Internet research methods Research Papers (original) (raw)

Com o fenômeno global do envelhecimento populacional, as atenções recaem na busca da melhoria de qualidade de vida para idosos. A Organização Mundial da Saúde [1] destaca aspectos como transporte, habitação, trabalho, proteção social, serviços de saúde e cuidados de longo prazo. Assim, o conceito Cohousing vem ao encontro do Envelhecimento Saudável, otimizando a capacidade funcional do idoso, permitindo-o realizar tarefas que lhe sejam importantes [1]. As Cohousings são comunidades intencionais surgidas em 1972 na Dinamarca [2], resgatando valores de comunidade e estilos de vida saudáveis. As Senior Cohousings, destinadas a maiores de 50 anos, favorecem o acesso a cuidados intensivos de saúde, autonomia e convivência social, representando diferentes significados e experiências nos campos físico, psicológico e social [3]. No Brasil, a internet vem auxiliando na informação e na organização social de grupos com afinidades e objetivos comuns [4]. De 2011 a 2013, o número de idosos brasileiros utilizando redes sociais, especialmente sites de relacionamento, aumentou 39,3% [5]. Esse perfil do “novo idoso” integra o conceito do Envelhecimento Ativo, um processo de otimização das oportunidades de saúde, participação e segurança. Estudos anteriores revelam traços do perfil dos moradores mais velhos das cohousings na Suécia [6] e identificam diretrizes projetuais através do processo participativo com futuros moradores no Brasil, porém sem foco etário [2]. O artigo objetiva traçar um perfil dos possíveis futuros usuários idosos dessas comunidades, pelo acompanhamento de postagens e comentários espontâneos em redes sociais e sites, buscando (i) identificar as razões que levariam adultos mais velhos a viver em cohousings no Brasil e (ii) avaliar a importância de fatores físicos, psicológicos e sociais nesta escolha. Para isso, realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre cohousing, psicologia ambiental e idosos e análise de conteúdo [7] em sites com grupos brasileiros da rede social Facebook que tenham como tema cohousing e participantes idosos interessados em adotar este modo de habitação. A análise, feita a partir de palavras-chave, identifica aspectos do significado da casa: Psicológica, Social, Econômica, Material, Temporal e Tempo- Espaço [3]. Partindo dos resultados obtidos através da categorização das palavras chaves dentro das 6 dimensões analisadas conclui-se que existe uma maior ocorrência de intensões a respeito de moradias compartilhadas dentro de duas categorias em especial: material e psicológica. As expectativas por parte dos relatos dentro da dimensão psicológica são quase tão importantes quanto as expectativas na material. Essa busca por amparo psicológico em seu ambiente de moradia, pode ser creditada a perdas nas capacidades físicas, cognitivas e sociais, levando a um estreitamento da inserção social dos idosos e um consequente sentimento de abandono e solidão [8]. Também relevante, é a presença maior de depoimentos femininos, totalizando 90,47% dentre os coletados. Uma das hipóteses para essa ocorrência maior entre mulheres é a busca por afirmação de independência [6]. O perfil do novo idoso dentro do conceito de Envelhecimento Ativo, auxilia na compreensão do aumento da procura por moradias alternativas, especialmente pelas cohousing, pois a organização deste tipo de comunidade, reforça os valores buscados por este novo perfil, presentes nos depoimentos dos idosos analisados.

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- Social Networks, Environmental Psychology, Social Networking, Internet research methods

The semiotics of the face studies the meaning of the human face in contemporary visual cultures. There are two complementary research foci: widespread practices of face exhibition in social networks like Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, and Tinder; and minority practices of occultation, including the mask in anti-establishment political activism (Anonymous) and the veil in religious dressing codes. The meaning of the human face is currently changing on a global scale: through the invention and diffusion of new visual technologies (digital photography, visual filters, as well as software for automatic face recognition); through the creation and establishment of novel genres of face representation (the selfie); and through new approaches to face perception, reading, and memorization (e.g., the ‘scrolling’ of faces on Tinder). Cognitions, emotions, and actions that people attach to the interaction with one’s and others’ faces are undergoing dramatic shifts. In the semiotics of the face, an interdisciplinary but focused approach combines visual history, semiotics, phenomenology, visual anthropology, but also face perception studies and collection and analysis of big data, so as to study the social and technological causes of these changes and their effects in terms of alterations in self-perception and communicative interaction. In the tension between, on the one hand, political and economic agencies pressing for increasing disclosure, detection, and marketing of the human face (for reasons of security and control, for commercial or bureaucratic purposes) and, on the other hand, the counter-trends of face occultation (parents ‘hiding’ their children from the Internet, political activists concealing their faces, religious or aesthetic veils, writers and artists like Bansky or Ferrante choosing not to reveal their identity), the visual syntax, the semantics, and the pragmatics of the human face are rapidly evolving. The semiotics of the face carries on a comprehensive survey of this socio-cultural phenomenon.

- by Massimo Leone
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- Semiotics, Social Networks, Internet Studies, Social Networking

As Abraham Lincoln has said, democracy is government of the people, for the people and by the people. Citizens elect their representative for governing them, and for making suitable policies for the development of the country. Earlier, the involvement of the citizens in the democracy was limited because of insufficiency of the means for connecting with their representatives. But with the emergence of new communication technologies, democracy has gained a new dimension – the participation of the citizens has increased. They can comment on, criticize or support their representatives, their parties and the policies of the government. The use of mobile phone, new apps, internet and social networking sites has been increasing exponentially in India. New platforms have become available for people to voice their opinions. And with this new communication technology politicians can connect with their voters or supports.
Out of 1.29 billion population women constitute more than 625 million which means almost 50% of the total population. The level of participation of women in the politics is important to build sustainable democracy. They should get fair representation only then democracy can deliver for all of its citizens. They have capacity and potential to shape the society. With this belief woman politicians have more responsibility. They can bring different views and perspectives to many issues by voicing their opinions on available platforms. It may help to generate gender sensitivity towards many issues and views. Researcher believes that the existence of women on different platforms like radio, television, print and social networking sites, is more likely to provide positive role models for girls to join different fields including politics and gain the confidence.
The new tools of communication have made one-on-one interaction easier, cheaper and less time consuming, and therefore so much more extensive and effective. But the larger question here is, how aware are our elected representatives of these tools? In other words, do they use new communication technologies? Do they have their own websites? Do they use social networking sites to interact with their voters or member of the constituency? Do they respond to emails? What is their opinion about the new media?
This is an attempt to find out answers to all the above questions. Out of 543 elected MPs there are 66 women Member of Parliament in the Lok Sabha 2014. In case of Maharashtra out of 48, there are five women MPs. This is a case study of the usage of new communication technology by all the women MPs. This study hopes to examine women MP’s attitude towards the communication technology. Effective use of new media can enhance communication between the citizens and their representatives. This will lead to a better and healthier democracy.
Key Words: new communication technology, democracy, women politicians, women and ICT

- by Ashwini Kamble
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- Internet research methods, Online Media, Community Radio
- by Dimas Setyadi
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- Internet research methods, Android, Smartphones, Aplikasi

La siguiente investigación busca explorar los patrones espaciales de
la producción de datos en el Gran Santiago, en tanto “los datos”,
como la piedra fundacional de lo que conocemos como una “Ciudad
Inteligente”. Así también, se analiza la relación de dichos patrones
espaciales generados por los datos, tanto activos como pasivos, con
la distribución espacial del ingreso por hogar en el área estudiada,
con el fin de establecer, si existe una relación entre ellos en el
contexto de Santiago como una ciudad segregada. Finalmente, se
entregan conclusiones en relación a la potencialidad de ciertas
comunas del Gran Santiago, para transformarse en territorios que
fomenten una “Sociedad Habilitada Espacialmente”, en términos del
aprovechamiento de los datos para una mejor planificación y diseño
de la Ciudad.

- by Cris Hernandez
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- Geography, Internet Studies, Data Analysis, Internet research methods
- by Romer Mottinha and +1
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- Internet Studies, Political Science, Internet research methods, Brazilian Politics (Political Science)

Reviews Manuel d'analyse du Web en sciences humaines et sociales. Sous la direction de Christine Barats. Paris : Armand Colin, coll. « U Sciences humaines et sociales », 2013. 258 pp. ISBN : 9782200286279. D ans leur manuel collectif, le premier du genre dans l'espace francophone 1 , Christine Barats et ses collègues ont réussi la prouesse de rédiger diverses contributions (vingt-deux), denses, claires et pédagogiques, pour la plupart françaises, proposant diverses références, outils et techniques de collecte de données et d'investigation, issus bien évidemment des sciences humaines et sociales (SHS), illustrés par divers exemples intéressants de terrains qui abordent, analysent ou encore intègrent le Web et ses caractéristiques particulières (dont sa dynamique, sa pluralité, sa multiforme et son ubiquité, voire même sa porosité). Ce manuel didactique présente un état actualisé mais non exhaustif des références et savoirs, tant théoriques, réflexifs et critiques que méthodologiques et exploratoires, applicables à l'étude des technologies complexes du Web contemporain et leurs effets sous-jacents. Se distanciant ainsi d'un regard surplombant visant à recenser les meilleures méthodologies applicables à l'étude du Web dans un catalogue ou même un prêt-à-monter de méthodes ou d'outils, comme l'affirme d'emblée Christine Barats en introduction, ce manuel collectif incite à la curiosité des chercheuses et des chercheurs en SHS et insiste sur l'importance de concevoir et d'élaborer des méthodes propices et bien adaptées à leurs problématiques et objets d'étude choisis ainsi qu'aux cadres théoriques spécifiques de toute recherche. L'ouvrage se compose de trois grandes parties, qui peuvent se lire séparément mais gagnent assurément à être consultées ensemble. Elles traitent des différents enjeux et questions interdisciplinaires souvent posés, à différents moments, dans une démarche de recherche sur le Web en SHS. L'originalité de ce manuel pédagogique se retrouve dans les deuxième et troisième parties, plutôt consacrées au moment de l'observation du corpus numérique et de l'analyse des résultats, notamment avec le recours à des outils et dispositifs inédits en SHS (tels que la textométrie digitale, la cartographie du Web, l'ethnographie en ligne, l'approche sémiologique, etc.). La première partie de ce manuel collectif présente une série de réflexions et de problématiques transversales à l'étude et à l'analyse du Web. De prime abord, Laurence Monnoyer-Smith expose de façon réflexive et critique une conceptualisation du Web comme dispositif sociotechnique (ch. 1). Mais encore, suivent deux réflexions et études (ch. 2 et 3) assez substantielles et stimulantes, abordant respectivement les dimensions éthiques de la recherche en ligne, ainsi que la pratique de l'archivage et de la mémoire dans un contexte de « potentielle hypermnésie 2 » du Web, et leurs effets sur les pratiques de recherche en SHS. Ces deux contributions, qui retiennent ici un

Few studies attempt to demonstrate whether and how systemic
racial inequality might form on the web. I use racial formation
theory to conceptualize how race is represented, and
systematically reproduced on the web, and how both may reveal
forms of racial inequality. Using an original dataset and network
graph, I document the architecture of web traffic, and the actual
traffic patterns among and between race-based websites. Results
demonstrate that web producers create hyperlink networks that
steer audiences to websites without respect to racial or nonracial
content. However, user navigation reflects a racially segregated
traffic pattern; users navigate to racialized versus nonracialized
websites (and vice versa) more than what would be expected by
chance. These results, along with disparities in website traffic
rankings, provide evidence of, and demonstrates how a racebased
hierarchy might systematically emerge on the web in ways
that exemplify disparate forms of value, influence and power that
exist within the web environment.

- by charlton mcilwain
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- Political Economy, Web 2.0, Social Networks, The Social Web

Radio audiences are today a mix of traditional radio broadcasting audiences and networked publics (boyd, d. [2007]. Why youth (heart) social network sites: The role of networked publics in teenage social life. In D. Buckingha (Ed.), MacArthur foundation series on digital learning–youth, identity, and digital media volume (pp. 119–142). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; Ito, M. [2008]. Introduction. In K. Varnelis (Ed.), Networked publics (pp. 1–14). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; Varnelis, K. (Ed.). [2008]. Networked publics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; Varnelis, K. (Ed.). [2008]. Networked publics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; boyd, d. [2011]. Social network sites as networked publics: Affordances, dynamics, and implications. In Z. Papacharissi (Ed.), A networked self identity, community, and culture on social network sites (pp. 39–58). London: Routledge). This not only means that new media is changing the nature of listeners/viewers, transforming them into interactive users, but also that radio publics, once organized into networks, may have different properties, different behaviours and different values. In this paper, we have employed Digital Methods (DM) (Rogers, R. [2009]. The end of the virtual. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press) and social network analysis to understand the Twitter activity and the communicative dynamics of the audiences of two Italian national radio stations: Radio3 Rai (public service station) and Radio Deejay (private commercial station). This work also aims to respond to a question asked by Rogers when defining DM: ‘Could the information contained in profiles on social networking sites provide different insights into the composition and characteristics of publics?’ (Rogers, R. [2009]. The end of the virtual. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press). Based on the results that have emerged from this study, we believe that the answer can be affirmative: the analysis of the social connections and the interaction models of the networked listeners highlights new features of these audiences, and allows us to reevaluate and understand them from new points of view. This work shows that the digital audiences related to the two radio stations clearly distinguish themselves for their distinctive online behaviour and a different display of social networks, cultural capital and affect. We therefore hypothesize the presence of three different types of capital within the two different audiences analysed: social, cultural and affective capital.

- by Alessandro Caliandro and +2
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- Media Studies, New Media, Radio And Sound Studies, Digital Media
- by Francisco Paulo Jamil Marques and +6
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- Information Technology, Community Informatics, Communication, Media Studies

Conducting research in the rapidly evolving fields constituting the digital social sciences raises challenging ethical and technical issues, especially when the subject matter includes activities of stigmatised populations. Our study of a dark-web drug-use community provides a case example of ‘how to’ conduct studies in digital environments where sensitive and illicit activities are discussed. In this paper we present the workflow from our digital ethnography and consider the consequences of particular choices of action upon knowledge production. Key considerations that our workflow responded to include adapting to volatile field-sites, researcher safety in digital environments, data security and encryption, and ethical-legal challenges. We anticipate that this workflow may assist other researchers to emulate, test and adapt our approach to the diverse range of illicit studies online. In this paper we argue that active engagement with stigmatised communities through multi-sited digital ethnography can complement and augment the findings of digital trace analyses.

- by Alexia Maddox and +1
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- Sociology, Ethnography, Internet research methods, Qualitative Research

Many advocates of deliberative democracy see in the Internet a new opportunity for the development of public spaces, public spheres, and places where deliberation can take place. An important element of the notion of the public sphere in general and of deliberation specifically, is the quality of the debate. In the past decade, many studies have been conducted to evaluate online discussions in light of the ideal notion of the public sphere. However, a wide gap exists between theoretical approaches and the actual operationalization of such theories for empirical research. In an attempt to bridge this gap we develop a method for examining the extent to which Internet forums meet the normative requirements of rational-critical debate, reciprocity, and reflexivity. The methodological approach consists of a textual analysis of the contributions made to an online forum. The coding scheme presented in this article is based on a case study (UK Online) and guided by the theoretical notions of deliberative democracy.

- by Todd Graham
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- Communication, Media Studies, New Media, Political Participation
- by charlie barnao
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- Sex and Gender, Gender and Sexuality, Internet research methods, Prostitution

This paper is a study into some of the regulatory implications of cryptocurrencies using the CAMPO research framework (Context, Actors, Methods, Methods, Practice, Outcomes). We explain in CAMPO format why virtual currencies are of interest, how self-regulation has failed, and what useful lessons can be learned. We are hopeful that the full paper will produce useful and semi-permanent findings into the usefulness of virtual currencies in general, block chains as a means of mining currency, and the profundity of current ‘media darling’ currency Bitcoin as compared with the development of block chain generator Ethereum.
While virtual currencies can play a role in creating better trading conditions in virtual communities, despite the risks of non-sovereign issuance and therefore only regulation by code (Brown/Marsden 2013), the methodology used poses significant challenges to researching this ‘community’, if BitCoin can even be said to have created a single community, as opposed to enabling an alternate method of exchange for potentially all virtual community transactions. First, BitCoin users have transparency of ownership but anonymity in many transactions, necessary for libertarians or outright criminals in such illicit markets as #SilkRoad. Studying community dynamics is therefore made much more difficult than even such pseudonymous or avatar based communities as Habbo Hotel, World of Warcraft or SecondLife. The ethical implications of studying such communities raise similar problems as those of Tor, Anonymous, Lulzsec and other anonymous hacker communities. Second, the journalistic accounts of BitCoin markets are subject to sensationalism, hype and inaccuracy, even more so than in the earlier hype cycle for SecondLife, exacerbated by the first issue of anonymity. Third, the virtual currency area is subject to slowly emerging regulation by financial authorities and police forces, which appears to be driving much of the early adopter community ‘underground’. Thus, the community in 2016 may not bear much resemblance to that in 2012. Fourth, there has been relatively little academic empirical study of the community, or indeed of virtual currencies in general, until relatively recently. Fifth, the dynamism of the virtual currency environment in the face of the deepening mistrust of the financial system after the 2008 crisis is such that any research conclusions must by their nature be provisional and transient.
All these challenges, particularly the final three, also raise the motivation for research – an alternative financial system which is separated from the real-world sovereign and which can use code regulation with limited enforcement from offline policing, both returns the study to the libertarian self-regulated environment of early 1990s MUDs, and offers a tantalising prospect of a tool to evade the perils of ‘private profit, socialized risk’ which existing large financial institutions created in the 2008-12 disaster. The need for further research into virtual currencies based on blockchain mining, and for their usage by virtual communities, is thus pressing and should motivate researchers to solve the many problems in methodology for exploring such an environment.

- by Chris Marsden and +1
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- Internet Studies, Internet research methods, Computer-Mediated Communication, Internet Law

Global information is required to facilitate trade, international business expansion, research and for international comparisons.
The amount of data available varies in what exists, its age and its accuracy. Information from one area may not be
comparable with that from another. The global searcher needs to consider these points and why information may be
findable, prior to searching. Anticipating such issues can aid the search approach – whether via a local search engine or by
going directly to a range of websites holding relevant data. Global and national information can come from supranational
bodies, governments, public and private sector organizations as well as specialist sites. Some information sources will
require payment or a subscription to gain access.

This collection investigates the publics of the hashtag. Taking cues from critical public sphere theory, contributors are interested in publics that break beyond the mainstream – in other publics. They are interested in the kinds of publics that do politics in a way that is rough and emergent, flawed and messy, and ones in which new forms of collective power are being forged on the fly and in the shadow of loftier mainstream spheres.
Hashtags are deictic, indexical – yet what they point to is themselves, their own dual role in ongoing discourse. Focusing on hashtags used for topics from Ferguson, Missouri, to Australian politics, from online quilting communities to labour protests, from feminist outrage to drag pop culture, this collection follows hashtag publics as they trend beyond Twitter into other spaces of social networking such as Facebook, Instagram, and Tumblr as well as other media spaces such as television, print, and graffiti.

- by Nathan Rambukkana
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- Cultural Studies, Algorithms, Communication, Feminist Theory

Cloud computing is rapidly gaining traction in business. It offers businesses online services on demand (such as Gmail, iCloud and Salesforce) and allows them to cut costs on hardware and IT support. This is the first paper in business ethics dealing with this new technology. It analyzes the informational duties of hosting companies that own and operate cloud computing datacentres (e.g., Amazon). It considers the cloud services providers leasing ‘space in the cloud’ from hosting companies (e.g., Dropbox, Salesforce). And it examines the business and private ‘clouders’ using these services. The first part of the paper argues that hosting companies, services providers and clouders have mutual informational (epistemic) obligations to provide and seek information about relevant issues such as consumer privacy, reliability of services, data mining and data ownership. The concept of interlucency is developed as an epistemic virtue governing ethically effective communication. The second part considers potential forms of government restrictions on or proscriptions against the development and use of cloud computing technology. Referring to the concept of technology neutrality, it argues that interference with hosting companies and cloud services providers is hardly ever necessary or justified. It is argued, too, however, that businesses using cloud services (e.g., banks, law firms, hospitals etc. storing client data in the cloud) will have to follow rather more stringent regulations.

- by Boudewijn de Bruin and +1
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- Information Systems, Business Ethics, Computer Science, Human Computer Interaction
- by Monica Barratt and +4
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- Health Behavior, Internet research methods, Australia, Adolescent

This user-friendly book provides a step-by-step guide to using the five major approaches to research design: quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods, arts-based, and communitybased participatory research. Chapters on each approach follow... more

- by Patricia Leavy
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- Sociology, Visual Sociology, Psychology, Education

The article argues that increasing computerization and Internetization of modern society has given rise to a new
phenomenon i.e. Internet addiction. Internet-addiction as a concept has three different meanings. The article presents
the results of the study of Internet addiction as dependent behavior within the scope of deviant behavior. The
author identifies 5 groups of among active Internet users: respondents with Internet-dependent behavior, respondents
with Internet-risk behavior, respondents with borderline Internet behavior, regular Internet users, professional
Internet users. Respondents with Internet-dependent behavior account for 7.0% of the total number of respondents.

- by Prathamesh Churi
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- Future Studies, Computer Science, Information Security, Computer Engineering

Professor Alka Acharya, Professor of Chinese Studies at the Centre of East Asian Studies, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) conducted a workshop on ‘Area Studies Research Methodology’ for PhD Research Scholars pursuing China-focussed
research at the China Studies Centre of IIT Madras. Professor Acharya highlighted that area studies is a wider paradigm that contextualizes post-Westphalia nation states, drawing on political, economic, social, cultural and military aspects of research. Area studies has gained greater prominence within the discipline of International Relations among students as well as government agencies. Professor Acharya underscored that while pursuing Area studies, a researcher should know the objective of doing research on a particular Area. If a scholar is pursuing China studies (broadly, undertaking research on any topic related to China), he or she should be aware of the significance and relevance of studying China in the contemporary world. Professor Acharya also stressed on how knowledge on China (or any area studies) should also contribute towards making policies which can directly/indirectly support policymakers in promoting the nation’s overall interests.

- by Ramnath Reghunadhan and +1
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- Social Research Methods and Methodology, Research Methods and Methodology, Research Methodology, Sinology

This paper reflects on the articles submitted for the Symposium Confronting the Internet's Dark Side. I discuss some of the criticisms of the book's theory and my treatment of hate speech. The responsibilities of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and Web-Hosting Services (WHSs) are in the fore, arguing that as they are the gatekeepers, they need to be proactive far more than they are now. This paper, like my book, strives to suggest an approach that harnesses the strengths and capabilities of the public and the private sectors in offering practical solutions to pressing problems.

Radio is a medium that has traditionally resisted the onslaught of new media. The same is happening with
the Internet, with the addition of the diversity of interactions between them. In this paper we analyze the
variables of audience and Klout index, informally considered as the synthesizer of the influence of an individual
or an entity in social networks. We include the absolute numbers and percentages of the amount
of Twitter followers of each chain generalist radio, the influence index and the audience as the EGM. The
comparative analysis of these data calls into question the relationship between followers and Klout listeners’
indicator, since the detected correlations; although high tend to not reach that level.

- by Carles Lamelo and +1
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- Business, Marketing, Communication, Media Studies

This research seeks to conceptualize streaming media as a cultural practice, a style or poetics, which tactically challenges the " propre " strategies of mass consumer and television culture. This is a site of agonistic struggle, cunning, and constant adaptation within the emergent space of streaming. Unsanctioned streaming is wandering through the strategic " place " of copyright. Streaming is the prerogative of the in-between and deterritorialized poaching. These nodes are temporary collectives or alliances that exist as tactical, ephemeral spaces of digital media. Poaching from de Certeau (1984, p. 174), streamers are " travellers; they move across lands belonging to someone else, like nomads poaching across fields they did not write. " Just as there is a " rhetoric of walking " (de Certeau, 1984, p. 100) we might think of a " style of use " (de Certeau, 1984, p. 100) for streamers traversing the geographies of nation-states and the lands of copyright holders throughout the Internet. Unsanctioned streaming of content has become a much wider cultural practice, an everyday practice, which is perceived by consumers as beyond the control of states and territorial government. Users are " making do " through cunning tactics within the practice of everyday Internet life through streaming. The employment of participant observation has yielded a series of insights: streaming has had dramatic impact on the mobility and materiality of media flow; streaming is a process that leads to aesthetic experiences (jouissance); and streamers both assume and are cast in the role of the cunning trickster. These activities of unsanctioned streamers have informed industry approaches to streaming technology, leading to emergent industry logics and the growth of a streaming industry.

- by Benjamin Burroughs
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- Cultural Studies, Information Technology, Communication, Technology

Back cover text: Real Social Science presents a new, hands-on approach to social inquiry. The theoretical and methodological ideas behind the book, inspired by Aristotelian phronesis, represent an original perspective within the social sciences, and this volume gives readers for the first time a set of studies exemplifying what applied phronesis looks like in practice. The reflexive analysis of values and power gives new meaning to the impact of research on policy and practice. Real Social Science is a major step forward in a novel and thriving field of research. This book will benefit scholars, researchers, and students who want to make a difference in practice, not just in the academy. Its message will make it essential reading for students and academics across the social sciences.

- by Bent Flyvbjerg and +1
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- Screenwriting, Critical Theory, Critical Theory, Critical Theory

- by Bent Flyvbjerg and +1
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- Screenwriting, Critical Theory, Critical Theory, Critical Theory

This chapter addresses the impossible situations, decisions, and what-if imagi- naries researchers are faced with daily, especially if undertaking qualitative and/or internet research and/or with vulnerable populations and/or on sensitive topics. It aligns with voices arguing that standardized procedural research ethics are inad- equate, and builds on existing work in situational, practice based and feminist ethics to suggest a care based ethical practice. The key to this care based practice of research ethics lies in a particular kind of relationality. This relationality, in turn, is fed by trust, and germinates empathy. The chapter works through the concepts and the phenomena of significant relations, trust, and empathy by drawing examples from my ethnographic research with a community of people, who post (semi)naked selfies of their bodies online (constituting a qualitative, internet research study of a sensitive topic, and thus arguably with a vulnerable population). I describe some of my choices and actions that seem to have worked well to build trusting, emphatic and ethical research relationships, and finish the chapter by offering some suggestions and questions that might help those trying to practice an ethics of care.

- by Katrin Tiidenberg
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- Ethnography, Research Ethics, Digital Media, Internet research methods

Ethnographers have long been concerned with how individuals and groups live out life in social spaces. As the Internet increasingly frames lived experiences, researchers need to consider how to integrate data from online spaces into “traditional” ethnographic research. Drawing from two ethnographic studies, we explain how online spaces were needed to more fully understand the physical environments and issues we studied. In addition to discussing how we were led online, we present ethnographic data to demonstrate the epistemological importance of considering online spaces. While traditional methods of ethnography (i.e., in-person observations and informal interviews) continue to be useful, researchers need to reconceptualize space as well as what counts as valuable interactions, and how existing (and new) tools can be used to collect data. We argue that studying a group of people in their “natural habitat” now includes their “online habitat.” We conclude with a call for ethnographers to consider how digital spaces inform the study of physical communities and social interactions.

- by Ronald Hallett and +1
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- Sociology, Anthropology, Education, Digital Humanities

En esta breve reflexión filosófica se intenta exponer la vigencia del pensamiento orteguiano en temas de preocupación vigente propios del campo de la educación; tal es el caso de la sobreabundancia de información y la curación de contenidos como estrategia metodológica para la distribución y el acceso a la información especializada.
Palabras clave: Ortega y Gasset, Curación de contenidos, Acceso a la información.

- by Carlos Hdez Rivera and +1
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- Internet research methods, Ortega y Gasset, Internet & Society, Filosofía

This is a draft of a forthcoming paper in an collection edited by Patricia Leavy entitled The Field of Qualitative Research. Forthcoming in late 2020. This is a general overview, but highlighting topics, issues, and challenges for doing qualitative research in online, or digitally saturated social contexts. Focus is both practical and philosophical.

This article examines five common misunderstandings about case-study research: (a) theoretical knowledge is more valuable than practical knowledge; (b) one cannot generalize from a single case, therefore, the single-case study cannot contribute to scientific development; (c) the case study is most useful for generating hypotheses, whereas other methods are more suitable for hypotheses testing and theory building; (d) the case study contains a bias toward verification; and (e) it is often difficult to summarize specific case studies. This article explains and corrects these misunderstandings one by one and concludes with the Kuhnian insight that a scientific discipline without a large number of thoroughly executed case studies is a discipline without systematic production of exemplars, and a discipline without exemplars is an ineffective one. Social science may be strengthened by the execution of a greater number of good case studies.

- by Bent Flyvbjerg
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- Critical Theory, Business, Entrepreneurship, Organizational Behavior
- by Lincoln Pillay
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- Internet research methods, Internet Marketing, Online, Purchased decision

Across the globe, societies are experiencing significant flux and transformation in the way digital information and networked technologies are woven into and influence everyday life, workplace practices, social norms, and institutional structures. Likewise, all academic disciplines are challenged to make sense of these transformations in light of ethical research practice. Actively confronting these challenges means not only being aware of them, but thoughtfully considering how we might better address these challenges. This entry discusses various ethical challenges in applied research involving digital media or internet-related contexts.

- by Annette Markham
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- Ethics, Research Methodology, Privacy, Internet research methods

Why are some countries more newsworthy than others? What are the similarities and differences in the scope of international news presented in different languages and cultures? How does international news affect our perception of the world? In this book, Elad Segev explores international news flow on the internet by addressing these key questions.
Segev provides a comparative analysis of the international scope of online newspapers, news portals, and news aggregators in different languages and cultures, using innovative web mining techniques and network analysis. This book explores the theory of news flow around the world, and analyses many of its dimensions such as the global standing of the United States, the Middle Eastern conflicts as seen around the world, and, the effect of financial news. In doing so, the book unveils new patterns, meanings and implications of international news on our perception of the world.
Following these insights, the author discusses the opportunities and challenges of studying international news flow online in the future, and how this field of research can be further developed theoretically and empirically.

- by Elad Segev
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- International Relations, Communication, Journalism, International Studies

Trust, security, and privacy have been factors in many studies, were tested, and do significantly affect the adoption of virtual banking. However, studies with regards to customer perceive trust in relation to virtual banking adoption in Malaysia is limited. Due to low customers' adoption of the internet and mobile banking in Malaysia, this study was conducted to evaluate customers' perception of trusting internet and data security in adopting virtual banking. In this study, 402 samples were collected from local and foreign bank customers and were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS. Sample selection was based on convenience sampling technique, and quantitative method has been applied to evaluate the study objectives. Through the descriptive analysis and research findings, it has been evaluated that that customer perception on Privacy (Pr) does not significantly and positively influence virtual banking adoption in Malaysia. And, the analysis in this study has also proven the hypothesis on Privacy (Pr) to be not valid. However, Privacy (Pr) is found significantly important in many studies. Further analysis showed weak agreement on customers perception with regards to their privacy protection in its' virtual banking platform. However, various study previous conducted have proven Privacy (Pr) to be significant in influencing adoption of virtual banking services. Therefore, perhaps Malaysian local banks should also focus on improving its' virtual banking strategy with regards to Privacy (Pr). The results obtained in this study are limited to questionnaires distributed within the Klang Valley. Future researchers may expand its boundary by taking a diverse sample and including qualitative approach.