Green Manure Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Field experiments were conducted in 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 dry seasons at the Research farm of the Institute for Agricultural Research, Samaru northern guinea savanna agro ecological zone of Nigeria to study growth rate and yield of... more

Field experiments were conducted in 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 dry seasons at the Research farm of the Institute for Agricultural Research, Samaru northern guinea savanna agro ecological zone of Nigeria to study growth rate and yield of tomato under green manure and NPK fertilizer rates. Treatment consisted of two tomato varieties (Roma VF and UC82B), four rates of NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer (0, 150, 300, and 450 kg ha−1), and three rates of green manure (0, 5, and 10 t ha−1), laid in a split-plot design with three replications. The variety and fertilizer constituted the main plot while green manure was allocated in subplot. Both varieties responded linearly in growth stages of 5 and 7 weeks after transplanting (WAT) on plant height, relative growth rate, and crop growth rate (CGR). However, UC82B proves superior over Roma VF on growth indices CGR at 5–7 WAT, net assimilation rate (NAR) at 7–9 WAT, and total fruit yield with 10.6% higher. Application of NPK fertilizer significantly increa...

Summary Phosphate rock (PR) was applied to one conventional and two organic dairy fi elds and planted with buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) as a green manure crop. In total, fi ve types of PR were applied at three application rates in... more

Summary Phosphate rock (PR) was applied to one conventional and two organic dairy fi elds and planted with buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) as a green manure crop. In total, fi ve types of PR were applied at three application rates in order to determine the yield, concentration of P in the aboveground tissue and the P uptake of buckwheat. It was found that PR of relatively high carbonate substitution and small particle diameter could increase buckwheat tissue concentrations to a quality such that mineralization of the buckwheat mulch could occur. Buckwheat mulch and residual PR increased soil P fl ux as determined by anion exchange membranes in situ in the following spring. This provides evidence that buckwheat of high P quality has the potential to supply P to a subsequent crop.

QUEIROZ, O. A. DE; LOPES, H. M.; MOREIRA, L. B.; MIYATA, O. Y. Rev. Univ. Rural, Sér. Ciên. da Vida, V.22 n2, 2002 (Suplemento), p. 131-135. Evaluation of morphological characteristics on the seed production of sunhemp (Crotalaria juncea... more

QUEIROZ, O. A. DE; LOPES, H. M.; MOREIRA, L. B.; MIYATA, O. Y. Rev. Univ. Rural, Sér. Ciên. da Vida, V.22 n2, 2002 (Suplemento), p. 131-135. Evaluation of morphological characteristics on the seed production of sunhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.). This research was performed to evaluate the agronomic characteristics on seed production of Crotalaria juncea L in Seropédica, RJ. The research was carried out from april to augustl, 2002. The agronomic parameters were: plant height (m), plant dry weight (ton/ha), number of pod/plant, number of seeds/pod, seed moisture content (%) and yield (Kg/ha) on eight periods of harvest.. The experimental design was randomized blocks with 4 replications The height plant average was 1.65 m. The flowering begin at 36 days after sowing. The average yield was 3.978 Kg/ha. The number of seeds/pod was 4,5. The seeds drying rate increased at 121 days after sowing.

Field experiments were conducted in 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 dry seasons at Research farm of the Institute for Agricultural Research (Longitude 11 0 N' N' Latitude 07 0 38 E at altitude of 686m above sea level) Samaru northern guinea... more

Field experiments were conducted in 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 dry seasons at Research farm of the Institute for Agricultural Research (Longitude 11 0 N' N' Latitude 07 0 38 E at altitude of 686m above sea level) Samaru northern guinea savanna agro ecological zone of Nigeria. The treatment consisted of two tomato varieties (Roma VF and UC82B), four rate of NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer (0, 150, 300 and 450 kg ha-1), and three rate of green manure (0, 5 and 10 ha-1) the legume specie used laid out in a split-plot design with three replications, NPK fertilizer and variety constitute the main plot while green manure rate was allocated in the subplot. Both varieties were similar in early growth stages of 5 and 7 weeks after transplanting (WAT) on plant height, relative growth rate and crop growth rate (CGR). However UC82B prove superior over Roma VF on growth indices CGR at 5-7 WAT, net assimilation rate (NAR) at 7-9 WAT and total fruit yield with 10.6% higher. Application of NPK fertilizer significantly increased growth such as plant height, crop dry weight and crop growth rate. Similarly NPK fertilization cause significant increased on total fruit yield. Incorporation of green manure resulted to increase in growth and total fruit yield. Application between 250-280 kg ha-1 NPK fertilizers was the most efficient for total fruit yield while 10 t ha-1 green manure was consistently produce higher yield.

The soil exploitation for intensive agricultural production such as tillage, chemical fertilizer and pesticide uses, monoculture cropping and continuously crop cultivation (without fallowing system) caused soil degradation and resulted... more

The soil exploitation for intensive agricultural production such as tillage, chemical fertilizer and pesticide uses, monoculture cropping and continuously crop cultivation (without fallowing system) caused soil degradation and resulted some environmental pollutions. The application of green manure can be one of the alternatives in order to minimize the negative effects of some applications in intensive agriculture practices on the soil and the environment. The application of green manure increases soil organic matter and nitrogen and keeps the availability of other soil nutrients. The use of legume forage crops as green manure can increase the amount of nitrogen in the soil by atmospheric nitrogen fixation. This makes it more economically efficient than other green manure and chemical fertilizers. The legumes have a taproot that can absorb the nutrients from the deeper soil and improve the physical structure of the soil. For these reasons, this study discusses the importance of legume forage crops as green manure crops for the soil sustainabilities.

Background Phosphorus (P) is a limiting nutrient in many agroecosystems and costly fertilizer inputs can cause negative environmental impacts. Cover crops constitute a promising management option for sustainable intensification of... more

Background Phosphorus (P) is a limiting nutrient in many agroecosystems and costly fertilizer inputs can cause negative environmental impacts. Cover crops constitute a promising management option for sustainable intensification of agriculture. However, their interactions with the soil microbial community, which is a key driver of P cycling, and their effects on the following crop, have not yet been systematically assessed. Scope We conducted a meta-analysis of published field studies on cover crops and P cycling, focusing on plant-microbe interactions. Conclusions We describe several distinct, simultaneous mechanisms of P benefits for the main crop. Decomposition dynamics, governed by P concentration, are critical for the transfer of P from cover crop residues to the main crop. Cover crops may enhance the soil microbial community by providing a legacy of increased mycorrhizal abundance, microbial biomass P, and phosphatase activity. Cover crops are generally most effective in systems low in available P, and may access 'unavailable' P pools. However, their effects on P availability are difficult to detect by standard soil P tests, except for increases after the use of Lupinus sp. Agricultural management (i.e. cover crop species selection, tillage, fertilization) can improve cover crop effects. In summary, cover cropping has the potential to tighten nutrient cycling in agricultural systems under different conditions, increasing crop P nutrition and yield.

In organic farming, compost is the main sources of fertilizer. Compost is commonly applied at one time before planting and this led to the available nutrients from compost is inadequate for crop requirements. Thus, most of organic crops... more

In organic farming, compost is the main sources of fertilizer. Compost is commonly applied at one time before planting and this led to the available nutrients from compost is inadequate for crop requirements. Thus, most of organic crops need some additions that help to improve the growth and production during the growing season. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in the experimental farm of Arid Land Agricultural Research and Service Center (ALARC), Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Egypt to study the ability of enhancing organic production of cucumber by using plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (mixture of Azotobacterchroococcum, Azospirilliumbrasilense,Pseudomonas fluorecense and Serratia sp.) and compost tea under sandy soil condition. The cucumber seeds (Prince F1) were set up in sandy soil during 2012 and 2013 seasons. The rates of compost (75, 100 and 125% as recommended dose of nitrogen) with and without addition of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) or compost tea were investigated on growth, yield and mineral composition of cucumber plants comparing to recommended dose of NPK as mineral fertilizer (control). Nitrate and heavy metal content in cucumber fruits were determined; also nitrogenase activity in rhizosphere zone was determined. The results indicated that using 100% and 125% compost with addition of plant growth promoting rihzobacteria or compost tea increased significantly the vegetative growth, yield, nutritional content of cucumber plants and heavy metal content in fruits compared to recommended dose of mineral fertilizer treatment. All rates of compost with and without addition of PGPR or compost tea reduced nitrate content in cucumber fruits.

Goal: To show that a single integrated process can create methane reduction while reducing the environemntal impact of stockpiling horse manure used bedding

Green manuring is an inexpensive eco-friendly alternative effective technology in economizing the agricultural production system ensuring productive capacity of soil without causing environmental problem under mounting prices of... more

Green manuring is an inexpensive eco-friendly alternative effective technology in economizing the agricultural production system ensuring productive capacity of soil without causing environmental problem under mounting prices of fertilizers. Keeping this in view, field experiments were conducted at Division of Agronomy, SKUAST-K during Kharif seasons of 2006 and 2007 to compare organics, chemicals and their integration in temperate rice under Kashmir valley conditions. The treatments comprised of two standard controls of recommended fertilizer dose (120:60:30 kg/ha of N:P2O5:K2O, and no nutrients, respectively) four organic manures (FYM @30 tonnes/ha, Sesbania, Sunhemp and Robinea leaf green manuring, respectively), three green manuring crop combined with 15 tonnes/ha of FYM and three integrated combinations of 25% RDF + 7.5 tonnes FYM/ha with Sunhemp, Sesbania and Robinea green manuring. Among integrated nutrient sources, 25% RDF + FYM @7.5 tonnes/ha + Robinea leaf green manuring recorded highest yield, net profit (15,063 and 16,427) and BCR (0.44, 0.45). The soil fertility under integrated nutrient package (25% RDF + 7.5 tonnes/ha FYM and Sesbania or Robinea leaf green manuring improved significantly in terms of OC and available N, P and K to provide available nutrients to harvest a comparable yield of rice nearer to RDF treatment.

High fertilizer cost and increased concern for ecological sustainability have led to improved interest on green manure and organic fertilizer. The study evaluated common bean production systems and organic fertilizer use by farmers in... more

High fertilizer cost and increased concern for ecological sustainability have led to improved interest on green manure and organic fertilizer. The study evaluated common bean production systems and organic fertilizer use by farmers in Nandi South. A semi structured questionnaire was administered to individual farmers in the form of interviews and the data was analyzed through descriptive statistics, frequency counts and percentages. Results showed that majority of the farmers were women with a mean age of 51.6 years. Many farmers 59% cultivated improved bean varieties sourced from their own farms and applied fertilizers albeit different quantities. The results further indicated that 67% of farmers in Koibem and 57% in Kapkerer applied green manure as a soil amendment. Addition of green manure to soils helps in improving soil conditions and increasing crop yields in low soil fertility areas. Green manure use as soil amendments is an ecologically sustainable way of increasing yield. Relevance to innovation. Many modern agricultural practices have unintended negative consequences and therefore there is growing concern about sustainable and better agricultural systems. It is therefore time to assess the importance and future role that soil improving legumes may play in agricultural system. Application of lablab legume species as green manure is an important practice for sustainable agriculture production as the crops fix nitrogen and has deep and extensive root system that allows for nutrients extraction and recycling. Green manure has favourable N to P ratios and has predictable N activity hence its application will increase yield.

The N requirement of rice crops is well known. To overcome acute N deficiency in rice soils, this element is usually supplied to the rice crop as the commercially available fertilizer urea. But unfortunately a substantial amount of the... more

The N requirement of rice crops is well known. To overcome acute N deficiency in rice soils, this element is usually supplied to the rice crop as the commercially available fertilizer urea. But unfortunately a substantial amount of the urea-N is lost through different mechanisms causing environmental pollution problems. Utilization of biological N fixation (BNF) technology can decrease the use of urea-N, reducing the environmental problems to a considerable extent. Different BNF systems have different potentials to provide a N supplement, and it is necessary to design appropriate strategies in order to use BNF systems for efficient N supply to a rice crop. Research has been conducted around the world to evaluate the potential of different BNF systems to supply N to rice crops. This paper reviews salient findings of these works to assess all the current information available. This review indicates that the aquatic biota Cyanobacteria and Azolla can supplement the N requirements of plants, replacing 30–50% of the required urea-N. BNF by some diazotrophic bacteria like Azotobacter, Clostridium, Azospirillum, Herbaspirillum and Burkholderia can substitute for urea-N, while Rhizobium can promote the growth physiology or improve the root morphology of the rice plant. Green manure crops can also fix substantial amounts of atmospheric N. Among the green manure crops, Sesbania rostrata has the highest atmospheric N2-fixing potential, and it has the potential to completely substitute for urea-N in rice cultivation.

Reclamation of sodic soils has traditionally been undertaken using calculation of gypsum or Ca requirement assuming 100% exchange efficiency and neglect of the contribution of calcium carbonate in the profile. The UNSATCHEM model is... more

Reclamation of sodic soils has traditionally been undertaken using calculation of gypsum or Ca requirement assuming 100% exchange efficiency and neglect of the contribution of calcium carbonate in the profile. The UNSATCHEM model is reviewed and then evaluated for its ability to predict field reclamation of a sodic saline soil. The 40-ha field site was initially at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 50 dS/m and a sodium absorption ratio (SAR) of 144 in the top 30 cm. After installation of a drainage system, 24 Mg/ha of gypsum was applied to a depth of 15 cm in the soil. Subsequently, 114 cm of water was applied by almost continuous ponding for 3 months. Model simulations were made based on infiltration of 70-80 cm of water, correcting for the estimated evaporation of 41 cm of water. These infiltration estimates are consistent with the good fit between the measured Cl concentrations after reclamation and the model predicted values after 70-80 cm of infiltrated water. Model prediction...

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is a species of gret relevance for human nutrition in many countries. Most of the cultivars available in the market aims for yield characteristics, however this trait can suffer the interference of other... more

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is a species of gret relevance for human nutrition in many countries. Most of the cultivars available in the market aims for yield characteristics, however this trait can suffer the interference of other organisms capable of causing predation, parasitism or competition. In this contextect, weeds can generate losses above 80%, compromising the feasibility of the grain production. In Brasil, common bean’s production occur in three seasons distributed along the year, in almost all regions, wich implies in a significant variety of biotic and abiotic factors over the production system, including the phytosociology and the level of weed interference. Environment and cultural methods influence the development of weeds, the knowledge about these fators can contribute as an auxiliary tool for the development of control strategies. Henceforth, this work aims to gather recent information concerning cultural management of weeds in the production systems of common beans.

A comparison was made between a long-term rice–wheat cultivation with fertilizer nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) or added organics [farmyard manure (FYM), paddy straw (PS), green manure (GM)] and a permanent fallow on bulk density... more

A comparison was made between a long-term rice–wheat cultivation with fertilizer nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) or added organics [farmyard manure (FYM), paddy straw (PS), green manure (GM)] and a permanent fallow on bulk density (BD), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), available water capacity (AWC), maximum water-holding capacity (MWHC), aggregation, and soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics on an Inceptisol of humid subtropics of eastern India. Continuous cropping caused a net decrease in SOC content. Undisturbed fallow was comparable to soils with FYM, PS, and GM amendments in structural and hydrophysical properties. Maximum WHC and AWC values were in the order of FYM followed by PS, GM, fallow, NPK, and control. The relative efficacy of the organics for physical buildup was FYM > PS > GM, which increased structural indices. This study represents further steps toward understanding the ecological importance of fallow management and integrated use of balanced fertilizer and organics.

Soil quality deterioration and consequent reduced productivity characterize the Vertisols in the highlands of Ethiopia. The problem is exacerbated by lack of appropriate land preparation alternatives for the major crops in the area. A... more

Soil quality deterioration and consequent reduced productivity characterize the Vertisols in the highlands of Ethiopia. The problem is exacerbated by lack of appropriate land preparation alternatives for the major crops in the area. A field experiment was carried out for 6 years (1998–2003) at Caffee Doonsa in the central highlands of Ethiopia to evaluate alternative land preparation methods on the performance of wheat (Triticum durum Desf.), lentil (Lens culinaries Medik L) and tef (Eragrostis tef L) grown in rotation. Four methods of land preparation (broad bed and furrow, green manure, ridge and furrow and reduced tillage) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications on permanent plots of 22 m by 6 m. Broad bed and furrow significantly increased the grain yield of lentils by 59% (from 1029 to 1632 kg ha−1) as compared to the control. On the other hand, reduced tillage resulted in the highest grain yield of wheat (1862 kg ha−1) and tef (1378 kg ha−1) as compared to 1698 kg ha−1 of wheat and 1274 kg ha−1 of tef for the control although the increase was not statistically significant. A gross margin analysis showed that BBF is the most profitable option for lentil with 65% increase in total gross margin. On the other hand, RT resulted in 11 and 8% increase in gross margin of wheat and tef, respectively as compared to the control. Based on the agronomic and economic performances best combinations of crop and land preparation method were: lentil sown on broad bed and furrow, and wheat and tef sown after reduced tillage.