Heliophysics Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

During Thursday, September 1st, 1859,
the British astronomer, Richard Carrington,
for the first time ever, observes a
spectacular gleam of visible light in the
surface of the solar disk, the photosphere.
Nowadays, the Carrington Event, as it
is known by scientists, occurred because
of the high solar activity that had visible
consequences on Earth because of the aurorae
that amazed people in the western
hemisphere during the dawn of September
2nd . The geomagnetic storm, generated
by the solar-terrestrial event, had
such a magnitude that the auroral oval
expanded towards the equator, allowing
low latitudes, like Panama’s 9°N, to
catch a sight of the aurorae. A review of
several books about the history of the
northern cities of Colombia allowed the
identification of a narrative from Montería,
Colombia (8° 45’ N), that describes
phenomena similar to those of an aurorae
borealis, such as fire-like lights, blazing
and dazzling glares, and the appearance
of an immense S-like shape in the sky.
The finding of such description represents
one of the most complete descriptions of
low-latitude sightings of aurorae caused
by the event of 1859

- by and +1
- •
- Cultural History, Heliophysics

The general apologetic theme of this study was to highlight the actions that had been taken to assure, protect and guide the birth of Jesus Christ. Bible study practices of scrutinizing New Testament scriptures carrying the words “behold,” “lo” or “see” was introduced. A percentage of those three English words had been translated from the Greek words ίδε (IDE) and ίδου (IDOU). Since they had served as Active and Middle Voices, respectively, for the two Imperative Mood verbs, they were used as study markers. Summaries of various contextual analyses and the results of epifluorescent confocal laser scanning microscopy of papyrus fragments served as indicators of the historical reliability of the Gospels by Matthews and Luke. Justifications for expecting the relatively warm winter background of the Nativity was based on the effects of the Roman Solar Maximum. The shortcomings of astronomical and astrological hypotheses were compared with the strengths of the Shekinah Glory and growing legitimacy of UFOs as explanations for the Star of Bethlehem for the Star of Bethlehem.

- by Taylor A Cisco, Jr.
- •
- Heliophysics, Angels, Christian Apologetics, Solar Physics

The fields of solar radiophysics and solar system radio physics, or radio heliophysics, will benefit immensely from an instrument with the capabilities projected for SKA. Potential applications include interplanetary scintillation (IPS), radio-burst tracking, and solar spectral radio imaging with a superior sensitivity. These will provide breakthrough new insights and results in topics of fundamental importance, such as the physics of impulsive energy releases, magnetohydrodynamic oscillations and turbulence, the dynamics of post-eruptive processes, energetic particle acceleration , the structure of the solar wind and the development and evolution of solar wind transients at distances up to and beyond the orbit of the Earth. The combination of the high spectral, time and spatial resolution and the unprecedented sensitivity of the SKA will radically advance our understanding of basic physical processes operating in solar and heliospheric plasmas and provide a solid foundation for the forecasting of space weather events. Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array

- by Eduard Kontar
- •
- Radio Astronomy, Heliophysics, Space Plasma Physics, Space Physics

In the declining phase of the solar cycle, when the new-polarity fields of the solar poles are strengthened by the transport of same-signed magnetic flux from lower latitudes, the polar coronal holes expand and form non-axisymmetric extensions toward the solar equator. These extensions enhance the occurrence of high-speed solar wind streams (HSS) and related co-rotating interaction regions in the low-latitude heliosphere, and cause moderate, recurrent geomagnetic activity in the near-Earth space. Here, using a novel definition of geomagnetic activity at high (polar cap) latitudes and the longest record of magnetic observations at a polar cap station, we calculate the annually averaged solar wind speeds as proxies for the effective annual occurrence of HSS over the whole Grand Modern Maximum (GMM) from 1920s onwards. We find that a period of high annual speeds (frequent occurrence of HSS) occurs in the declining phase of each solar cycle 16-23. For most cycles the HSS activity clearly maximizes during one year, suggesting that typically only one strong activation leading to a coronal hole extension is responsible for the HSS maximum. We find that the most persistent HSS activity occurred in the declining phase of solar cycle 18. This suggests that cycle 19, which marks the sunspot maximum period of the GMM, was preceded by exceptionally strong polar fields during the previous sunspot minimum. This gives interesting support for the validity of solar dynamo theory during this dramatic period of solar magnetism.

- by Kalevi Mursula and +1
- •
- Space Sciences, Heliophysics, Space Weather, Magnetospheric Physics

In this study we analyze electromagnetic and solar phenomena that preceded the strong Mexican earthquake, magnitude M8.1, which occurred on September 7, 2017 with epicenter in the Tehuantepec Gulf. The data analysis is aimed at comparing it with other geomagnetic and solar signals that preceded strong earthquake on global-scale with the aim of adding new knowledge to seismic precursor candidates or seeking new search bases on crustal diagnosis. The rock deformation under tectonic stress, in the seismic area, that precedes a seismic event is the most appropriate phase of investigation for the analysis of measurable effects that are produced on the Earth's surface before an earthquake, including electromagnetic manifestations. The earthquake of Mexico is the strongest in the recent history of geophysics, and that occurred after significant variations in solar activity, measured by satellites and monitoring stations placed in various countries. The data are consistent with other M6 + earthquakes, studied starting in 2012 and today that exceed 900 seismic events. The main shock was preceded by radio-anomaly detection at frequencies below 3Hz, which according to the authors, always appear before potentially destructive earthquakes.

- by Gabriele Cataldi and +1
- •
- Heliophysics, Earthquake Precursors, Earthquake Prevision, Seismic Geomagnetic Precursors

This research analyses the relationships between ion density variations in the solar wind, recorded by the ACE satellite, and variations in the geomagnetic and interplanetary magnetic fields, as measured by the GOES 13 and 15 satellites before earthquakes with a magnitude of M6+. From the data presented, from January 1, 2012 to 31 December 2013, correlations can be established between solar activity, seismic events, and the geomagnetic background linked to the plasmasphere.

- by Gabriele Cataldi
- •
- Heliophysics, Earthquake Prediction, Earthquake Precursors

The causes of earthquakes can be multiple and diverse, including those related with human activity.
Various types of energy should then be evaluated besides the ones of tectonic origin, in order to build a specific
modeling system of the data, which may support a probabilistic earthquake prediction in the short term. Among them,
there are gravitational, inertial, electric and electromagnetic energies. The scientific question which the authors have
tried to answer in the present study, is whether the global M6+ seismic activity is preceded by an increase in the solar
activity, and in particular in the ionic variation of the solar wind. For this purpose, an analysis was performed on 428
earthquakes with greater than or equal to M6+ magnitude, which occurred on a global scale between 2012 and 2014.
The data on seismicity have been compared with those provided by the geomagnetic observatories and those on the
solar modulation transmitted by the ACE satellite orbiting the L1 point at 1.5 million kilometers from Earth. As the
results reveal, the analyzed earthquakes with magnitude greater than M6+ have shown a remarkably higher
occurrence during the phases of increase and decrease of the proton density of the solar wind.

- by Людмил Цанков and +1
- •
- Physics, Observational Astronomy, Infrared Astronomy, Optical Astronomy

There are many references in the literature related to connection between the space weather and the state of human organism. The search of external factors influence on humans is a multi-factor problem and it is well known that humans have a meteo-sensitivity. A direct problem of finding the earth weather conditions, under which the space weather manifests itself most strongly, is discussed in the present work for the first time in the helio-biology. From a formal point of view, this problem requires identification of subset (magnetobiotropic region) in three-dimensional earth's weather parameters such as pressure, temperature, and humidity, corresponding to the days when the human body is the most sensitive to changes in the geomagnetic field variations and when it reacts by statistically significant increase (or decrease) of a particular physiological parameter. This formulation defines the optimization of the problem, and the solution of the latter is not possible without the involvement of powerful metaheuristic methods of searching. Using the algorithm of differential evolution, we prove the existence of magnetobiotropic regions in the earth's weather parameters, which exhibit magneto-sensitivity of systolic, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate of healthy young subjects for three weather areas (combinations of atmospheric temperature, pressure , and humidity). The maximum value of the correlation confidence for the measurements attributable to the days of the weather conditions that fall into each of three magnetobiotropic areas is an order of 0.006, that is almost 10 times less than the confidence, equal to 0.05, accepted in many helio-biological researches.

- by Mikhail Blagonravov and +1
- •
- Heliophysics, Weather Risks, Space Weather, Geomagnetic Storms, Ionospheric Irregularities

We present a study about the propagation of interplanetary shock waves driven by super magnetosonic coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The discussion focus on a model which discribes the dynamic relationship between the CME and its driven shock and the way to approximate the trajectory of shocks based on those relationships from near the Sun to 1 AU. We apply the model in the analysis of a study case, in which our calculations show quantitative and cualitative agreements with different kind of data. We discuss the importance of solar wind and CME initial conditions on the shock wave evolution.

- by J. Americo Gonzalez-Esparza and +1
- •
- Plasma Physics, Space Sciences, Heliophysics, Theoretical astrophysics

This report presents a newly collected data of the electromagnetic signals detected in Italy, before two strong earthquakes (magnitude 6.4 and 7.7) on 17 July 2017 near Nikol'skoye, off Kamchatka, Russia. Changes in the electromagnetic background, detected by Radio Emissions Project in Rome, are associated to potential seismic precursor candidates. The monitoring Station in Rome analyzed from 2012 to nowadays and compared more than 800 earthquakes with magnitude greater than M6 on a global scale. The monitoring station showed characteristic electromagnetic signals in four frequency bands; the first from 0 Hz to 0.1 Hz, the second from 22 Hz to 30 Hz, the third 5.7 kHz, and the fourth 16.9 kHz. The data detected are similar to those collected in other strong earthquakes, 3-4 days before main shocks. Radio Direction Finding system by Radio Emissions Project is a new method of detection that allows to find the future epicenter zone that, in this case, provided encouraging data.

- by Gabriele Cataldi and +1
- •
- Heliophysics, Seismic Precursors, Earthquake Precursors, Earthquake Prevision

From the surface of the Sun, as a result of a solar flare, are expelled a coronal mass (CME or Coronal
Mass Ejection) that can be observed from the Earth through a coronagraph in white light. This ejected material
can be compared to an electrically charged cloud (plasma) mainly composed of electrons, protons and other small
quantities of heavier elements such as helium, oxygen and iron that run radially from the Sun along the lines
of the solar magnetic field and pushing into interplanetary space. Sometimes the CME able to reach the Earth
causing major disruptions of its magnetosphere: mashed in the region illuminated by the Sun and expanding in
the region not illuminated. This interaction creates extensive disruption of the Earth’s geomagnetic field that can
be detected by a radio receiver tuned to the ELF band (Extreme Low Frequency 0-30 Hz). The Radio Emissions
Project (scientific research project founded in February 2009 by Gabriele Cataldi and Daniele Cataldi), analyzing
the change in the Earth’s geomagnetic field through an induction magnetometer tuned between 0.001 and 5 Hz
(bandwidth in which possible to observe the geomagnetic pulsations) was able to detect the existence of a close
relationship between this geomagnetic perturbations and the global seismic activity M6+. During the arrival of
the CME on Earth, in the Earth’s geomagnetic field are generated sudden and intensive emissions that have a
bandwidth including between 0 and 15 Hz, an average duration of 2-8 hours, that preceding of 0-12 hours M6+
earthquakes. Between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2012, all M6+ earthquakes recorded on a global scale
were preceded by this type of signals which, due to their characteristics, have been called "Seismic Geomagnetic
Precursors" (S.G.P.).
The main feature of Seismic Geomagnetic Precursors is represented by the close relationship that they have
with the solar activity. In fact, because the S.G.P. are geomagnetic emissions, their temporal modulation depends
on solar activity: protons and electrons increase in the solar wind; increase of the electromagnetic emissions
on Earth’s magnetic poles; reducing of the magnetopause standoff distance; intense and sudden changes in the
interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The beginning of the geomagnetic disturbance that precedes the earthquake is
activated by an protons and electrons density increase in the solar wind that can be monitored through telemetric
data sent by satellite ACE (Advanced Composition Explorer) that currently operating in a Lissajous orbit near the
Lagrange point “L1” (between the Sun and Earth, at a distance of approximately 1.5 million km from Earth).

- by Gabriele Cataldi and +1
- •
- Heliophysics, Geomagnetic field, Earthquake Prediction, Earthquake Precursors

The authors of this study wanted to verify a possible relationship between the M6.2 earthquake, which occurred near Accumoli (RI), Italy on August 24, 2016 at 01:36:33 UTC and solar and geomagnetic activity. In recent years was found that the global M6 + seismic activity is always preceded by an increase in solar activity and the future of scientific research on earthquake prediction will be destined also to the study of the Sun (heliophysics). The analysis of the characteristics of the solar wind "near Earth" and the analysis of the Earth's geomagnetic activity confirmed that the strong M6.2 earthquake recorded in Italy on August 24, 2016 was preceded by an increase in solar activity and in Earth's geomagnetic activity.

- by Gabriele Cataldi
- •
- Heliophysics, Seismic Precursors, Solar Wind, Geomagnetic field

Interplanetary Coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) (super-magnetosonically) faster than the ambient solar wind are preceded by shock waves. Earth-directed shock waves, plasma sheaths and ICMEs are precursors of the major geomag-netic storms. The plasma sheath between the shock and the ICME leading edge plays a very important role to determine the geoeffectiveness of the events. There are multiple efforts (empirical, analytical and numerical) to forecast ICME-shock transit times and arrival speeds to 1 AU. We present a formalism (combining analytical and empirical solutions) to compute tra-jectories of fast halo Earth directed ICMEs, plasma sheaths, and shocks. This formalism combines the 'piston-shock' semi-empirical model (Corona-Romero et al., 2013), and the MHD polytropic jump relations (Petrinec and

- by J. Americo Gonzalez-Esparza and +1
- •
- Heliophysics, Space Plasma Physics, Space Physics, Shock Waves

The authors of this study wanted to verify a possible relationship between the M7.0 earthquake, which occurred near Kumamoto, Kyushu, Japan on April 15, 2016 at 16:25:06 UTC and the solar activity. The authors have scientifically demonstrated that there is a relationship between M6+ global seismic activity and solar activity and have had occasions to explain that large earthquakes, that can also generate tsunami, are always preceded by a variation of the interplanetary medium ion density; this variation has been defined by the authors as a "Interplanetary Seismic Precursor " (ISP) because, as already mentioned, it always precedes the strong earthquakes. The Interplanetary seismic precursors are phenomena that originate from the Sun through what the authors defined as "Solar Seismic Precursors" (SSP) and which are represented by: Coronal mass ejection (CME), coronal holes, solar flares and magnetic loops placed above the sunspots. The authors were able to confirm that from 2012 to today, all M6+ earthquakes that occur on our planet are always preceded by this type of event and, therefore, the authors had expected that the Japanese M7.0 earthquake was preceded by an ionic change in the solar wind.

- by Gabriele Cataldi and +1
- •
- Heliophysics, Earthquake Precursors, Earthquake Prevision, Geomagnetic Monitoring
- by Donal K Fellows and +2
- •
- Information Systems, Distributed Computing, Heliophysics, Data Analysis

Cancer of the lung, bronchus and trachea (ICD9, Dx:162) is firmly increasing over the last 20-30 years worldwide. Most frequently used linear estimates (both multifactorial and extrapolated) of incidence rates have shown discrepancies... more

- by Borislav Dimitrov
- •
- Heliophysics, Cancer, Forecasting, Lung Cancer

- by Valentino Straser
- •
- Electrical Engineering, Heliophysics, Seismic Precursors, Solar Wind
- by Khara D Lukancic
- •
- Heliophysics, Space Weather
- by Maxim sevastyanov
- •
- Heliophysics

Between 26 and 30 October 2016 in Central Italy were recorded two strong earthquakes: M6.1 occurred on October
26, 2016 at 19🔞08 UTC and M6.6 occurred on October 30, 2016 at 06:40:18 UTC. The authors of this study
noted that the two earthquakes were preceded by an increase in the proton density of the interplanetary medium: a
phenomenon observed since 2012 and has always preceded the seismic events of high intensity (M6+) occurring on
a global scale. To obtain these results the authors have analyzed the conditions of Spaceweather "near Earth" and the
characteristics of the Earth’s geomagnetic field in the days and in the hours that preceded the two earthquakes. The
data relating to the two earthquakes were provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The data on ion
density used to realize the study are represented by: solar wind ion density variation detected by ACE (Advanced
Composition Explorer) Satellite, in orbit near the L1 Lagrange point, at 1.5 million of km from Earth, in direction
of the Sun. The instrument used to perform the measurement of the solar wind ion density is the Electron, Proton,
and Alpha Monitor (EPAM) instrument, equipped on the ACE Satellite. To conduct the study, the authors have
taken in consideration the variation of the solar wind protons density of three different energy fractions: differential
proton flux 1060-1900 keV (p/cm^2-sec-ster-MeV); differential proton flux 761-1220 keV (p/cm^2-sec-ster-MeV);
differential proton flux 310-580 keV (p/cm^2-sec-ster-MeV). In addition, the authors were analyzed the Earth’s
geomagnetic field variations through the geomagnetic data released by Tromsø Geomagnetic Observatory (TGO),
Norway; Scoresbysund Geomagnetic Observatory (SCO), Greenland, Denmark; Dikson Geomagnetic Observatory
(DIK), Russia and Pushkov Institute of terrestrial magnetism, ionosphere and radio wave propagation (IZMIRAN),
Troitsk, Moscow Region. The results of the study, in agreement with what already ascertained by authors from
2012, have confirmed that the two strong Italian earthquakes were preceded by a clear increase of the solar wind
proton density which subsequently generated perturbation of the Earth’s geomagnetic field. The results of the
studies that the three authors lead from 2012 represent a new scientific approach to predict potentially destructive
earthquakes that occur on a global scale. This new seismic prediction method has proven reliable to predict a
recovery of M6+ global seismic activity and in the future will represent the scientific substrate on which will be
possible to develop seismic forecasting methods better than those actual.

- by Gabriele Cataldi
- •
- Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science, Heliophysics, Meteorology
- by D. Garbeva and +1
- •
- Geography, Environmental Geography, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology

Possible associations of incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) with solar UVR have been suggested (Cartwright e.a. 1994, etc.). Also, incidence for both malignant melanoma of the skin (SMM) and NHL has shown a rapid increase over the last 10-15 years worldwide. On the other hand, cyclicity in variations of incidence rates for SMM was reported (Houghton e.a. 1981, Dimitrov 1998, etc.). The present study analysed trends and variations in incidence of SMM and NHL for the USA. Annual age-standardized incidence rates for SMM and NHL (SEER database, 1973-1989) were compared. Linear and non-linear regression modeling, periodogram regression analysis and parametric tests were applied (Dimitrov e.a. 1995). The analysis denoted non-linear trends of increasing incidence for both SMM and NHL. Cyclic variations in incidence rates for SMM in US females were reported previously (Dimitrov 1993) and now were confirmed also for other strata of the population (mainly, cycles with a period T = 8 divided by 9 years, p < 0.05) as well as revealed for NHL (mainly, cycles with a period T = 8 divided by 9 years). This cyclicity was significant at 95% only for black US males (Table 1). After decycling for hypercyclicity of 20-35 years (long-term cyclic trends), however, significant high-frequency infrannual variations of 3 divided by 5 years appeared in NHL (latter cyclic variations, for instance, were observed in the sunspots index, solar UVR and stratospheric ozone). Also, significant cycles of 11-13 years appeared for white US males. Similar cyclicity of 9 divided by 11 years was observed in sunspots number over the same interval. Trends of NHL were very similar to that of SMM, as were the variations. This study might be considered a contribution to the hypothesis on possible associations of incidence for NHL with heliogeophysical phenomena.

- by Borislav Dimitrov
- •
- Heliophysics, Cancer, Sunspots, Solar Activity

Multycomponent cyclicity in mothly cuicides(period T=18,46 and 198 months was found and close close similarity with heliogeophysical activity (HGA) suggested by Dimitrov in 1999. The current report aimed at scutinizing the results on suicide annual cyclicity(seasonality) in Slovenia as reported by Dravecz et al in 2007 as well as at analyzing suicide data from Finland in this regards..We postulated that (i) trans year ( 12-24 months) or far trans-year long term cycle of suicide might interfere with their seasonality; and (ii)association to environmental factors with alike cyclicity ( e.g. HGA,temperature) could exist.

- by Borislav Dimitrov
- •
- Heliophysics, Suicide, Sunspots, Temperature

Our previous studies revealed cyclicity in the incidence rate of skin malignant melanoma (SMM; ICD9, Dx:172) in the Czech Republic (period T=7.50-7.63 years), UK (T=11.00 years) and Bulgaria (T=12.20 years). Incidences compared with the sunspot index Rz (lag-period dT=+2, +4, +6, +10 or +12 years) have indicated that maximal rates are most likely to appear on descending slopes of the 11-year solar cycle, i.e., out of phase. We summarized and explored more deeply these cyclic variations and discussed their possible associations with heliogeophysical activity (HGA) components exhibiting similar cyclicity.
Annual incidences of SMM from 5 countries (Czech Republic, UK, Bulgaria, USA and Canada) over various time spans during the years 1964-1992 were analyzed and their correlations with cyclic Rz (sunspot number) and aa (planetary geomagnetic activity) indices were summarized. Periodogram regression analysis with trigonometric approximation and phase-correlation analysis were applied.
Previous findings on SMM for the Czech Republic, UK and Bulgaria have been validated, and cyclic patterns have been revealed for USA (T=8.63 years, P<0.05) and Canada (Ontario, T=9.91 years, P<0.10). Also, various 'hypercycles' were established (T=45.5, 42.0, 48.25, 34.5 and 26.5 years, respectively) describing long-term cyclic incidence patterns. The association of SMM for USA and Canada with Rz (dT=+6 and +7 years, respectively) and aa (dT=-10 and +9 years, respectively) was described. Possible interactions of cyclic non-photic influences (UV irradiation, Schumann resonance signal, low-frequency geomagnetic fluctuations) with brain waves absorbance, neuronal calcium dynamics, neuro-endocrine axis modulation, melatonin/serotonin disbalance and skin neuro-immunity impairment as likely causal pathways in melanoma appearance, were also discussed.
The above findings on cyclicity and temporal association of SMM with cyclic environmental factors could not only allow for better forecasting models but also lead to a better understanding of melanoma aetiology.

- by Borislav Dimitrov
- •
- Heliophysics, Cancer, Sunspots, Skin Cancer

We developed a new technique for registration of the far solar corona from ground-based observations at distances
comparable to those obtained from space coronagraphs. It makes possible visualization of ﬁne details of studied objects
invisible by naked eye. Here we demonstrate that streamers of the electron corona sometimes punch the dust corona and
that the shape of the dust corona may vary with time.
We obtained several experimental evidences that the far coronal streamers (observed directly only from the space or
stratosphere) emit only in discrete regions of the visible spectrum like resonance ﬂuorescence of molecules and ions in
comets. We found that interaction of the coronal streamers with the dust corona can produce molecules and radicals,
which are known to cause the resonance ﬂuorescence in comets.

- by Yavor Shopov and +1
- •
- Physics, Observational Astronomy, Infrared Astronomy, Optical Astronomy
- by Divya Oberoi
- •
- Radio Astronomy, Heliophysics, Space Plasma Physics, Space Physics
- by Divya Oberoi
- •
- Radio Astronomy, Heliophysics, Space Plasma Physics, Space Physics

Between August 2016 and October 2016 in Italy were recorded three strong earthquakes: M6.2 on August 2016
at 01:36:32 UTC; M6.1 on October 26, 2016 at 19🔞08 UTC and M6,6 on October 30, 2016 at 06:40:18
UTC. The authors of this study wanted to verify the existence of a correlation between these earthquakes and
solar/geomagnetic activity.
To confirming or not the presence of this kind of correlation, the authors analyzed the conditions of Spaceweather
"near Earth" and the characteristics of the Earth’s geomagnetic field in the hours that preceded the three earthquakes.
The data relating to the three earthquakes were provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS).
The data on ion density used to realize the correlation study are represented by: solar wind ion density variation
detected by ACE (Advanced Composition Explorer) Satellite, in orbit near the L1 Lagrange point, at 1.5 million
of km from Earth, in direction of the Sun. The instrument used to perform the measurement of the solar wind ion
density is the Electron, Proton, and Alpha Monitor (EPAM) instrument, equipped on the ACE Satellite.
To conduct the study, the authors have taken in consideration the variation of the solar wind protons density
of three different energy fractions: differential proton flux 1060-1900 keV (p/cm^2-sec-ster-MeV); differential
proton flux 761-1220 keV (p/cm^2-sec-ster-MeV); differential proton flux 310-580 keV (p/cm^2-sec-ster-MeV).
Geomagnetic activity data were provided by Tromsø Geomagnetic Observatory (TGO), Norway; by Scoresbysund
Geomagnetic Observatory (SCO), Greenland, Denmark; Dikson Geomagnetic Observatory (DIK), Russia and by
Pushkov Institute of terrestrial magnetism, ionosphere and radio wave propagation (IZMIRAN), Troitsk, Moscow
Region. The results of the study, in agreement with what already ascertained by authors from 2012, have confirmed
that the three strong Italian earthquakes were preceded by a clear increase of the solar wind proton density which
subsequently generated perturbation of the Earth’s geomagnetic field. The characteristics of ionic variation of the
interplanetary medium and the subsequent perturbations of the Earth’s geomagnetic field could be used as a global
seismic trigger indicator to understand when it’s possible expect a resumption of M6+ seismic activity.

- by Gabriele Cataldi
- •
- Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Science, Heliophysics, Meteorology

On August 24, 2016 at 01:36:32 UTC a destructive earthquake hit Central Italy with a magnitude of M6.2. The
authors of this study have recorded some electromagnetic signals that have preceded this strong earthquake. These
signals were recorded through two electromagnetic monitoring stations realized by Gabriele Cataldi and Daniele
Cataldi, located near the town of Albano Laziale (Rome, Italy) and near the city of Lariano (Rome, Italy) and can
monitor the radio spectrum 24h7 between 0.001 Hz and 96 kHz (SELF-LF band). The electromagnetic monitoring
allowed to identify two interesting types of electromagnetic anomalies: the first electromagnetic anomaly was
recorded on August 18, 2016 between 02:47 UTC and 06:21 UTC, in the VLF band prevalently between 18kHz
and 26kHz; the second electromagnetic anomaly was registered between 08:00 UTC on August 23, 2016 and
05:00 UTC on August 24, 2016, prevalently between 0.01 and 0.7Hz: the most intense signals were recorded at
08:50 UTC on August 23, 2016 and approximately 1 hour before the strong earthquake.
The Earth’s electromagnetic background monitoring in the SELF-VLF band (0Hz<f<30kHz) is a methodology
of scientific investigation that has allowed to demonstrate the existence of Seismic Electromagnetic Precursors
(SEPs). The studies that the authors have realized within this new scientific context (as well as technological)
have allowed us to understand that there are actually two families of pre-seismic radio emissions: 1) radio
emissions identified as Earth’s geomagnetic field disturbances related to "near Earth" solar wind proton density
increase variations, and for this reason it can be seen from any point on the Earth (this is "no local" type
emissions); 2) radio signals are not connected directly to the solar and geomagnetic activity: these radio signals
are probably generated by piezoelectricity phenomena occurring near the focal area of the earthquake and are
detectable near earthquake epicenter (this is a "local" type emissions). It is therefore clear that the monitoring
of solar activity and Earth’s geomagnetic activity is an activity of fundamental importance to be able to have
a general understanding of pre-seismic radio signals nature. In fact, as the authors demonstrated that all M6+
earthquakes that occur on a global scale are always preceded by an increase of the solar wind proton density near
Earth, the solar and geomagnetic activity monitoring is a seismic prediction method that has proven reliable for
understanding when we can expect a recovery of the M6+ global seismic activity and could be used internationally
as an indicator of seismic risk in the countries where there are potentially destructive earthquakes and tsunamis.

- by Gabriele Cataldi
- •
- Earth Sciences, Heliophysics, Earthquake Precursors, Earthquake Prevision
- by Gabriele Pierantoni and +1
- •
- Information Systems, Distributed Computing, Heliophysics, Data Analysis

The authors of this study wanted to verify the existence of a correlation between earthquakes of high intensity
capable of generating tsunami and variations of solar and Earth’s geomagnetic activity. To confirming or not the
presence of this kind of correlation, the authors analyzed the conditions of Spaceweather "near Earth" and the
characteristics of the Earth’s geomagnetic field in the hours that preceded the four earthquakes of high intensity
that have generated tsunamis: 1) Japan M9 earthquake occurred on March 11, 2011 at 05:46 UTC; 2) Japan M7.1
earthquake occurred on October 25, 2013 at 17:10 UTC; 3) Chile M8.2 earthquake occurred on April 1, 2014 at
23:46 UTC; 4) Chile M8.3 earthquake occurred on September 16, 2015 at 22:54 UTC. The data relating to the
four earthquakes were provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The data on ion density used
to realize the correlation study are represented by: solar wind ion density variation detected by ACE (Advanced
Composition Explorer) Satellite, in orbit near the L1 Lagrange point, at 1.5 million of km from Earth, in direction
of the Sun. The instrument used to perform the measurement of the solar wind ion density is the Electron, Proton,
and Alpha Monitor (EPAM) instrument, equipped on the ACE Satellite.
To conduct the study, the authors have taken in consideration the variation of the solar wind protons density
of three different energy fractions: differential proton flux 1060-1900 keV (p/cm^2-sec-ster-MeV); differential
proton flux 761-1220 keV (p/cm^2-sec-ster-MeV); differential proton flux 310-580 keV (p/cm^2-sec-ster-MeV).
Geomagnetic activity data were provided by Tromsø Geomagnetic Observatory (TGO), Norway; by Scoresbysund
Geomagnetic Observatory (SCO), Greenland, Denmark and by Space Weather Prediction Center of Pushkov
Institute of terrestrial magnetism, ionosphere and radio wave propagation (IZMIRAN), Troitsk, Moscow Region.
The results of the study, in agreement with what already ascertained by authors from 2012, have confirmed that the
four strongest earthquakes (and then the four tsunami) were preceded by a clear increase of the solar wind proton
density which subsequently generated perturbation of the Earth’s geomagnetic field. The temporal characteristics
of the proton increases and geomagnetic disturbances that preceded the four tsunami have a clear predictive
significance especially in the face of recent studies on Seismic Solar Precursors (SSPs), on Interplanetary Seismic
Precursors (ISPs) and on Seismic Geomagnetic Precursors (SGPs) presented by the authors in the last two years.

- by Gabriele Cataldi
- •
- Heliophysics, Astrophysics, Earthquake Seismology, Earthquake Precursor

Results from photographic observations of the white light solar corona conducted during the total phase of the total
solar eclipse on March 29, 2006 in Manavgat, Turkey are shown in this work. Spectroscopic study of the green 530.3 nm
line of Fe XIV in the corona of the Sun has also been made. The spectrograph was designed by specialists from the STIL-
BAS ‘‘Acad. D. Mishev’’, Stara Zagora Department, Bulgaria; the Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, Russia; and the
Yuri Gagarin Public Astronomical Observatory, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.
It has been found that the axis of symmetry of the ‘‘helmet’’-type streamers is tilted towards the solar equator and the
deviations from a radial direction in the western hemisphere are greater than those in the eastern one (211/81).
The solar corona ﬂattening is e ј 0.098, which corresponds to an intermediate (before the minimum) type of corona. We
have obtained that the solar cycle phase is F ј 0.17 for the 2006 TSE.
White light corona is asymmetric, in contrast to solar corona observed during the August 11, 1999 total solar eclipse.

- by Yavor Shopov and +1
- •
- Physics, Observational Astronomy, Infrared Astronomy, Optical Astronomy