Hay Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

1. Increased intensification in agricultural grasslands has led to well-documented declines in the associated flora. Manipulation of field margins for biodiversity enhancement in arable systems has been extensively investigated. However, there is a paucity of corresponding long-term research within intensively managed grasslands. 2. We investigated a combination of establishment and management methods to enhance botanical diversity of newly established field margins in intensively managed grasslands. Three methods of field margin establishment were investigated including fencing, natural regeneration by rotavation, or seeding with a wildflower mixture. Subsequent sward management by either grazing or mowing was tested at three margin widths. Success of establishment was addressed in terms of persistence of species richness, plant community composition and incidence of noxious weeds. 3. Seeding with a wildflower mixture was the most successful establishment method to enhance plant species richness and this effect persisted throughout the 7 years of the experiment (x = 16AE4 ± 0AE43 SE plant species richness per 1 · 3 m 2 quadrat). Mown (x = 6AE01 ± 0AE30 SE) and rotavated (x = 9AE7 ± 0AE34 SE) treatments contained significantly fewer plant species; grazed controls contained 9AE83 ± 0AE24 species. 4. Grazing led to a significant, but modest increase in species richness in fenced and rotavated plots compared to the mowing treatment, but had no effect in seeded plots. Grazing also led to an increased frequency and cover of competitive grasses in the seeded treatment. 5. Although margin width was not found to significantly influence species richness, there was increased herb cover and reduced abundance of noxious weeds in the wider seeded margins. 6. Synthesis and applications. The choice of establishment method and subsequent management of grassland field margins significantly affected their conservation value. The botanical diversity of margins within intensively managed pasture can be enhanced by sowing wildflower seed mixtures. This diversity can be maintained over time through appropriate management, i.e. either the reduction of high grazing pressure by seasonal fencing, or annual mowing. Management approaches that involve minimal change are currently adopted in many agri-environment schemes (such as fencing and ⁄ or the cessation of nutrient inputs) but did not produce swards of conservation value in this study.

- by
- •
- Regeneration, Ecology, Applied Ecology, Applied

The enigma of aerobic vs. anaerobic decomposition in marine sediments was addressed by means of a thin-layer incubation technique. Two different 14C-labeled plant materials, aged diatoms (Skeletonema costatum) and fresh barley hay, were each mixed into intertidal sediment and spread in a 1.5-mm layer on the bottom of oxic and anoxic chambers. After a 27-d incubation, conditions in all chambers were switched from aerobic to anaerobic and vice versa for 11 d. Rates of 14C0, evolution in diatom chambers showed that aerobic carbon mineralization was -10 times faster than anaerobic both before and after the switch. Low rates of [14C]DOC release suggested that the limiting step of an,aerobic decay was the initial hydrolytic and fermentative enzymatic attack on the predecomposed diatoms. Initial carbon mineralization of barley hay was not affected by the presence or absence of oxygen. Leaching of DOC from the fresh barley hay supplied anaerobic respirers with labile substrates. When leaching ceased and after the aerobic-anaerobic switch, the rate of anaerobic mineralization was reduced. Mineralizat:.on of leachable and easily hydrolyzable compounds from fresh plant detritus is equally fast under aerobic ant! anaerobic conditions. When structural components dominate the particulate remains, anaerobic processes are hampered by inefficient and slow bacterial hydrolysis of structurally complex macromolecules.

- by Allan Devol
- •
- Earth Sciences, Decomposition, Biological Sciences, Environmental Sciences

The effect of C source on N losses by volatilization during composting was measured using four bulking agents, each at three humidity levels and composted in duplicate under passive and active aeration. The bulking agents were pine shavings alone and corrected with soybean, chopped grass hay alone and corrected with urea, long (unchopped) wheat straw and chopped oat straw.

- by Suzelle Barrington and +1
- •
- Water, Carbon, Multidisciplinary, Wood

1. This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Primula veris that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles : distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and diseases, history and conservation. 2. Primula veris is a distylous, perennial rosette hemicryptophyte, mostly found in well-drained, herb-rich meadows and grasslands, in scrub or woodland rides and edges, and on calcareous cliffs. It occurs on base-rich loams or clays, on limestone, and sometimes in dunes. 3. Native to the British Isles, it is characteristic of many mesotrophic and calcicolous lowland grassland communities, but it also extends into upland valleys in northern England and Scotland. In Ireland it is also native and most abundant in the central plain. Primula veris occurs throughout the temperate areas of Europe as far east as the Russian border. 4. Primula veris is a shade-intolerant species that shows reduced performance and flowering under shade or increased competition. The species is not able to penetrate anoxic soil layers and is therefore mostly absent from locations that are characterized by a high water table. It has a welldeveloped drought tolerance. 5. Primula veris is an obligate outbreeder which entirely depends on foraging insects for successful pollination. Although the species shows heterostyly, with two reciprocal morphs (pin and thrum), only relatively low levels of intermorph pollination have been reported. Seed dispersal is restricted to a few centimetres from maternal plants, whereas pollen flow is wider, but still limited to a few metres from parental plants. Both are factors that contribute to a significantly fine-scale spatial genetic structure and small neighbourhood size. 6. At several locations throughout the British Isles, P. veris occurs together with P. elatior and especially P. vulgaris . The hybrid P. veris × P. vulgaris = P. × polyantha occurs frequently in mixed populations, whereas the hybrid P. veris × P. elatior = P. × media has been rarely reported in Britain. 7. Although P. veris is still a widespread grassland herb, it is less abundant in the British Isles and continental Europe than before. This decline can be attributed to changes in land-use practices, such as the loss of traditional hay-meadow management, the loss of grazing and an increase of ploughing, in combination with ongoing destruction and nutrient enrichment of permanent grasslands. However, from 1980 onwards the species has increased substantially in many areas of the UK, largely because its seeds are included in wildflower seed-mixtures that are sown on new or upgraded road and motorway verges, embankments and urban conservation areas.

- by Rein Brys
- •
- Conservation, Reproduction, Biology, Seed Dispersal

The boys stood on the desks . They wanted to get a better view.

- by hường Đỗ
- •
- Hay

Hay-making structures are part of the agricultural landscape of meadows and pastures. Hay meadows are still used and found all over Europe, but their distribution patterns as well as their characteristics and regional features depend on geographical area, climate, culture, and intensity of agriculture. Intensively used hay meadows are the most dominant, using heavy machinery to store hay mostly as rounded or square bales. Traditional hay-making structures represent structures or constructions, used to quickly dry freshly cut fodder and to protect it from humidity. The ‘ancient’ forms of traditional hay-making structures are becoming a relic, due to mechanisation and the use of new technologies. Both the need for drying hay and the traditional methods for doing so were similar across Europe. Our study of hay-making structures focuses on their current state, their development and history, current use and cultural values in various European countries. Regarding the construction and use...

- by Hans Renes
- •
- Geography, Cultural Heritage, Cultural Landscapes, Agricultural landscapes

- by Erik Kristensen
- •
- Earth Sciences, Decomposition, Biological Sciences, Environmental Sciences

Feed intake, in vivo nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization were evaluated in male sheep fed different fractions (leaf, pseudostem, corm, whole plant) of enset, untreated or 2% urea- and 3% calcium oxide- (CaO or lime) treated wheat straw and Desmodium intortum hay as sole diets. All feeds, except D. intortum hay and enset leaf had low crude protein (CP) content. Non-fiber carbohydrate contents were higher in enset fractions, especially in pseudostem and corm relative to other feeds. Enset leaf and pseudostem had high calcium, phosphorus and manganese contents. Corm, whole enset and D. intortum hay were rich sources of zinc. Daily dry matter and CP intakes were higher (p < 0.05) in sheep fed D. intortum hay (830 and 133 g, respectively) than those fed pseudostem (92 and 7.8 g, respectively). Organic matter digestibilities were highest for corm (0.780) and whole enset (0.776) and lowest for D. intortum hay (0.534) and untreated wheat straw (0.522). The CP digestibility ranged from 0.636 in D. intortum hay to 0.408 in corm. Nitrogen (N) balance was highest (p < 0.05) in D. intortum hay (10.4 g/day) and lowest in corm (−1.3 g/day). Enset leaf could be a useful protein supplement whereas the pseudostem and corm could be good sources of energy.

- by Ajebu Nurfeta
- •
- Physiology, Metabolism, Evaluation, Calcium
- by Marianne Dainton
- •
- Communication, Control, Equity, Investments

To disinfest Hessian fly in timothy hay bales by mechanical compression, the crushing strength of timothy stem nodes was investigated using an Instron testing machine. Unbaled first-cut timothy hay of the 2007 crop year was used in the test. Before testing, stem segments with nodes were equilibrated to moisture contents of 12.19% and 14.13% wet basis (w.b.). According to its position in the hay stalk, the node on each stem was designated as a top, middle, or bottom node. The force-deformation curves for the nodes as affected by the node position on the stem, node size, and moisture content were obtained under a constant rate of deformation of 1 mm min-1. Equations based on Hertz's contact stress theory for cylindrical bodies radially compressed between two parallel flat plates were employed for calculation of the apparent modulus of elasticity and maximum contact stress of the timothy stem nodes. The apparent modulus of elasticity and maximum contact stress values were affected by node moisture content, size, and position on the stalk. The uniaxial compression test showed that the nodes had no elastic behavior. The apparent moduli of elasticity of timothy stem nodes for this study ranged from 24.86 to 39.82 MPa at 12.19% moisture content and from 35.67 to 53.98 MPa at 14.13% moisture content. Maximum contact stress of 8.22 MPa with a standard deviation of 3.52 MPa was obtained for timothy stem nodes at moisture content of 14.13% and size less than 1.60 mm. The maximum contact stress values obtained for the stem nodes in this study indicated that sufficient pressures were applied to Hessian fly puparia in the field tests (12.41 MPa) within 99% probability. These pressures were influenced by the moisture content, node size, and node position. The apparent modulus of elasticity and maximum contact stress values increased with increasing moisture content and decreased with increasing node size, and these values decreased from top position to bottom position on the stem.

- by Lope Tabil
- •
- Engineering, Bioengineering, Agriculture, STEM
- by Carlo Nebbia
- •
- Pharmacology, Physiology, Metabolism, Diet

Biological diversity is a major criterion in evaluating the effectiveness of measures to enhance the ecological quality of rural areas. Assessments of biodiversity based on selected groups of indicator organisms, including both animal and plant groups, are time-consuming and require a high level of expert knowledge: simpler methods are therefore needed. The biodiversity of 18 hay meadows in north-eastern Switzerland (Schaffhauser Randen, Canton Schaffhausen) was investigated using three indicator groups (angiosperms, spiders and true bugs). Simple structural parameters describing the vegetation canopy were investigated in terms of their usefulness as surrogates for biodiversity measures.

- by Padruot Fried
- •
- Methodology, Evaluation, Biodiversity, Environmental Sciences

Terracotta pots were converted into simple, single chamber, air-cathode bio-batteries. This bio-battery design used a graphite-felt anode and a conductive graphite coating without added catalyst on the exterior as a cathode. Bacteria enriched from river sediment served as the anode catalyst. These batteries gave an average OCV of 0.56 V ± 0.02, a Coulombic efficiency of 21 ± 5%, and a peak power of 1.06 mW ± 0.01(33.13 mW/m 2). Stable current was also produced when the batteries were operated with hay extract in salt solution. The bacterial community on the anode of the batteries was tested for air tolerance and desiccation resistance over a period ranging from 2 days to 2 weeks. The results showed that the anode community could survive complete drying of the electrolyte for several days. These data support the further development of this technology as a potential power source for LED-based lighting in offgrid, rural communities.

- by Peter Weigele
- •
- Biofilms, Biomass, Catalysts, Multidisciplinary

The present study evaluated the effects of forage sources on dry matter (DM) intake, digestibility, and fermentation parameters in camels vs. sheep. The study was arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design by using two animal species (three ruminally cannulated female camels and three male sheep) and three forage sources. The forages were (1) alfalfa hay; 164 and 479 g/kg DM for crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), respectively, (2) berseem hay; 121 and 513 g/kg DM for CP and NDF, respectively, and (3) wheat straw (27.5 and 723 g/kg DM for CP and NDF, respectively). Higher DM intake [g/kg body weight (BW)] was noted in sheep compared to camel when alfalfa hay (p < 0.05) and berseem hay (p < 0.05) were fed but was similar between both species when they were fed wheat straw. Forage type rather than animal species had more effect on metabolic intake. Lower digestibility was noted in sheep with wheat straw (p < 0.05). Similar in situ degradability values for crude protein and DM were noted between camels and sheep. In situ degradability of NDF was higher (p < 0.05) in camel than sheep. Greater ruminal pH (p < 0.05) was noted in sheep vs. camels when berseem hay and wheat straw were fed. Lower ruminal passage rate (p < 0.05) was noted in camels and higher total mean retention time. It was concluded that sheep and camels had similar digestion capacities when fed berseem hay and alfalfa hay, however, camels are more efficient than sheep when fed wheat straw.

- by Ibrahim khattab
- •
- Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology, Medicine, Animal biotechnology

BACKGROUND: Cellulose and hemicellulose are quantitatively the most important structural carbohydrates present in ruminant diets. Rumen microorganisms produce enzymes that catalyse their hydrolysis, but the complex network formed by structural carbohydrates and lignin reduces their digestibility and restricts efficient utilisation of feeds by ruminants. This study aimed to produce two enzymatic extracts, apply them in ruminant diets to determine the best levels for ruminal digestibility and evaluate their effects on in vitro digestibility. RESULTS: In experiment 1 a two-stage in vitro technique was used to examine the effects of different enzymatic levels of Aspergillus japonicus and Aspergillus terricola on tropical forages. Enzyme addition had minor effects on corn silage at the highest enzymatic level. In experiment 2 an in vitro gas production (GP) technique was applied to determine apparent in vitro organic matter digestibility and metabolisable energy. The addition of enzymes in GP showed interesting results. Good data were obtained using sugar cane and Tifton-85 hay supplemented with extracts of A. japonicus and A. terricola respectively. CONCLUSION: Overall, the study suggests that addition of crude extracts containing exogenous fibrolytic enzymes to ruminant diets enhances the effective utilisation of ruminant feedstuffs such as forages.

- by Maria Polizeli
- •
- Engineering, Diet, Polysaccharides, Cellulose

The utilisation of cereal crop residues as animal feed is limited by de®ciencies of protein, fermentable energy and other nutrients. In this study, rumen fermentation and nitrogen metabolism of lambs fed basal diets of maize stover harvested at three stages of maturity and supplemented with graded levels (0, 150, 300 and 450 g per head per day) of desmodium (Desmodium intortum cv Greenleaf) hay were investigated. The maize stovers were harvested at 30, 22 and 12% grain moisture content which were designated as stages I, II and III, respectively. Rumen ammonia and volatile fatty acids (VFA), nitrogen (N) balance and microbial N supply, based on urinary excretion of purine derivatives, were determined. The concentration of ammonia-N in rumen¯uid was signi®cantly lower (P`0X05) in sheep fed maize stover harvested at stage III than at stages I and II and increased signi®cantly (P`0X001) with increasing level of supplementation. The total VFA concentration and the molar proportions of acetate and butyrate in rumen¯uid were not signi®cantly in¯uenced (P b 0X05) by the stage of maturity of the stover. The total VFA content increased with increasing level of supplementation and varied from 64.1 to 113.6 mmol/l of rumen uid. The N intake, N absorbed and N retained decreased with increasing stage of maturity of the stover and showed a signi®cant linear increase (P`0X05) with increasing level of supplementation. However, use of maize stover as a sole diet resulted in negative N balance at all stages of maturity due to the low N content of the stover. Microbial N supply was not affected by stage of maturity of the stover while microbial ef®ciency (g/kg digestible organic matter fermented in the rumen) was : S 0 3 7 7 -8 4 0 1 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 2 0 5 -4 signi®cantly lower (P`0X05) in sheep fed maize stover harvested at stage III than at stages I and II. The microbial N supply increased with increasing level of supplementation, presumably due to improved degradation of the diet and increased supply of N, fermentable carbohydrates, sulphur and probably other essential nutrients. #

- by Adugna Tolera
- •
- Calcium, Animal Production, Maize, Nitrogen

Hay meadow Restoration Seed addition

- by Simon Mortimer
- •
- Biological Sciences, Dispersion, Environmental Sciences, Biological Conservation

Alfalfa hay yield, yield-consumptive use ratio (Y/ET c ), and hay price across a range of rainfall and evapotranspiration conditions of the western states is evaluated to determine alfalfa hay water value or benefit. Included is a determination of long-term mean values and variability of yield, Y/ET c ratios, and associated irrigation water values. These are compared with published hay water-use efficiencies, production, and water costs. Available rainfall, reference evapotranspiration ET 0 , hay yields, and prices for counties in Arizona (1987Arizona ( -1999, California (1998), and Idaho (1993 were used. Alfalfa hay Y/ET c ratios decrease with increasing ET c , although their variability increases with increasing ET c . The greatest Y/ET c ratios (16-17 kg/hamm) and irrigation water values IW $ (IW $ = 2,800−2,800-2,800−3,000/ha-m), with relatively moderate variability, are associated with an irrigation water IW requirement of ϳ800 mm, reflecting a combination of relatively high hay values, ET c , and beneficial rain. Although this IW $ is twice that of water delivery prices below the California delta and is comparable with average municipal water costs of $4,000/ha-m for large western cities, the average is nearly 1/3.

- by Mark Grismer
- •
- Civil Engineering, Irrigation, Variability, Evapotranspiration
- by Ray Kaplan
- •
- Microbiology, Parasitology, Health, Medicinal Plants

P erennial cool-season grasses continue to make a major contribution to agriculture across the upper South. Both tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.] and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) are adapted cool-season forage grasses in this region. Tall fescue, however, is the predominate forage grown for both pasture and hay across the North-South transition zone, which extends from the Atlantic coast to 96° W longitude and from about 32° N to 38° N latitude (Burns and Chamblee, 1979; Burns and Bagley, 1996; Sleper and West, 1996). Reduced animal body condition and daily performance, however, has been associated with the presence of toxic endophyte(s) [Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones & Gams.) Glenn, Bacon & Hanlin] in tall fescue. Consequently, the literature on animal responses from tall fescue before the recognition and removal of the toxic endophyte from the forage is diffi cult or nearly impossible to interpret. These relationships and shortcomings have been well summarized (

- by Dwight Fisher
- •
- Crop Science, Hay, Gramineae

- by Ricardo Andrade Reis
- •
- Engineering, Diet, Polysaccharides, Cellulose

El artículo aborda preocupaciones frecuentes sobre el habla poética en el pen-samiento contemporáneo, principalmente en torno al límite del lenguaje y la escritura de la cosa, donde se evidencian preguntas claves, tales como: cómo decir lo simple, cómo nombrar el hay de las cosas, de qué manera la voz poética se enfrenta al ahí de la certidumbre de la materia.

- by Revista Literatura: teoría, historia, crítica
- •
- Hay, Escritura, Pensamiento Contemporáneo, Cosa

The effect of pasture on the fatty acid profile of milk was evaluated using 30 pluriparous goats, which were divided into two homogeneous groups (H and P) of 15 goats each after kidding. Group H (control) goats were housed in a stall and received alfalfa hay, while group P was led to pasture. The goats of both the groups received the same concentrate. Average milk yield did not differ statistically between the groups. The goats of the P group had significantly higher fat content in milk than those of group H (53.7 vs. 61.5 g/day, p < 0.01), while lactose content was significantly higher for group H (66.2 and 61.4 g/day, for groups H and P, respectively, p < 0.05). Among milk fatty acids, pasture significantly affected the percentages of C18:1 cis9, C18:1 trans11, octadecadienoic acid, mono-unsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid. Pasture highly influenced the c9 t11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (0.778 and 0.513 g/100 g of fat, for group P and H, respectively, p < 0.01), t10 c12 CLA (0.046 vs. 0.029 g/100 g of fat: p < 0.01, for group P and H, respectively, p < 0.01) and ΣCLA (0.84 vs. 0.56 g/100 g of fat for group P and H, respectively, p < 0.01) concentrations of milk.

- by Fulvia Bovera
- •
- Physiology, Lactation, Animal Production, Fatty acids

Abbreviations: ADFom(n), Acid detergent fibre corrected for ash and nitrogenous compounds;ADIP, Acid detergent insoluble protein;BCVFA, Branched-chain volatile fatty acids;CP, Crude protein;DM, Dry matter;ED, Effective degradability of neutral detergent fibre;EE, Ether extract;kd, Fractional degradation rate of NDF; km, The Michaelis-Menten constant;L, Time-dependent rate parameter associated with rumen flow of fibrous particles;LAG, Discrete lag for fibre degradation; Lignin (sa), Lignin determined by solubilization of cellulose with sulphuric acid;aNDFom(n), Neutral detergent fibre assayed with a heat stable amylase and corrected for ash and nitrogenous compounds;NDF, Neutral detergent fibre;pdNDF, Potentially degradable fraction of neutral detergent fibre;NFC, Non-fibrous carbohydrates;Nmic, Intestinal flow of microbial nitrogenous compounds;OM, Organic matter;RAN, Rumen ammonia nitrogen.

- by Isis Lazzarini and +1
- •
- Kinetics, Animal Production, KM, Nitrogen

Kefalograviera is a well-known hard Greek cheese. The aim of this study was to determine how milk produced from ewes fed omega-3-enriched diets could influence the microbiota as well as the chemical composition of Kefalograviera cheese. At the start of the trial, 30 dairy ewes (Lesvos and Chios crossbreed) were selected and fed a conventional diet, based on alfalfa hay, straw and concentrate feed that contained soybean meal for a period of thirty days. Then, for a period of sixty days the same ewes were fed an omega-3-enriched concentrate feed with a lower level of soybean meal that contained 10% flaxseed and 10% lupins. Milk yield was collected individually on Days 30, 60 and 90 and used to produce three different batches of Kefalograviera cheeses, at the same cheese factory, by using a traditional recipe and identical preparation conditions (pasteurization of milk, salt, rennet and culture). Sample analysis was done after six months of Kefalograviera cheese ripening. MALDI-TOF-MS ...

- by GEORGIOS ROZOS
- •
- Food Science, Lactobacillus, Foods, Hay

- by Khaled Bali
- •
- Civil Engineering, Irrigation, Salinity, Evapotranspiration

Please cite this article in press as: A. Hanreich, et al., Metagenome and metaproteome analyses of microbial communities in mesophilic biogas-producing anaerobic batch fermentations indicate concerted plant carbohydrate degradation, Syst.... more

- by Erdmann Rapp
- •
- Evolutionary Biology, Microbiology, Genomics, Proteomics

Palaeoenvironmental data are presented from the site of Garðar (modern Igaliku), the location of the cathedral and the bishop's farm in the Norse Eastern Settlement of Greenland. The latter was founded from c. AD 985 and abandoned some time during the fifteenth century. Inspection of drainage ditches located in close proximity to the settlement ruins revealed inter alia an organic-rich unit containing cultural debris (worked wood, animal bone, stone and charcoal) dated by AMS radiocarbon dates on seeds to the period c. AD 1110-1370. Fossil insect and pollen assemblages contained within the deposit appear representative of natural environments (primarily wet eutrophic meadows) but are mixed with high frequencies of a range of synanthropic insects, including human and animal ectoparasites that could only derive from indoor habitats. This is strongly indicative of the manuring of fields with waste from houses and byres in order to increase yields of hay. Large amounts of hay would have been necessary to provide winter fodder for the bishop's herd of cattlethe largest known in Norse Greenland -and dung from these animals seems likely to have been a significant component of the material used to fertilize the fields. The process of spreading the manure at Garðar was probably integrated with the careful manipulation of water resources across the site, indicated by the presence of a network of irrigation channels and dams in the archaeological record, and comparisons are drawn with similar systems elsewhere in Mediaeval Europe.

- by Eva Panagiotakopulu
- •
- History, Archaeology, Geology, Irrigation

This study determined the effect of dietary inclusion of camelthron [Alhagi maurorum (AM)] on the performance, blood metabolites, and antioxidant status of growing camels. A total of 18 Sindhi camel calves of 9-10 months of age and 115 ± 7 kg body weight (BW) were randomly assigned to three diets (with a forage:concentrate ratio of 50:50) that were formulated by partial and total substitution of alfalfa hay with AM as follows: (1) diet without AM (control), (2) diet containing 25% of AM (AM-25), and (3) diet containing 50% of AM (AM-50) (dry matter basis) for 150 days. Dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded daily. The camels were weighed individually on days 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 75, and 150. DMI was increased (p = 0.004) with AM-50 feeding followed by AM-25. Total weight gain (p = 0.048) and average daily gain (ADG) (p = 0.043) decreased with AM-50; however, no differences were observed between the AM-25 and CON groups. Feed cost per kg BW gain tended to decrease (p = 0.092) and return per kg BW gain tended to increase (p = 0.087) by AM feeding. The plasma triglycerides (TGs) (p = 0.046) and cholesterol (CHOL) (p = 0.025) concentration were reduced with AM inclusion. Additionally, the AM50-fed camels showed the lowest concentration of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (p = 0.008) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (p = 0.0036), followed by AM-25. The plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) was depressed (p = 0.037) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was enhanced (p = 0.016) with both the AM-25 and AM-50. Moreover, feeding the AM containing diets led to higher (p = 0.004) glutathione peroxidase (GPx) along with a tendency for superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p = 0.075) and catalase (CAT) (p = 0.094). Overall, feeding camels with AM for up to 25% of their dry matter (DM) diet positively influenced the antioxidant status without severe deleterious effects on performance.

- by Navid Ghavipanje
- •
- Chemistry, Animal Science, Hay, Dry Matter

- by Viviana Ferrario
- •
- Geography, Cultural Heritage, Cultural Landscapes, Agricultural landscapes

El Término Municipal de Zaragoza es de 1.060 km cerca del doble que el de Madrid y el octavo más extenso de España. Hay que decir, que un tercio del territorio (340 km) pertenece al campo de maniobras de San Gregorio, el más grande del Estado. La ciudad se encuentra enclavada en el centro del cuadrante nordeste de la Península Ibérica, distando 322 kilómetros de Madrid, 312 de Barcelona, 321 de Valencia y 305 de Bilbao. Desde su fundación Zaragoza se ha beneficiado de su posición en la encrucijada de las vías naturales del valle del Ebro, que pone en comunicación mercancías y personas de la costa mediterránea (este) con la cantábrica (norte). El perfil de la ciudad es casi llano, adaptado a las diferentes terrazas que el Ebro ha dejado y su ordenación urbana se adapta a su condición de punto de confluencia de los ríos Gallego y Huerva con el curso del Ebro, el más caudaloso de España y elemento imprescindible para entender la configuración de la ciudad de Zaragoza.

- by Juan Mérida
- •
- Art, Resilience, Crisis Management, Urban Policies
- by Paul Ashton
- •
- Agronomy, Restoration Ecology, Biological Sciences, Environmental Sciences

Several recent studies have considered the relative effects of local vs. landscape factors on diversity of several animal taxa in grasslands. However, very few have considered vascular plant or Orthoptera species, both of which are... more

- by Michele Scotton
- •
- Geography, Environmental Management, Ecology, Urbanization

in forage nutritive value (Belanger and McQueen, 1996) and in head and stem length (Kunelius et al., 1996) at A market for timothy (Phleum pratense L.) hay exists in Asia and sites in eastern Canada. However, no information on is adapted under irrigation in southern Saskatchewan, but variation cultivar differences for these traits has been reported among cultivars for the

- by Paul Jefferson
- •
- Agronomy, Principal Component Analysis, Biology, Crop Production

A comparison of conserving timothy/meadow fescue/meadow grass as silage or hay was conducted with Finnish Landrace ewes. Intake of hay (H), silage (S) and hay/silage (HS), and the performance of 30 Finnish Landrace ewes carrying twins, triplets and quadruplets and suckling either twin or triplet lambs was measured during the last 8 weeks of pregnancy and during the ®rst 6 weeks of lactation. The dry matter (DM) intake of HS was lower (p`0X03) than H during lactation, whereas there was no difference in DM intake between pregnant and lactating ewes fed either H or S. The intake of metabolisable energy was on an average 12.8, 14.3 and 13.4 MJ per day in pregnancy, and 17.7, 20.2 and 18.1 MJ in lactation for H, S and HS, respectively. Daily intakes of protein assessed in terms of amino acids absorbed in the small intestine (AAT) were on an average 92, 110 and 102 g for H, S and HS during pregnancy and 157, 184 and 165 g during lactation, respectively. Ewes in all treatments were, relative to calculated requirements, de®cient in energy and protein during the last month of pregnancy and early lactation. Ewes performed consistently better when fed silage than hay. Lamb mortality was low for all treatments. The number of arti®cially reared lambs tended to be highest when ewes were fed both hay and silage ad libitum. Lamb growth was higher on S than H based diet (p`0X005). With respect to winter feeding of ewes, grass silage compared favourably with hay and indicated that hay could be replaced by well preserved grass silage. During late pregnancy and early lactation, there was no advantage of supplementing silage with hay, relative to entirely silage based diets.

- by Rusu Cristian
- •
- Biology, Medicine, Animal Production, Hay

The main purpose of this study was to describe the relative importance of hay meadows and other types of semi-natural grasslands for species diversity and to focus on the impact of the fragmentation of hay meadows on species diversity.... more

- by Oddvar Pedersen
- •
- Landscape Ecology, Geography, Earth Sciences, Landscape

©2009 by the Regents of the University of California Division of Natural Resources All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher and the authors. To simplify information, trade names of products have been used. No endorsement of named or illustrated products is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products that are not mentioned or illustrated. This publication has been anonymously peer-reviewed for technical accuracy by University of California scientists and other qualifi ed professionals.

- by Sonja Brodt
- •
- Hay, Market Potential

In this study oats and vetch were evaluated under two experimental settings in the central highlands of Ethiopia. In the ®rst experiment compatibility of mixtures, forage yield, and quality of three varieties of oats (Avena sativa L.) and two species of vetch (Vicia villosa and Vicia dasycarpa) sown in pure stands and mixtures were investigated with and without application of fertiliser on red nitosols and black vertisols. Experiment 2 assessed the voluntary intake of hays made of mixtures and pure stands of the oats and vetch by cattle. Soil, fertiliser, and variety were found to be factors, which determined the compatibility, yield and quality of the forage produced. Higher average dry matter (DM) forage yields of mixtures, pure oats and pure vetch were obtained on the red soil (9.7, 9.4 and 4.5 t ha À1 , respectively) than on the black soil (5.6, 5.5 and 2.8 t ha À1 , respectively). Fertiliser increased the total biomass yield by 15% but affected compatibility and decreased the proportion of DM vetch in the biomass by 24%. The crude protein (CP) content of pure oats (7.0%) was increased by growing in mixtures with vetch (8.5%), and so was the in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). The oats variety 2806 produced the highest biomass yield and the shorter and late maturing variety 2291 was compatible with vigorous and intermediate maturing hairy vetch (V. villosa). DM intake of pure vetch (25.8 g kg À1 live weight) was signi®cantly greater than all the other experimental feeds. The mixture with oats had also signi®cantly higher CP and digestible organic matter (DOM) intakes compared to pure oats. The IVOMD and CP content showed a positive relationship to DM, CP and DOM intake, while neutral detergent ®bre (NDF) content was Animal Feed Science and Technology 92 (2001) 95±111

- by Getnet Assefa
- •
- Animal Production, Hay, Growth rate, Soil Type
- by sandra villasanti
- •
- Hay

1. Declines in area and quality of species-rich mesotrophic and calcareous grasslands have occurred all across Europe. While the European Union has promoted schemes to restore these grasslands, the emphasis for management has remained largely focused on plants. Here we focus on restoration of the phytophagous beetles of these grasslands. Although local management, particularly that which promotes the establishment of host plants, is key to restoration success, dispersal limitation is also likely to be an important limiting factor during the restoration of phytophagous beetle assemblages. 2. Using a 3-year multi-site experiment, we investigated how restoration success of phytophagous beetles was affected by hay-spreading management (intended to introduce target plant species), success in restoration of the plant communities and the landscape context within which restoration was attempted.

- by Greg Masters
- •
- Ecology, Applied Ecology, Landscape, Dispersion

- by EVA PANAGIOTAKOPULU
- •
- History, Archaeology, Geology, Irrigation
- by Carlo Nebbia
- •
- Pharmacology, Physiology, Metabolism, Diet

Aroma descriptors variability was evaluated by quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) in Spanish cultivars. Abariño, Mencía and Godello cultivars were evaluated by three expert panels by using monovarietal wines. The frequency and intensity of aroma descriptors was evaluated and geometric mean (GM) was calculated. The largest diVerences between cultivars were shown by principal component analysis (PCA). Albariño cultivar was characterised by Ripe fruit, Apple and Fruit descriptors; Mencía cultivar was Balsamic and Red fruit, while Citric, Grass, Pineapple, Toasting, Tropical, Dry grass, Pear, Melon and Floral were the attributes of the Godello cultivar. According to GM obtained of aroma attributes from, a positive correlation was found between Albariño and Godello cultivars. The QDA and PCA have contributing to deWne the aroma of diVerent Spanish grape cultivars (Albariño, Mencía and Godello) by analysis of the monovarietal wines. The results obtained suggest that QDA is a good tool to evaluate the sensory variability of a product, when the tasting panel is good trained.

- by Mar Vilanova
- •
- Technology, Principal Component Analysis, Evaluation, Wine
- by Monica Cutrignelli
- •
- Physiology, Lactation, Animal Production, Fatty acids

Nam mô A Di Đà Phật (5 lần). Từ lâu lắm con mong thầy, Cùng tăng ni mau về đây, Đường thiên lý hôm nay thầy, Và phật tử đến nơi này, Niềm hạnh phúc vui sum vầy. Thầy dìu dắt con tu hành, Và còn ban cho thời kinh, Thầy như nắng tan giá lạnh, Thầy như trái cây thơm lành, Nguyện tịnh tâm con tu hành. Thầy trong tấm áo nâu sồng, Mà lòng thương hơn đại dương, Thầy ước muốn thế gian này, Đồng vang tiếng A Di Đà, Làm tan biến tâm mê tà.

- by Quang Anh
- •
- Hay

1. Methane production rates were estimated simultaneously in the rumen and caecum of sheep given 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 g lucerne (Medicago sativa) chaff/d using isotope dilution techniques. Estimates were also made of volatile fatty acid (VFA) production in the rumen at each level of feeding. In all studies three to four animals were used at each level of intake.2. Production of VFA and of methane were both related to digestible energy (de) intake. Regression lines for both VFA production and methane production v.de intake had significant intercepts indicating an input of endogenous, fermentable organic matter into the rumen in excess of 50 g/d.3. The values obtained for rates of methane production were compared with those calculated from stoicheiometric equations relating rates of methane and VFA production. Comparisons of methane production with that predicted from de intake were also made.4. Balances for digestion of food determined for the rumen indicated that the energies...

- by Ronald Leng
- •
- Chemistry, Nutrition and Dietetics, Animal Science, Diet