significantly greater with CHO in both the 60% and 73% VO(2max) trials (14.5% and 13.5% improvement, respectively). Heart rate and oxygen uptake ( VO(2)) did not differ at any point between PLA and CHO. Hypoglycaemia was not seen in any condition but plasma glucose concentrations tended to be higher at both intensities when CHO was fed. CHO oxidation rates were similar at 60% VO(2max) between CHO and PLA. There were no differences between PLA and CHO in the rate of rise of rectal temp...

Resumo Em atletas de alta performance, principalmente aqueles que praticam esportes de resistência com treinos de alta intensidade e longa duração, o coração sofre alterações elétricas, funcionais e estruturais, aumentando a probabilidade... more

Resumo
Em atletas de alta performance, principalmente aqueles que praticam esportes de resistência com treinos de alta intensidade e longa duração, o coração sofre alterações elétricas, funcionais e estruturais, aumentando a probabilidade de arritmias ventriculares e atriais. Sabe-se que esses atletas possuem aumento do diâmetro e do volume indexado do átrio esquerdo (AE), entretanto, os efeitos dessas alterações na função atrial ainda não estão totalmente esclarecidos. A mecânica do AE envolve três funções: 1) função de reservatório, caracterizada pelo armazenamento do retorno venoso proveniente das veias pulmonares, que ocorre durante a sístole ventricular; 2) função de conduto, representada pelo enchimento passivo do ventrículo esquerdo (VE); e 3) função contrátil, expressa pela contração atrial. Recentemente, a análise da função do átrio por meio da deformação miocárdica, utilizando a técnica de speckle tracking, vem sendo utilizada cada vez mais e contribuindo para a compreensão da mecânica atrial. Atletas de resistência apresentam maiores adaptações atriais, como um maior diâmetro e volume do AE, provavelmente provocado pelo aumento repetitivo e sustentado da pré-carga de esforço, a fim de atender a demanda do débito cardíaco durante o treinamento de alta intensidade. Além do aumento do AE, estudos têm demonstrado redução da função de reservatório em atletas, quando comparados ao grupo controle. Deste modo, acreditamos que estes achados podem contribuir para melhor estratificação de pacientes com maior risco de desenvolver fibrilação atrial (FA). Por fim, entendemos que são necessários mais estudos para um melhor entendimento sobre a relação dose-resposta entre exercício e função atrial esquerda.

Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor. Despite many advances in treatment, all patients die within 6 to 18 months after diagnosis. In the cases of glioma, the immune system is suppressed in a local fashion. Therefore, unveiling... more

Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor. Despite many advances in treatment, all patients die within 6 to 18 months after diagnosis. In the cases of glioma, the immune system is suppressed in a local fashion. Therefore, unveiling the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved, with the aim of obtaining an appropriate new treatment is a priority. Designing an appropriate animal model is necessary before any clinical trials. Material & methods: In this study, we prepared fifteen 6-8 week-old female mice (Balb/C) from the Pasteur institute, Tehran,and also selected the mouse glioma cell line GL26 to induce a allogeneic subcutaneous tumor. After culturing the cell and anesthetization of the mice, we injected different cell doses into distinct groups of mice. Sterile PBS was injected into the control group. Animal behavior and clinical symptoms were regularly followed and recorded, and after tumor induction, it was surgically removed and evaluated in terms of macroscopic and micros...

Judo athletes are highly susceptible to chronic muscle damage and oxidative injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks judo training program on oxidative stress biomarkers and creatine kinase (CK) in male... more

Judo athletes are highly susceptible to chronic muscle damage and oxidative injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks judo training program on oxidative stress biomarkers and creatine kinase (CK) in male judo athletes. Twenty-four elite male judo athletes were randomly divided into control (C; n=12) and experimental groups (E; n =12). The experimental group (E) performed judo training 6 days/week for 8 weeks. The control group (C) did not participate in any exercise training program during the study. Blood samples were collected 24 h before the beginning of the training protocol, 24 h post-exercise in week 8 and after one week of recovery, to determine hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), blood viscosity, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), serum protein carbonyls (PC), plasma fibrinogen and serum CK. Eight weeks of judo training increased maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max), decreased body mass and fat% in E group. In E group, the levels of MDA, fibrinogen...

Aim: To investigate the effect of different breathing patterns (spontaneous breathing as a control, hyperventilation and forced exhalation) on biochemical, cardiorespiratory and performance variables following a specific tennis test.... more

Aim: To investigate the effect of different breathing patterns (spontaneous breathing as a control, hyperventilation and forced exhalation) on biochemical, cardiorespiratory and performance variables following a specific tennis test. Methods: Thirteen trained nationally ranked male tennis participated in this study. In three different sessions the players performed a passing-shot drill test, only modifying the breathing pattern (hyperventilation, forced exhalation or spontaneous breathing) during the recovery periods in randomized and counterbalance manner. Results: No differences were found between the three tests in biochemical variables (pH: F 2,12 =0.118, P=0.890; pCO 2 : F 2,24 =1.24, P=0.307; [HCO 3 - ]: F 2,24 =3.257, P=0.056; [La - ] F 2,24 =0.179, P=0.838) except for the base excess (BE; F 2,24 =4.339, P=0.025). On the other hand, ventilation and breathing frequency were different among the test (VE: F 2,24 =23.134, P<0.001; BF: F 2,24 =74.633, P<0.001, respectively),...

Muscle glycogen, the predominant form of stored glucose in the body, and blood glucose are the main energy substrates for muscle contraction during exercise. Sucrose is an ideal substance for athletes to incorporate because it provides... more

Muscle glycogen, the predominant form of stored glucose in the body, and blood glucose are the main energy substrates for muscle contraction during exercise. Sucrose is an ideal substance for athletes to incorporate because it provides both glucose and fructose. Therefore, it is essential that athletes monitor their diet to maintain and increase muscle glycogen deposits, since they are a major limiting factor of prolonged exercise performance. Carbohydrate-rich diets are also recommended for endurance and ultra-endurance exercise, because they are associated with increased muscle glycogen stores, as well as delayed onset of fatigue. In addition, high carbohydrate diets and carbohydrate intake before and during exercise have shown to be beneficial due to increased concentrations of hepatic glycogen and maintenance of blood glucose. The effect of carbohydrate intake on athletic performance mainly depends on the characteristics of the exercise, the type and amount of carbohydrate inges...

Many exercise studies, although generally showing the beneficial effects of supervised aerobic, resistance or combined exercise on blood lipids, have sometimes reached equivocal conclusions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact... more

Many exercise studies, although generally showing the beneficial effects of supervised aerobic, resistance or combined exercise on blood lipids, have sometimes reached equivocal conclusions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of different programs that combined exercise and dietary restriction on blood lipids versus a clinical practice intervention for weight loss, in overweight adults. For this study 66 subjects participated in a supervised 22 weeks training program, composed of three sessions per week and they were randomized in three groups: strength training (S; n = 19), endurance training (E; n = 25), a combination of E and S (SE; n = 22). Eighteen subjects served as physical activity group (PA) that followed a clinical intervention consisted of physical activity recommendations. All groups followed the same dietary treatment, and blood samples were obtained for lipids measurements, at the beginning and end of the study. Lipid profile improved in all groups. No sig...

The objective of this work was to evaluate how sex, age, and the kind of treatment followed affect weight loss in overweight men and women, as well as to develop an explanation for the evolution of weight-loss dynamics. The study... more

The objective of this work was to evaluate how sex, age, and the kind of treatment followed affect weight loss in overweight men and women, as well as to develop an explanation for the evolution of weight-loss dynamics. The study consisted of 119 overweight participants (18–50 years old, body mass index >25 and <29.9 kg·m-2), who were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment programs, namely, strength training (n = 30), endurance training (n = 30), a combination of strength training and endurance training (n = 30), and a careful treatment including diet and physical recommendations (n = 29). Each of the training groups exercised 3 times per week for 24 weeks, and their daily diet was restricted to a specific protocol during the testing period and controlled carefully. Body weight changes in the participants were evaluated every 15 days. Based on this study, we developed and validated different sets of equations to accurately capture the weight-loss dynamics. There were no signifi...

Purpose: Mind-body exercise is a promising non-pharmacological approach for managing sleep disturbance and depression that are prevalent among older adults, but its efficacy remains inconclusive across the studies. This study aimed to... more

Purpose: Mind-body exercise is a promising non-pharmacological approach for managing sleep disturbance and depression that are prevalent among older adults, but its efficacy remains inconclusive across
the studies. This study aimed to systematically evaluate and quantify the overall effectiveness of mindbody exercises on sleep disturbance and depression in older adults.
Methods: We searched eight databases to identify relevant articles from their inception to April 2024.
Experimental studies that evaluate the effects of mind-body movement therapy on sleep disturbance and
depression in older adults were included. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool version 2.0 was used to appraise
included studies. The pairwise meta-analysis was performed through the software Comprehensive MetaAnalysis Version 3.0. Moreover, subgroup analysis was utilized to understand the effect size on each form
of mind-body exercise and to determine the source of heterogeneity.
Results: A total of 27 studies were eligible and synthesized. The mind-body exercise appears statistically
significant in reducing sleep disturbance (SMD = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.76 ~ 0.44) and depression (SMD = 0.56,
95% CI: 0.75 ~ 0.36) among older adults. Each form of mind-body exercise, including pilates, yoga, qigong,
and tai-chi, effectively decreases sleep disturbance and depression, but there were no significant differences in the effects between these practices.
Conclusion: The cumulative evidence concludes that older adults who participated in mind-body exercise programs showed potential improvements in sleep disturbance and depression. This finding may
serve as evidence for professionals to use this approach as a non-pharmacological approach to help older
adults in the community and long-term care facilities who are having sleep disturbance and depression. More clinical trials are needed for an in-depth meta-analysis that can rank and compare the efficacy of each mind-body exercise practice

Physical exercise can improve cancer patients' functioning and reduce their symptom levels. A randomized, controlled trial was launched to test the hypothesis that physical exercise reduces fatigue and improves physical performance... more

Physical exercise can improve cancer patients' functioning and reduce their symptom levels. A randomized, controlled trial was launched to test the hypothesis that physical exercise reduces fatigue and improves physical performance in cancer patients with advanced and incurable disease.

Anaerobic glycolysis is a major source of energy for activity in reptiles. In this experiment, lactate and premature lactate accumulation in house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus) was measured by the time it took the geckos to reach... more

Anaerobic glycolysis is a major source of energy for activity in reptiles. In this experiment, lactate and premature lactate accumulation in house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus) was measured by the time it took the geckos to reach exhaustion, righting response and change in respiration rates. Lactate accumulation was measured after extensive exercise on the treadmill and injection of 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution, while premature lactate accumulation was measured after injection 80 mM solution of lactic acid which was adjusted to 300 mOSM of NaCl (lactate) solution. The result showed that the null hypothesis was rejected and significant differences were found among the three groups. Further test determined that significant differences were found during the time it took for the geckos to reach exhaustion. The differences were among the lactate injection and no injection group, and the lactate and saline injection group.

Globally, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are identified as one of the leading causes of mortality. NCDs have several modifiable risk factors including unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use and alcohol abuse. Schools provide... more

Globally, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are identified as one of the leading causes of mortality. NCDs have several modifiable risk factors including unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use and alcohol abuse. Schools provide ideal settings for health promotion, but the effectiveness of school policies in the reduction of risk factors for NCD is not clear. This study reviewed the literature on the impact of school policies on major NCD risk factors. A systematic review was conducted to identify, collate and synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of school policies on reduction of NCD risk factors. A search strategy was developed to identify the relevant studies on effectiveness of NCD policies in schools for children between the age of 6 to 18 years in Ovid Medline, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Data extraction was conducted using pre-piloted forms. Studies included in the review were assessed for methodological quality using the Effective Public Health Practice Project (...

The benefits of physical activity on diseases and risk factors are well known. Despite the known benefits, many segments of the population, particularly African-American women and girls, do not obtain adequate levels of physical activity.... more

The benefits of physical activity on diseases and risk factors are well known. Despite the known benefits, many segments of the population, particularly African-American women and girls, do not obtain adequate levels of physical activity. Strategies are needed to identify successful and sustainable interventions to increase physical activity among this population. We reviewed literature published between 2007 and 2009 that focused on increasing physical activity or fitness among this population. We identified 37 studies, 11 of which focused on increasing physical activity. This article summarizes the findings from those 11 studies and provides recommendations for improving strategies to increase physical activity in African-American women and girls.