Labour Economics Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

The enlargement of the European Union has increased concerns about the role of generous welfare transfers in attracting migrants. This paper explores the issue of welfare migration across the countries of the pre-enlargement European... more

The enlargement of the European Union has increased concerns about the role of generous welfare transfers in attracting migrants. This paper explores the issue of welfare migration across the countries of the pre-enlargement European Union and finds a significant but small effect of the generosity of welfare on migration decisions. This effect, however, is still large enough to distort the distribution of migration flows and, possibly, offset the potential benefits of migration as an inflow of mobile labour into countries with traditionally sedentary native workers.

2012 tarihinde İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kanunu ile getirilen İSG profesyonelleri çalıştırma zorunluluğu bu mesleğe olan talebi artırmış ve son yıllarda bu alanda istihdam açığını karşılamak ve İSG uzmanı yetiştirmek üzere üniversitelerin... more

2012 tarihinde İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kanunu ile getirilen İSG profesyonelleri çalıştırma zorunluluğu bu mesleğe olan talebi artırmış ve son yıllarda bu alanda istihdam açığını karşılamak ve İSG uzmanı yetiştirmek üzere üniversitelerin meslek yüksekokulları ve lisansüstü programlarında iş sağlığı ve güvenliği programları açılmıştır. Her ne kadar İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği kanununda, iş güvenliği uzmanlığı belgesine sahip Bakanlık ve ilgili kuruluşlarında çalışma hayatını denetleyen müfettişler ile mühendislik veya mimarlık eğitimi veren fakültelerin mezunları ile teknik elemanların iş güvenliği uzmanı olabileceği

This manual covers all the essential areas in labour law.

Some of Law and Economics’ basic claims have come to be criticized as a result of empirical findings that question their viability. Particularly, the premise that agents consistently act rationally and with their self-interest in mind... more

Some of Law and Economics’ basic claims have come to be criticized as a result of empirical findings that question their viability. Particularly, the premise that agents consistently act rationally and with their self-interest in mind seems problematic. What the consequences of the criticism mean for Law and Economics’ tenability depends largely on the questions whether (1) some elements are unassailable to the alternative’s objections and (2) the alternative is a systematic whole. It is argued that Law and Economics may be salvaged, if it is minimized and its ambitions are tempered. This means focusing on the stable, a priori, elements inherent to it.

Alternative Unemployment Measurements in Turkey and in the World: Broad Definition of Unemployment and Labour Underutilization Abstract Unemployment measurement methods are of great importance in terms of understanding and interpreting... more

Alternative Unemployment Measurements in Turkey and in the World: Broad Definition of Unemployment and Labour Underutilization
Abstract
Unemployment measurement methods are of great importance in terms of understanding and interpreting the developments in the labour market. As is known, the standard unemployment measurement methods have a very limi- ted framework. The standard unemployment measurement is not sufficient to understand the structure of the labour force, as it excludes many factors in the labour market. In addition to the standard unemployment measurement met- hods, which focus only on active job seekers in a certain period, alternative me- asurement methods have become increasingly common in recent years. Those who are not looking for a job and are ready to work, the hopeless unemployed, and time-related underemployment, which mainstream unemployment measu- rement methods do not take into account, provide a much more comprehensive picture of the situation of the labour force. Alternative unemployment measure- ment, also known as “broad-defined unemployment” and adopted as labour un- derutilization in the literature, shows us the invisible part of the iceberg. In this study, it will be evaluated how alternative unemployment measurement metho- ds have become increasingly important in Turkey in recent years and have been adopted by TurkStat. It will also be discussed how alternative unemployment measurement methods are made in Turkey and in the world.
Keywords: unemployment, labour underutilization, alternative unemployment measurement, TurkStat, DISK-AR

The amount of income earned, wealth and position in the labor market are determined by many factors. Numerous analyses indicate that these characteristics depend on, among others, gender, education, type of work and place of residence.... more

The amount of income earned, wealth and position in the labor market are determined by many factors. Numerous analyses indicate that these characteristics depend on, among others, gender, education, type of work and place of residence. The indicated factors, however, describe individual areas, which significantly hinders the comprehensive analysis and identification of the real determinants. In this context, the purpose of our analysis is to identify and characterize the concept of economic resourcefulness as a key factor conditioning people’s effectiveness functioning on the market, managing the resources they possess, and having the ability to guarantee the economic security of their families. The empirical part of the analysis was carried out on data from a dedicated study conducted in Poland in 2016. Due to the design of the sample, the data from the study will identify the level of resourcefulness for groups of people that differ with respect to the respondents’ age and
experiences related to Poland’s political transformation.

The Importance of Firms in Wage Determination * Firms are central to many theories of the labor market. However, the extent to which firms affect wages has only recently been explored using matched employer-employee data. This paper... more

The Importance of Firms in Wage Determination * Firms are central to many theories of the labor market. However, the extent to which firms affect wages has only recently been explored using matched employer-employee data. This paper investigates (i) the importance of firms in explaining wage differences across individuals and industries, and (ii) how the nature of interfirm mobility -job-to-job vs. jobunemployment-job -affects the relative importance of firms and workers in wage determination. Results indicate that (i) firms are much more important in explaining the variance of average wages across industries rather than individuals, and (ii) using job-to-job transitions reduces the importance of firm wage policies in explaining differences.

Overview of the Portuguese labour market aspects, in a macroeconomic and microeconomic sense, and the influence of this in the economic adjustment mechanism inside of the European Economic Integration.

The paper investigates the management practices in place and the labour market outcomes experienced by workers in the Traffic Branch of the Victorian Railways over the period 1864– 1921. Using longitudinal panel data drawn from several... more

The paper investigates the management practices in place and the labour market outcomes experienced by workers in the Traffic Branch of the Victorian Railways over the period 1864–
1921. Using longitudinal panel data drawn from several publicly available sources and employing methods similar to those used by Baker et al. (1994a, 1994b), Seltzer and Merrett (1996), Hamilton and MacKinnon (1996) and Maloney and Whatley (1995), the careers of workers permanently employed in the Traffic Branch are examined. An analysis of the ports of entry, career structure, tenure and remuneration patterns indicates that the organisation operated as a well defined yet flexible internal labour market that included both blue- and white-collar positions.

Abstract: Low female labor force participation and low fertility rates in OECD countries, especially in Southern European countries, have raised a great deal of concern in recent years. As a means to reconcile work and family, Spain (one... more

Abstract: Low female labor force participation and low fertility rates in OECD countries, especially in Southern European countries, have raised a great deal of concern in recent years. As a means to reconcile work and family, Spain (one of the countries with the lowest female participation and lowest fertility) tried to target both issues through an income tax reform in 2003. One component of the tax reform consisted of a tax credit for working mothers of young children and the other consisted of sizeable increases in households ’ tax deductions per child. We find that the reforms increased both fertility and participation, and that these effects were very heterogeneous across different groups of women. Fertility is estimated to have increased by between 5 and 6 births per 1,000 women (where the average fertility is 37 per 1,000), while the participation rate of mothers with children under the age of 3 years increased by about 1.6 percentage points (where the average participation ...

This article analysis Governments and interest group’s intermediation of employment interest under neo-corporatism to understand young third-country immigrants’ transition to work in Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. Existing research... more

This article analysis Governments and interest group’s intermediation of employment interest under neo-corporatism to understand young third-country immigrants’ transition to work in Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. Existing research pointed to neo-corporatism that emphasize large interest group organization cooperates with each other and with public
authorities in interest intermediation to reconcile competing group’s interest with the public, but the governance leads to inequality. Although neo-corporatism involves regulatory weakness, there is still little research in Central Eastern European (CEE) countries explaining Government and interests’ group intermediation of employment interest under neo-corporatism to understand young third-country immigrants’ transition to work. Based on a qualitative cross-national case-oriented research approach with fewer-country comparison, documents, published and unpublished scholastic texts are collected and analysed by a document and content analysis technique to fill in this gap. The findings show that exchange interaction, industrial restructuring, and compliance monitoring instruments are a major perceived influence in neo-corporatism governance with a lack of public value accountability that may impair the reconciliation of social dispute when looking at issues such as young third-country immigrants and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups in interest intermediation setting. The study demonstrates certain decentralised multilevel corporatist governance similarities but dissimilarities from the country’s institutional context. The outcome points to regulatory administrative devices to manage interest group’s crisis and young vulnerable people’s employment opportunities. This is relevant to bureaucratic accountability and deliberate democracy, but the risks to democratic deficit, competitiveness, political inequality, and inefficiency in the complex policy implementation process may impair ethnic minority people’s belongings, jeopardize public the trust, and hampered open democratic values.

This study estimates the magnitude of trade misinvoicing in Pakistan with 21 of its developed trading partners in 52 major traded commodities during 1972– 2013. We find that the total volume of trade misinvoicing for this period exceeds... more

This study estimates the magnitude of trade misinvoicing in Pakistan with 21 of its developed trading partners in 52 major traded commodities during 1972– 2013. We find that the total volume of trade misinvoicing for this period exceeds US$92.7 billion. The gross revenue loss borne by the national exchequer due to trade misinvoicing is estimated at US$21.2 billion. Moreover, the total net revenue loss is an estimated US$11 billion in the form of evasion of customs duties and export withholding tax. The annual average net revenue loss due to trade misinvoicing is almost equivalent to 11.2 percent of the total revenue generated from customs tariffs. We also find that customs tariffs and the interest rate are positively associated with import under-invoicing, while improvements in the current account balance and political stability reduce the extent of import over-invoicing. Capital account openness is found to be insignificant in determining trade misinvoicing.

Research on child custody primarily focuses on the well-being of children following divorce. We extend this literature by examining how the prospect of joint child custody affects within-marriage investment in children through changes in... more

Research on child custody primarily focuses on the well-being of children following divorce. We extend this literature by examining how the prospect of joint child custody affects within-marriage investment in children through changes in household bargaining power. Variation in the timing of joint-custody reforms across states provides a natural-experiment framework with which to examine within-marriage investment in children. The probability of children's private school attendance declines by 12% in states that adopt jointcustody laws. We also find evidence linking joint-custody reform to higher rates of labor force participation for married mothers, which may indicate less time devoted household production.

This review article presents the concept of nexus among Energy-Water-Soil-Food in the Indian agriculture and tries to analyze the impact of these inputs used for food production considering the respective policies. Several policies for... more

This review article presents the concept of nexus among Energy-Water-Soil-Food in the Indian agriculture
and tries to analyze the impact of these inputs used for food production considering the respective policies.
Several policies for managing agricultural inputs are narrow and are not viewed in a holistic way, thereby
creating inefficiencies in the agricultural systems due to mismanagement of resource use. Literature review
reveals that a nexus oriented approach is needed to tackle the current levels of insecurity in access to
resources. Understating of the nexus enables conditions for policy consistency in the social, economic,
political and institutional dimensions targeting effective utilization of resources. Furthermore, an
understanding of nexus facilitates to dwell deeper into the relative influences caused due to various
administered policies and help to reduce the trade-offs to build horizontal integration in the sector. Though,
this concept seems to be simple, but managing all the components together is a herculean task as it deals
with the nexus between the human societies’, livelihood and the physical environment at large. Many
concerns (eg. depletion and degradation of resources) raised in this review paper has to be addressed in an
integrated /multi prolonged approach in a gradual manner.

To tackle undeclared work, a voluntary disclosure initiative was implemented for a 6-month period in 2019 to enable those voluntarily disclosing to the Lithuanian State Tax Inspectorate (STI) their past undeclared work to have the... more

To tackle undeclared work, a voluntary disclosure initiative was implemented for a 6-month period in 2019 to enable those voluntarily disclosing to the Lithuanian State Tax Inspectorate (STI) their past undeclared work to have the penalties waived that would have applied if they are compliant in the future. The outcome was that 42 million euros extra tax was collected.

This paper addresses three issues in unemployment duration analysis. First, are regression coefficient estimates sensitive to the choice of alternative parametric and semiparametric duration models? Second, how is duration dependence... more

This paper addresses three issues in unemployment duration analysis. First, are regression coefficient estimates sensitive to the choice of alternative parametric and semiparametric duration models? Second, how is duration dependence affected by the self-same considerations? Third, are the responses to these questions in turn influenced by the incorporation of individual heterogeneity, either observed or unobserved? It is concluded that broad model type does not materially impact the regression parameter estimates or duration dependence, assuming the selection of reasonably flexible duration distribution functions to begin with. Although a similar conclusion follows for observed individual heterogeneity, the standard approach to modeling unobserved heterogeneity seems to affect duration dependence without necessarily assisting in the proper identification of the duration and unobserved heterogeneity distributions.

The report produced for FIFPro based on the survey of professional footballers carried out in 2016.

Existing literature has mainly focused on analyses of the overall effect of a change in the incentive scheme. Lazear , "Performance pay and productivity", American Economic Review, 90, 1346-1361, for example, estimates the average... more

Existing literature has mainly focused on analyses of the overall effect of a change in the incentive scheme. Lazear , "Performance pay and productivity", American Economic Review, 90, 1346-1361, for example, estimates the average increase in productivity after a firm switches from an hourly-wage scheme to a piece-rate plus basic-wage scheme. His paper does not, however, account for the fact that many workers remained within the basic-wage range after the change was made in the incentive scheme. In the present paper we explore how the incentive effect might have been different for those workers seeking the basic wage, and those workers seeking the piece-rate component of the wage. Interestingly, the change in productivity is approximately the same in percentage terms for both types of workers. (S. Galiani). 1 See Lazear (1986) on the incentive and selection effects of piece-rate contracts, Holmstrom and Milgrom (1991) on multitask principal-agent contracts, Baker (1992) for performance measurements and Gibbons (1987) for the ratchet effect.

A mentális és fizikális egészség befolyásolja a munkavégzésre való képességet. Ez hozzájárulhat a magyar nők munkapiaci aktivitásának az uniós átlagtól való elmaradásához, különösen az 50 év feletti nők körében. Ugyanakkor a munkapiaci... more

A mentális és fizikális egészség befolyásolja a munkavégzésre való képességet. Ez hozzájárulhat a magyar nők munkapiaci aktivitásának az uniós átlagtól való elmaradásához, különösen az 50 év feletti nők körében. Ugyanakkor a munkapiaci aktivitás is befolyásolja az egészségi állapotot.

The study has explored the impact of MGNREGS on the labour supply in the agricultural sector of the agrarian district Wayanad in Kerala. The study conducted using primary and secondary data has found that MGNREGS did have an impact on the... more

The study has explored the impact of MGNREGS on the labour supply in the agricultural sector of the agrarian district Wayanad in Kerala. The study conducted using primary and secondary data has found that MGNREGS did have an impact on the agricultural sector at the time of its introduction, and does have a role in the hike in the labour wages. The MGNREGS wage acts as a standard minimum wage, keeping the labour market wage high. But, it is not really responsible for the movement of labour from the agricultural sector today. The scheme has been found effective in rural poverty alleviation and women empowerment. It was also found that Neighbourhood help Groups (NHGs) like Kudumbasree have played a major role in the success of MGNREGS in the Wayanad district. The study has outlined some suggestions also for the effective implementation of the MGNREGS.

This article assesses the job guarantee (JG) from two angles. First, by tracing some of the JG's intellectual origins in the inflationary crises of the 1970s, it questions the contemporary claims about the JG's potential to increase... more

This article assesses the job guarantee (JG) from two angles. First, by tracing some of the JG's intellectual origins in the inflationary crises of the 1970s, it questions the contemporary claims about the JG's potential to increase workers' bargaining power. Second, it critiques antiwelfare thinking among JG advocates by showing how their normative claims about the dignity of employment both obscure the centrality of unpaid social reproductive labour to capitalism and could potentially reinforce social welfare cuts and workfare.

The study, evaluation of the approaches used by graduates in job search in Ghana, employed an exploratory design approach by surveying both employed and unemployed graduates using a questionnaire. A total of 132 employed graduates and... more

The study, evaluation of the approaches used by graduates in job search in Ghana, employed an exploratory design approach by surveying both employed and unemployed graduates using a questionnaire. A total of 132 employed graduates and 128 unemployed graduates were reached for the study. The findings of the study revealed that both the employed and unemployed graduates consider use of application letters, personal contacts, references and networking to be an effective means in gaining job employment. Majority of the respondents indicated that, the response rate of companies to the use of the above mentioned methods of job search was very high and encouraging. Majority of the respondents indicated that they received responses from about five companies offering them a chance of dialogue about the possibility of handing them employment. Most of the employed graduates expressed their desire to recommend it and also to re-use them should the need to change job arise. The extent of their belief in the use of these methods of job search is that using them in job search can guarantee a favourable outcome of finding a job within one year. The study recommends among others that organisations should ease the requirements used as criteria for qualification for employment so that more graduates can be offered work. Also, it is suggested that graduates should be more confident and persistent in their job search, exploring more other job search options to secure themselves work. In addition, the researchers advise that HR experts and managers should build their recruitment and selection strategies around advert and the use of websites and social media.

Among other factors such as the employer’s willingness and ability to pay employees, as well as the employee’s acceptance rate, the important institutional role played by labour organizations has been identified through existing empirical... more

Among other factors such as the employer’s willingness and ability to pay employees, as well as the employee’s acceptance rate, the important institutional role played by labour organizations has been identified through existing empirical literature. This paper estimates the impact of union status on wages, while looking to other possible factors of wage determination, specifically, educational attainment levels and the province of residence. The results suggest that union status has a positive effect on wages, and that this effect is both economically and statistically significant. This effect holds even when accounting for educational attainment and province of residence. In addition, the findings also suggest that there is a positive relationship between educational attainment and wage. It is important to note that there are potential issues of endogeneity, such as with unionization itself, as well as omitted variable bias, as it is difficult to include or measure all the possible factors of the union wage effect.

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the knowledge of the river cruise labour structure. It presents the crew demographics and structure on-board the cruisers along Danube throughout Central and South Eastern Europe. Its goal is to... more

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the knowledge of the river cruise labour structure. It presents the crew demographics and structure on-board the cruisers along Danube throughout Central and South Eastern Europe. Its goal is to answer the following questions: What are the gender and ages of the ships' crews? Are they structured according to the country of origin? Is there interdependence between the employment rank of the crew members and the degree of the economic development of the country they come from?

This is actually summary of findings

Relatively little is known about the youth labour market in Mongolia. This paper studies returns to education of 15-29-year-olds by taking advantage of a recent ad hoc School to Work Transition Survey. Based on augmented Mincerian... more

Relatively little is known about the youth labour market in Mongolia. This paper studies returns to education of 15-29-year-olds by taking advantage of a recent ad hoc School to Work Transition Survey. Based on augmented Mincerian earnings equations, education and work experience appear to be important determinants of earnings. Vocational does not provide higher wages than compulsory education. Factors bearing wage gains include: living in the capital city and in urban areas in general. Factors bearing wage penalties include: gender, informal work, training, using informal job search networks, herding. Union membership, being a migrant, the civil status are wage neutral.

Since the mid-2000s Vietnam has become an important manufacturing hub in garment and, increasingly, in electronics. However, the expansion of an FDI-dominated, export-oriented manufacturing did not contribute to a genuine national... more

Since the mid-2000s Vietnam has become an important manufacturing hub in garment and, increasingly, in electronics. However, the expansion of an FDI-dominated, export-oriented manufacturing did not contribute to a genuine national industrialisation process and the weight of manufacturing on GDP has actually declined. Low industrial wages (associated with poor working conditions) have emerged as a structural (rather than transitory) competitive factor for the country’s participation in global production networks.

Labour migration refers to migration from a certain country to a foreign country for the main purpose of employment. Labour migrants often work in the informal sector and are quite often exposed to abuses resulting from xenophobia and... more

Labour migration refers to migration from a certain country to a foreign country for the main purpose of employment. Labour migrants often work in the informal sector and are quite often exposed to abuses resulting from xenophobia and based on racism (Ilo.org). They lack legal protection. Also, insufficient information about their rights makes them vulnerable to exploitation and abuse from recruiters, employers, and authorities alike. Cross-border migration of people from one country to another has become an increasingly important feature of our rapidly globalising world (Ilo.org). There are 105 million people working in countries other than their country of origin. The total earnings of migrant workers in 2011 was USD 440 billion and USD 350 billion was sent as remittances to developing countries in 2011. Today, there are an estimated 232 million international migrants around the world. Globalization, climate change, demographic shifts, income inequalities and conflicts will encourage ever more labourers and their families to cross borders in search of employment and security. Migrant labourers contribute to growth and development in their countries of destination, while countries of origin highly benefit from their remittances and the skills acquired during their migration experience. Yet, the migration process puts forth complex challenges in terms of governance, migrant workers' protection, migration and development linkages, and international cooperation (International Organization for Migration). The purpose of this paper is to research and understand the impact that the current migration of refugees and labour that is occurring in Europe will have on the economies in the European Union.