Job Flows Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

in a general flow-shop situation. ,~here all the jobs must pass through all the machines in the same order, certain heuristic algorithms propose that the jobs with higher total process time should be given higher priority than the jobs with less total process time. Based on this premise, a simple algorithm is presented in this paper, which produces very good sequences in comparison with existing heuristics. The results of the proposed algorithm have been compared with the results from 15 other algorithms in an independent study by Park [13], who shows that the proposed algorithm performs especially well on large flow-shop problems in both the static and dynamic sequencing environments.

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- Marketing, Job Flows, OMEGA, Business and Management

- by Muhammad Nawaz
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- Marketing, Job Flows, OMEGA, Business and Management
- by Kaia Philips and +1
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- Job Flows, Labour Market, Small Firms, Institutional Environment
- by steven davis
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- Industrial And Labor Relations, Economics, International Trade, Job Flows

Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan työmarkkinoiden vaihtuvuuden vaikutuksia työntekijöiden hyvinvointiin. Aineistona käytetään yhdistettyä aineistoa, jossa on tietoja sekä työntekijöiden subjektiivisesta hyvinvoinnista että työmarkkinoiden vaihtuvuudesta rekisteriaineistosta. Tutkimuksessa arvioidaan ns. kompensoivia palkkaeroja selittämällä palkkoja ja työtyytyväisyyttä käyttäen indikaattoria sellaisille toimipaikoille, joissa on ollut korkea ylimääräinen työntekijöiden vaihtuvuus edellisten vuosien aikana. Tulokset tukevat kompensoivien palkkaerojen olemassaoloa, koska epävarmuus kasvattaa palkkoja, mutta sillä ei ole vaikutusta työtyytyväisyyteen.

- by Edvard Johansson
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- Job Flows, Job Satisfaction, Labour Economics, Applied Economics

Scheduling is an important process widely used in manufacturing, production, management, computer science, and so on. Appropriate scheduling not only reduces manufacturing costs but also reduces possibilities for violating due dates. Finding good schedules for given sets of jobs can thus help factory supervisors effectively control job flows and provide solutions for job sequencing. In simple flow shop problems, each

- by Gwoboa Horng and +1
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- Job Flows, Production Management, Flexible Flow Shop, Scheduling Algorithm

Portuguese firms engage in intense reallocation, most employers simultaneously hire and separate from workers, resulting in a large heterogeneity of flows and excess turnover. Large and older firms have lower flows, but high excess turnover rates. In small firms, hires and separations move symmetrically during expansion and contraction periods, on the contrary, large firms adjust their employment levels by reducing

- by Álvaro Novo
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- Job Flows, Small Firms, Firm Size, Fixed Term Contracts

Somewhat surprisingly, cross-country empirical evidence (at least in the cross section) does not seem to support the predictions of standard models that economies with stricter regulations on hiring and firing should have a lower pace of job reallocation. One problem in exploring these issues empirically has been the difficulty of comparing countries on the basis of harmonised measures of job

- by Helena Schweiger and +1
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- Job Flows, Emerging Economies, Labour Economics, Applied Economics

The European Map of Job Flows (EMJF) is a term used to denote a dataset of meso- and macro-level variables describing different aspect of labour mobility within national labour markets in Europe. In this paper, EMJF is centred on the notion of job “flows”, namely the changes in the level of employment at different breakdowns and levels of aggregation. EMJF is very rich in information content due to the wide variety of possible breakdown of the data and in this sense it is a “map” mostly in the virtual sense, namely, that it is not possible to visualise in the form of geographic maps all the wealth of available information. In terms of its value as a research product and tool, EMJF is mostly an intermediate product in the sense that it is a convenient means to organise the relevant information, which could subsequently be used for different analytical and research purposes. It provides both for cross-sections/snapshots of job flows at different point in time but also it allows their ...

- by Jaime Turrión
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- Economics, Job Flows, European Union, Labour market policy
- by giuseppe Tattara
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- Job Flows, Labour Market, Search and Matching, Job Mobility
- by Miguel Portela
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- International Trade, Job Flows, Panel Data, Labour Market

- by Kaia Philips and +1
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- Job Flows, Institutional Environment, Structural Change, Labour Market Institutions

This research exploits a large employer-level panel dataset in order to analyse employment and worker flows for all establishments in a highly industrialized region in the North- East of Italy, the Veneto. Our results have relevance for models of job creation, job destruction and labour excess reallocation. The relation between separations from and accessions to existing jobs and between worker flows and job flows is scrutinized. Excess reallocation, the difference between worker flows and job flows at the plant level, is substantial. Mortality for new job matches is quite high and many new accessions are mismatched and lead to separations. Worker flows are very high for young workers to reduce drastically for workers after 35 years of age. The time series behaviour of worker flows and job excess reallocation from 1982 to 1996 is examined; worker level heterogeneity and employer level heterogeneity are discussed in determining the cyclical pattern of such flows and their rapid incre...

- by giuseppe Tattara
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- Time Series, Job Flows, Panel Data, Job Matching

- by David Gerardo Rodriguez Villegas
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- Job Flows, Numerical Model
- by Steven Davis
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- Economics, Job Flows, Developing Country, Labor Market

This paper is a note on ''Complexity analysis of job-shop scheduling with deteriorating jobs'' [G. Mosheiov, Complexity analysis of job-shop scheduling with deteriorating jobs, Discrete Applied Mathematics 117 (2002) 195-209]. A proportional deterioration rate is assumed and the objective is the minimization of the makespan. Mosheiov presents NP-hardness results for flow-shops and open-shops with three or more machines and for job-shops with two or more machines. The proof of NP-hardness for the flow-shop case is however not correct. This paper provides a correct proof.

- by Michael Patriksson
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- Applied Mathematics, Job Flows, Combinatorics, Complexity

Resumo: Este artigo realizou uma meta análise para os fluxos de criação, destruição e realocação de trabalho a partir de 62 artigos científicos para 35 países em um período que vai de 1963-2007. A análise procurou esclarecer alguns fatos estilizados da literatura do tema como a divergência de resultados entre o setor industrial e o setor serviços, diferenças entre países desenvolvidos e países em desenvolvimento, relação entre crescimento econômico e abertura econômica e os fluxos de trabalho. Os principais resultados encontrados foram: 1) o setor industrial destrói mais empregos e cria menos empregos do que a economia como um todo; 2) os mercados de trabalhos tornaram-se mais flexíveis com o passar das décadas, com maiores fluxos de emprego década após década; 3) Os países da Civil Law têm taxas de criação e de variação líquida superiores aos países da Commom Law, que por sua vez apresentaram uma taxa de destruição superior; 4) Os países emergentes apresentaram taxas superiores em todos os fluxos quando comparados com os países da OCDE e às economias em transição; 5) Os países em desenvolvimento apresentam uma criação de empregos maior que os desenvolvidos e 6) Quanto maior o crescimento e quanto maior a abertura da economia, maior será a criação líquida de empregos, uma vez que a destruição se torna menor.

- by Luiz Esteves and +1
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- Economics, Job Flows, Economic Growth, Developing Country

Real exchange rate movements are important drivers of the reallocation of resources between sectors of the economy. Economic theory suggests that the impact of exchange rates should vary with the degree of exposure to international competition and with the technology level. This paper contributes by bringing together these two views, both theoretically and empirically. We show that both the degree of openness and the technology level mediate the impact of exchange rate movements on labour market developments. According to our estimations, whereas employment in high-technology sectors seems to be relatively immune to changes in real exchange rates, these appear to have sizable and significant effects on highly open low-technology sectors. The analysis of job flows suggests that the impact of exchange rates on these sectors occurs through employment destruction.

- by Fernando Alexandre
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- Economics, International Trade, Job Flows, Economic Theory
- by Pavel Ciaian
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- Food Policy, Job Flows, Human Capital, Public Administration and Policy

This Discussion Paper is issued within the framework of IZA's research area Mobility and Flexibility of Labor. Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of the institute. Research disseminated by IZA may include... more

- by Simon Burgess
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- Job Flows, Labour Market, Job Search, Search and Matching

We address the relation between establishment wage differentials and worker flows, i.e., the churning rate and the quit rate. Our analysis is based on a linked employeremployee dataset covering the French private non-farm sector from 2002 to 2005. Our estimations support the hypothesis that wage premium is an efficient human resource management tool to stabilize workers: churning rates are lower in high-paying firms due to lower quit rates. We further show that the relation is not linear, and it differs among skill groups and according to establishment size: it is strongest for low-wage levels, for low-skilled workers and in large establishments.

- by Fabrice Gilles
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- Job Flows, Human Resource Management, Panel Data, Wage Differential
- by Thomas Boucher
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- Mechanical Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science, Job Flows
- by Juan F Jimeno
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- Job Flows, Labor Market

- by Fernando Alexandre
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- Economics, International Trade, Job Flows, Economic Theory

There is increasing evidence that the interaction between shocks and labour market institutions is crucial to understanding the dynamics of employment. In this paper, we show that the inclusion of labour adjustment costs in a trade model affects the impact of exchange rate movements on employment. We also explore how labour market rigidities interact with the degree of exposure to international competition and with the technology level. Our modelbased predictions are consistent with estimates obtained using panel data for 23 OECD countries. Namely, our estimates suggest that employment in low-technology sectors that have a very high degree of openness to trade and are located in countries with more flexible labour markets are more sensitive to exchange rate changes. Our model and estimates therefore provide additional evidence on the importance of interacting external shocks and labour market institutions. JEL Classification: J23, F16, F41

- by Fernando Alexandre
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- International Trade, Job Flows, Panel Data, Labour Market
- by steven davis
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- Economics, Job Flows, Developing Country, Labor Market

This paper is concerned with detailed scheduling of job-shop like manufacturing systems. It addresses the scheduling of jobs, either simple, requiring the manufacture of a batch of parts, i.e. simple products, or complex, comprehending the parts fabrication and their multistage assembly into a batch of products. The Product-oriented Scheduling approach was adopted, assuming that full scheduling of a simple or complex job, based on the job routing network of operations, from the first operation to the last, is performed before another job is considered for scheduling, having in consideration existing manufacturing processors and their availability. We followed this approach because we aimed at compressing job flow time to a minimum as a strategy to meeting job due dates. To further enhance this objective the idea behind Simultaneous Manufacturing was implemented. In particular, the widespread use of batch overlapping was implemented with Job Scheduling Patterns, which proved particul...

- by Carlos Arias Ramos
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- Job Flows, Job Scheduling, Job Shop, Manufacturing System

This paper studies the role of labor market institutions on unemployment and on the cyclical properties of job flows. We construct an intertemporal general equilibrium model with search unemployment and endogenous job turnover, and examine the consequences of introducing an unemployment benefit, a firing cost and a downward wage rigidity. The simulations suggest that downward wage rigidities, rather than unemployment

- by Henri Sneessens
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- Job Flows, Labour Economics, Applied Economics, Institutions

This paper calculates indices of central bank autonomy (CBA) for 163 central banks as of end-2003, and comparable indices for a subgroup of 68 central banks as of the end of the 1980s. The results confirm strong improvements in both economic and political CBA over the past couple of decades, although more progress is needed to boost political autonomy of the central banks in emerging market and developing countries. Our analysis confirms that greater CBA has on average helped to maintain low inflation levels. The paper identifies four broad principles of CBA that have been shared by the majority of countries. Significant differences exist in the area of banking supervision where many central banks have retained a key role. Finally, we discuss the sequencing of reforms to separate the conduct of monetary and fiscal policies. IMF Staff Papers (2009) 56, 263–296. doi:10.1057/imfsp.2008.25; published online 23 September 2008

- by Raul Eamets and +1
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- Job Flows, Institutional Environment, Structural Change, Labour Market Institutions

in relatively high wages. So, wages in Croatia are higher

- by Jan Rutkowski
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- Job Flows, Economic Growth, Economic Theory, Human Development

Job and worker flows in the Finnish business sector are studied during a deep recession in the early 1990s. The data set, Employment Statistics, covers effectively the whole work force. The gross job and worker flow rates are fairly high. Much of the adjustment of labor input has happened through a reduced hiring rate rather than through an increased separation rate. However, during the recession the group of declining plants included more and larger plants than before, which led to reduced employment. Excess worker turnover (churning) and excess job reallocation have dropped during the recession. There is no strong evidence of the countercyclicality of job reallocation. The flows are calculated both for the whole business sector, and for seven main industries. Services have clearly higher flow rates than manufacturing, but the cyclical changes in the flows are fairly similar in all industries. To test the sensitivity of the results to data sources, job flows are calculated also using Business Register and Industrial Statistics.

- by Mika Maliranta
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- Job Flows, Business and Management, Manpower, Flow Rate

The research program of the Center for Economic Studies (CES) produces a wide range of economic analyses to improve the statistical programs of the U.S. Census Bureau. Many of these analyses take the form of CES research papers. The papers have not undergone the review accorded Census Bureau publications and no endorsement should be inferred. Any opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Census Bureau. All results have been reviewed to ensure that no confidential information is disclosed. Republication in whole or part must be cleared with the authors. To obtain information about the series, see www.census.gov/ces or contact C.

- by John M Abowd
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- Time Series, Job Flows, SSRN, Social Science Research Network

Somewhat surprisingly, crosscountry empirical evidence (at least in the cross section) does not seem to support the predictions of standard models that economies with stricter regulations on hiring and firing should have a lower pace of job reallocation. One problem in exploring these issues empirically has been the difficulty of comparing countries on the basis of harmonised measures of job reallocation. A related problem is that there may be unobserved measurement or other factors accounting for differences in job reallocation across countries. This paper overcomes these challenges by using harmonised measures of job creation and destruction in a sample of 16 developed and emerging economies (including four transition economies), exploiting the country, industry and firm size dimensions. The analysis of variance in the paper shows that firm size effects are a dominant factor in accounting for the variation in the pace of job reallocation across country, industry and size cells. However, even after controlling for industry and size effects there remain significant differences in job flows across countries that could reflect differences in labour market regulations. We use the harmonised data to explore this hypothesis with a difference-indifference approach. We find strong and robust evidence that stringent hiring and firing regulations tend to reduce the pace of job reallocation.

- by Stefano Scarpetta
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- Job Flows, Emerging Economies, Labour Economics, Labour Market

This article documents and analyses gross job flows and their determinants in Estonia over the years 1995-2001, using a database containing the population of officially registered firms in Estonia (all in all 52,000). Our results show that job creation and job destruction rates have been rather high in Estonia and are comparable to the levels documented for the US. We find that the firm-specific component in job flows excess of employment change had relatively lower importance than in western studies due to the emergence of small and medium-sized enterprises and labour reallocation between the economic sectors. The high inter-sectoral mobility has helped maintain high levels of job flows, while both are high also due to a favourable institutional environment, especially due to low start-up costs and a large share of micro enterprises in Estonia. When investigating job creation and destruction at the firm level by estimating firms' growth equations, we detected a negative effect ...

- by Raul Eamets
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- Business, Job Flows, Institutional Environment, Structural Change

This paper addresses the effects of trade liberalisation on job flows. It studies the case of Ukraine where the sudden opening up of the economy to trade can be viewed as a quasi-natural experiment. We use disaggregated data on manufacturing industries and customs data on trade flows to account for shifting trade patterns after the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) trade regime. We provide, for the first time, evidence on job flows at the three-digit sector level in Ukrainian manufacturing and show that these flows are predominantly driven by idiosyncratic factors within industries. However, we also establish that trade openness does affect job flows differently across different trading areas. We find that while trade with Commonwealth of Independent States decreases job destruction, trade with the European Union increases excess reallocation mainly through job creation.

- by Olga Kupets
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- Job Flows, Economic policy, European Union, Regulation

Gross flows of firms, jobs and workers are very large in all phases of the business cycle, implying a great deal of heterogeneity. The order of magnitude of gross job turnover is between 16% and 23% per year, surprisingly similar across countries that differ in their institutions and net employment growth. Worker turnover is also impressive: it is found to be somewhat more variable across countries than job turnover. Relations between job flows and worker flows are established by the vacancy chain model.

- by Bruno Contini
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- Job Flows, Labour Economics, Applied Economics, Mobility

Abstract: In this paper, we explore empirically the role of openness, technology and labour market rigidity in the determination of the effect of the exchange rate on employment in Portugal. We develop an index that allows us to measure labour market flexibility at the sector level. This index shows that labour market flexibility has been increasing in all manufacturing sectors and that the labour market in high technology sectors is more flexible than in low technology sectors. We use this index in the estimation of an employment ...

- by Joao Cerejeira
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- Technology, International Trade, Job Flows, Labour Market
- by giuseppe Tattara
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- Job Flows, Job Creation

- by giuseppe Tattara
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- Time Series, Job Flows, Panel Data, Job Matching

The impact of hurricanes is so devastating throughout different levels of society that there is a pressing need to provide a range of users with accurate and timely information that can enable effective planning for and response to potential hurricane landfalls. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) code is the latest numerical model that has been adopted by meteorological services worldwide. The current version of WRF has not been designed to scale out of a single organization's local computing resources. However, the high resource requirements of WRF for fine-resolution and ensemble forecasting demand a large number of computing nodes, which typically cannot be found within one organization. Therefore, there is a pressing need for the Grid-enablement of the WRF code such that it can utilize resources available in partner organizations. In this paper, we present our research on Grid enablement of WRF by leveraging our work in transparent shaping, GRID superscalar, profiling, code inspection, code modeling, meta-scheduling, and job flow management.

- by Selim Kalayci
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- Job Flows, Numerical Model

In this paper we point out that the theoretical predictions concerning Employment Protection Legislation (EPL) are not fully confirmed by empirical evidence in Italy, a strict EPL country in the nineties, according to OECD indexes. In particular, worker and job flow rates are remarkably high, also in comparison with the other European countries. Furthermore, the differences in regional worker flow rates -computed on both the social security database and the LFS-are relevant, no matter which measure of worker flows is considered. While EPL is the same across regions, the highest worker flow rates are observed in the South, an area generally recognised as the least dynamic of the country, followed by the Northeast, the Centre and the Northwest. For possible alternative explanations of regional differences investigation focuses on economic structural composition, the black labour market, non-standard contracts, the public sector and self-employment incidence, labour productivity and firm seniority. Using Logit estimates we find that none of these factors can fully explain these differences.

- by Emiliano Rustichelli and +2
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- Job Flows, Public sector, Regional Economics, Social Security

We provide new evidence that large firms or establishments are more sensitive than small ones to business cycle conditions. Larger employers shed proportionally more jobs in recessions and create more of their new jobs late in expansions, both in gross and net terms. The differential growth rate of employment between large and small firms varies by about 5% over the business cycle. Omitting cyclical indicators may lead to conclude that, on average, these cyclical effects wash out and size does not predict subsequent growth (Gibrat's law). We employ a variety of measures of relative employment growth, employer size and classification by size. We revisit two statistical fallacies, the Regression and Reclassification biases, that can affect our results, and we show empirically that they are quantitatively modest given our focus on relative cyclical behavior. We exploit a variety of (mostly novel) U.S. datasets, both repeated cross-sections and job flows with employer longitudinal information, starting in the mid 1970's and now spanning four business cycles. The pattern that we uncover is robust to different treatments of entry and exit of firms and establishments, and occurs within, not across broad industries, regions and states. Evidence on worker flows suggests that the pattern is driven at least in part by excess layoffs by large employers in and just after recessions, and by excess poaching by large employers late in expansions. We find the same pattern in similar datasets in four other countries, including full longitudinal censuses of employers from Denmark and Brazil. Finally, we sketch a simple firm-ladder model of turnover that can shed light on these facts, and that we analyze in detail in companion papers. JEL Classification: J21, J63, E24, E32

- by Giuseppe Moscarini
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- Job Flows, Small Firms, Firm Size, Business Cycle

This paper addresses the important issue of the effects of trade liberalization on labor market job flows. It studies the case of Ukraine where we view the sudden openness of the economy to trade as a quasi-natural experiment. We use disaggregated data on manufacturing industries and customs data on trade flows taking account of shifting trade patterns after the disintegration of CMEA trade regime. We provide some first evidence that 3-digit NACE sector job flows are predominantly driven by idiosyncratic factors within industries. Other things equal, there is increased labor shedding as larger non-state share in industry relates to less job creation and more job destruction. Trade openness does affect job flows in Ukrainian manufacturing disproportionately according to trade orientation. We find that while trade with CIS decreases job destruction, trade with the EU increases excess reallocation mainly through job creation.

- by Olga Kupets
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- Job Flows, Economic policy, European Union, Regulation

- by Fernando Alexandre
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- Economics, International Trade, Job Flows, Economic Theory

We map turnover of workers and jobs in Danish manufacturing over the 1980 to 1991 period, using information about all individual manufacturing plants. We examine the relation between worker¯ows and job¯ows and we study separations from and hires to existing jobs (`replacement hiring') in detail. Our results reveal large heterogeneity among workers as well as plants, even adjusting for the level of job¯ows. The cyclical properties of worker reallocation point to worker¯ow dynamics being driven by workers quitting in upturns to ®nd better jobs, rather than by plants upgrading the labour force in recessions.

- by bent sorensen
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- Economics, Job Flows, Labor Market, Labor Force

This paper uses meta-analysis to investigate job creation, job destruction, and job reallocation among 62 studies for 35 countries for the period 1963-2007. The analysis aimed to clarify some stylized facts from the literature about the topic such as the differences among industrial and service sectors, differences among developing and developed countries, the relationship among economic growth, opening of the

- by Luiz Esteves and +1
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- Economics, Job Flows, Economic Growth, Developing Country

The Role of Industry, Firm Size and Regulations * This paper reviews the process of job creation and destruction across a sample of 16 industrial and emerging economies over the past decade. It exploits a harmonized firm-level data-set drawn from business registers and enterprise census data. The paper assesses the importance of technological factors that characterize different industries in explaining crosscountry differences in job flows. It shows that industry effects play an important role in shaping job flows at the aggregate level. Even more importantly, differences in the size composition of firms -within each industry -explain a large fraction of the overall variability in job creation and destruction. However, even after controlling for industry/technology and size factors there remain significant differences in job flows across countries that could reflect differences in business environment conditions. In this paper, we look at one factor shaping the business environment, namely, regulations on hiring and firing of workers. To minimize possible endogeneity and omitted variable problems associated with cross-country regressions, we use a difference-in-difference approach. The empirical results suggest that stringent hiring and firing costs reduce job turnover, especially in those industries that require more frequent labor adjustment. Regulations also distort the patterns of industry/size flows. Within each industry, medium and large firms are more severely affected by stringent labor regulations, while small firms are less affected, probably because they are partially exempted from such regulations or can more easily circumvent them.

- by Helena Schweiger
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- Job Flows, Emerging Economies, Policy, Developing Country

- by Helena Schweiger and +1
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- Job Flows, Emerging Economies, Policy, Developing Country