Incentives Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) programs are one prominent strategy to address economic externalities of resource extraction and commodity production, improving both social and ecological outcomes. But do PES and related incentive programs achieve that lofty goal? Along with considerable enthusiasm, PES has faced a wide range of substantial critiques. In this paper, we characterize seven major classes of concerns associated with common PES designs, and use these as inspiration to consider potential avenues for improvements in PES outcomes and uptake. The problems include (1) new externalities, (2) misplacement of rights and responsibilities, (3) crowding out existing motivations, (4) efficiency-equity tradeoffs, (5) monitoring costs, (6) limited applicability, and (7) top-down prescription/alienating agency. As currently practiced, many PES programs are thus of limited benefit and even potentially detrimental to sustainability. From this dire conclusion, we highlight several innovations that might be combined and extended in a novel approach to PES that may address all seven problems. Recognizing that PES necessarily articulate and even normalize values, our proposed approach entails designing these institutions intentionally to articulate rights and responsibilities conducive to sustainability—those we might collectively seek to entrench. Problems remain, and new ones may arise, but the proposed approach may offer a way to reimagine PES as a major social and economic tool for enabling sustainable relationships with nature, conserving and restoring ecosystems and their benefits for people now and in the future.

- by and +1
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- Conservation, Social Responsibility, Payment for Ecosystem Services, Incentives
- by Gül KAYALIDERE
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- Enterpreneurship, Incentives

We study manager-employee interactions in experiments set in a corporate environment where payoffs depend on employees coordinating at high effort levels; the underlying game being played repeatedly by employees is a weak-link game. In the absence of managerial intervention subjects invariably slip into coordination failure. To overcome a history of coordination failure, managers have two instruments at their disposal, increasing employees' financial incentives to coordinate and communication with employees. We find that communication is a more effective tool than incentive changes for leading organizations out of performance traps. Examining the content of managers' communication, the most effective messages specifically request a high effort, point out the mutual benefits of high effort, and imply that employees are being paid well.

- by David Cooper
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- Business, Economics, Communication, Change
- by richard freeman
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- Labour Economics, Applied Economics, Inequality, Incentives

This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly... more

- by Margaret BRIDGES
- •
- Early Childhood Education, Child Care, Professional Development, Early Childhood

Defined benefit pension plans have become considerably less common since the early 1980s, while defined contribution plans have spread. Previous research showed that defined benefit plans, with sharp incentives encouraging retirement after a certain point, contributed to the striking postwar decline in American retirement ages. In this paper we find that the absence of age-related incentives in defined contribution plans leads workers to retire almost two years later on average, compared to workers with defined benefit plans. Thus, the evolution of pension structure can help explain recent increases in employment among people in their 60s, after decades of decline.

- by Anthony Webb
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- Human Resources, Applied Economics, Age, Developing Country

The balancing approach of electricity generation and consumption is an
essential part of a reliable power system. The mismatch between supply
and demand may also cause fluctuation in the power system. This study
proposes an incentive and penalty-based demand response (I&P-DR) program
for improving the profitability of both LSE and customers. First, we use
a parameter that weighs the financial benefits of LSE and customers and
provides considerable economic benefits to both sides. Second, an incentive
and penalty (I&P) price scheme have been employed to recompense and
penalize customers and reduce the electricity demand at peak hours. Finally,
the study analyzes the importance of (I&P-DR) and its impact on customers’
sensitivity during peak intervals. Simulation results showed that the flexibility
to consumption can be brought through the application of the proposed
(I&P-DR) program and also provide the financial benefits to both, customers
and LSEs.

- by Muhammad Hussain and +1
- •
- Demand Response, Demand Side Management, Dynamic Pricing, Energy Managment

This paper presents the results of a study of a low-cost dropout prevention program in a rural, small city school distri't (approximately 3,500 students) that used school incentive teams and multicultural training to increase success for students at risk of dropping out of school. Selected teachers in the eight schools in the district were organized into school incentive teams. Teams of four to six teachers met with untversity faculty to formulate dropout prevention action plans. The initial dropout prevention plans focused on making the school environment more inviting to students and emphasized non-academic areas in which the school incentive teams could create opportunities for positive recognition of students. EValuation of the programs was based on written dropcut prevention plans, field notes of meetings held, school observations, and school attendance records. Ten teachers, counselors, and administrators participated in multicultural training aimed at identifying attitudes, perceptions, knowledge, and skills concerning cultural diversity. The results of the program show it to be effective in maintaining a high level of teacher interest and effort in improving school success for at-risk students. No tmprovement in student attendance was noted. Results of the multicultural training show a positive impact on the attitude of school personnel toward at-risk students who are culturally different. This paper contains 16 references. (XS)

- by Ceola Ross Baber
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- Higher Education, Rural Areas, Incentives

It has been argued that the traditional regulatory approach of the Endangered Species Act, based on land-use restrictions, has failed to protect endangered species on private land. In response, there has been a call for the use of incentives to complement this regulatory approach. This paper examines the potential of incentives programs to elicit conservationoriented management choices from landowners. Data obtained from a survey of nonindustrial private forest owners in Oregon and Washington is used to examine the effectiveness of various incentives. The results indicate that incentives, in particular compensation and assurances, can be effective in increasing the conservation effort provided by landowners. The results also suggest that conservation policy for private lands could be improved by relying on a combination of incentives, including financial incentives and assurances, rather than exclusively on the threat of regulation.

- by Christian Langpap
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- Energy Economics, Ecological Economics, Endangered Species, Applied Economics
- by P. Hills
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- Regulation, Environmental Change, Smes, Business and Management

Mathematica's rigorous evaluation of the Teacher Incentive Fund (TIF) will estimate the impact of performance pay on student achievement, as well as educators' attitudes toward and awareness of TIF and their mobility and recruitment. This report provides contextual background on performance pay programs, characteristics of participating TIF grantee schools, and details on the TIF evaluation study design.

- by Daniel Player
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- Program Evaluation, Student Achievement, Evaluation methods, Academic achievement
- by Nirbhay N Singh
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- Education, History of Blindness/Visual Impairment, Visual, Incentives

This chapter surveys experience with performance pay in developing country health programs. In doing so, it focuses on four key conceptual issues: (1) What to reward, (2) Who to reward, (3) How to reward, and (4) What unintended consequences might performance incentives create. We highlight that the use of performance pay has outpaced growth in corresponding empirical evidence. Moreover, very little research on performance incentives focuses on the underlying conceptual issues that we outline. We consider these to be important constraints to the design of better performance incentives in low-and middle-income country health programs.

- by Grant Miller
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- Multitasking, Absenteeism, Incentives

Introduction: There is strong consensus that prevention and management of common mental disorders (CMDs) should occur in primary care and evidence suggests that treatment of CMDs in these settings can be effective. New interprofessional teambased models of primary care have emerged that are intended to address problems of quality and access to mental health services, yet many people continue to struggle to access care for CMDs in these settings. Insufficient attention directed towards the incentives and disincentives that influence care for CMDs in primary care, and especially in interprofessional teambased settings, may have resulted in missed opportunities to improve care quality and control healthcare costs. Our research is driven by the hypothesis that a stronger understanding of the full range of incentives and disincentives at play and their relationships with performance and other contextual factors will help stakeholders identify the critical levers of change needed to enhance prevention and management of CMDs in interprofessional primary care contexts. Participant recruitment began in May 2016.

- by Rachelle Ashcroft
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- Primary Care, Mental Health, Primary Health Care, Incentives

Both conventional wisdom and empirical evidence suggest that arranging a prior commitment or agreement before an interaction takes place enhances the chance of reaching mutual cooperation. Yet it is not clear what mechanisms might underlie the participation in and compliance with such a commitment, especially when participation is costly and non-compliance can be profitable. Here, we develop a theory of participation and compliance with respect to an explicit commitment formation process and to institutional incentives where individuals, at first, decide whether or not to join a cooperative agreement to play a one-shot social dilemma game. Using a mathematical model, we determine whether and when participating in a costly commitment, and complying with it, is an evolutionary stable strategy, resulting in high levels of cooperation. We show that, given a sufficient budget for providing incentives, rewarding of commitment compliant behaviours better promotes cooperation than punishment of non-compliant ones. Moreover, by sparing part of this budget for rewarding those willing to participate in a commitment, the overall level of cooperation can be significantly enhanced for both reward and punishment. Finally, the presence of mistakes in deciding to participate favours evolutionary stability of commitment compliance and cooperation.

Mindful of the withering of high-stakes accountability and disappointing data from pay for performance evaluations in the US, we ask why management by extrinsic incentives and organizational goal setting may have been far less powerful than designers of accountability and extrinsic incentive systems had expected. We explore how system-generated motives (e.g., attaining specific organizational goals, preventing sanctions, or garnering rewards) stack up against autonomously generated, intrinsic, or service motives.? We found through both quantitative and qualitative data that for teachers in the charter schools a constellation of public service motives predominated: diffuse pro-social commitments, ideologies of fairness and equity, a belief in the moral deservingness of deprived student populations in opposition to societal neglect, and identification with one's work as a personal calling. By comparison, monetary rewards were embraced as already deserved. Neither rewards, nor acco...

- by Dina Villagrán
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- Social Inequality, Teacher Motivation, Education Systems, Incentives
- by astri Suhrke
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- Human Rights, Leadership, Sovereignty, Public International Law

This article explores some of the challenges associated with financing sustainability action at the local level, using South Africa and the UK as case studies. Formal climate finance, including flows through multilateral development banks and private sector investor markets, has been criticised for failing effectively to link global financial interests to community needs and priorities. We discuss how a number of new financial innovations, including TimeBanking, community currencies, community share schemes, and peer-to-peer lending could help to bridge this gap. In particular, we explore how such financial innovations could be employed to support a more community-driven allocation of sustainability financing that prioritises local social and environmental benefits. We suggest that grassroots financing mechanisms have the potential to account for the social dimension in mobilising resources in a green economy as well as supporting civil society and local governments to develop greater decision-making around the mobilisation and allocation of sustainability resourcing. Further, by bringing together the local and the global, sustainability financing instruments could also help to create synergies and constructive partnerships among public administrations, markets, and society for finding creative and locally appropriate solutions to promote sustainable development.

- by Amy Burnett and +1
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- Governance, Local Government and Local Development, Transition, South Africa

The higher education diversity programs that Texas enacted after Hopwood v. University of Texas banned affirmative action had unexpected positive consequences for the state's high schools. The Texas top 10% law, the Longhorn Opportunity Scholarship and Century Scholarship programs, and the Towards Excellence, Access and Success Grant program each explicitly linked postsecondary opportunities to high school performance and clearly articulated that link to students across the state. As a result, these programs worked as K-16 school reforms, using college opportunities as incentives to improve educational outcomes at the high school level. Using panel data describing Texas high schools between 1993 and 2002, the author demonstrates that Texas's post-Hopwood higher education policies redistributed college-related activity at public high schools and boosted high school students' academic engagement.

- by Thurston Domina
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- Higher Education, Student Engagement, Panel Data, Affirmative Action

Achievement goal theory suggests that the motivational processes operating in achievement settings such as PE are dependent on the achievement goals manifested in that setting. In this paper, research is reviewed examining the motivation-related correlates of task and ego (approach) goal orientations in physical education, namely (a) achievement-related beliefs (i.e., beliefs about the causes of success in and the purposes of PE, beliefs about the nature of physical ability), (b) affective responses (e.g., enjoyment), (c) self-determination (i.e., PE students' level of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation), (d) behavioral strategies and skill development, and (e) level of physical activity engagement. r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

- by Nikos Ntoumanis
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- Mechanical Engineering, Education, Physical Activity, Physics Education

It is argued that European agriculture is currently confronted with a multitude of critical challenges and developmental changes, in which the viability of farms based solely on traditional forms of production applies only to a minority who can compete at the level and scale of global markets. The challenge to the remaining majority of farmers and to wider agricultural communities is to remain viable through adoption of alternative farm activities and enterprises under what is described as a multifunctional model of agriculture. One activity that is emerging as a realistic economic option under this rural restructuring is forestry. From an increasing range of policy perspectives within agriculture, rural development, environment, tourism and industry, forestry is becoming redefined as much more than a resource for primary production. It is also an activity which offers enormous potential as a secondary resource, particularly when its significance as an ecological, amenity, recreational and environmental reserve is successfully realised. However, evidence would suggest that Irish farmers have been particularly slow to embrace forestry as a potential resource. In what is generally accepted as a time of economic crisis for the agricultural sector, this paper explores the perceptions, attitudes and apparent reluctance of Irish farmers to engage in forestry as a viable farm enterprise. We assess this evidence against the prevailing EU and national policy context for forestry, particularly the range of incentives and/or barriers to forestry, and seek to establish if, and to what extent, reasons lie within the policy context, or whether farmers contest the notion of forestry as an agricultural activity for other, more ideological or practical, reasons. 237 commodification of the countryside and the increasing and often competing demands on rural resources. The scale and accelerating pace of rural change has been a remarkable feature of recent decades. Rural Ireland is particularly exposed to the considerable challenges from agricultural restructuring, declining service provision, depopulation and counter-urbanisation, communication and infrastructural deficits and the degradation of the natural environment . Irish agriculture has undergone extensive restructuring since the country's accession to the EEC (now the EU) in 1973, from early expansion to farm numbers falling by almost 40% between 1985 and 2005. Agriculture's contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which stood at10% in 1989, dropped to less than 2% by 2005 (Hubbard and. Despite this downward trend, agriculture continues to be seen as key to the social and economic viability of rural areas even though argues that at EU level, the ongoing status and function of agriculture and the question of what and how much support it should continue to receive and to what ends, has become increasingly linked to wider debates around food and energy security, environmental sustainability and economic efficiencies. Related debates on development of the rural emphasise the potential new production and consumption roles within the countryside and the place of farmers in creating and benefiting from such roles as part of a multifunctional model of agriculture . Cognizant of the way in which the 'global, EU and national regulations impact significantly on the environmental, social and economic choices being made by rural actors particularly in relation to land use ', Varley et al. (2009, p.8) argue that rural Ireland is functioning less and less as a purely production orientated space with consumption-type demands on the countryside increasing all the time. These new demands, ranging from the supply of leisure and recreation to the provision of a living space for many urban commuters and migrants who choose to live in rural areas, present arenas in which forestry is increasingly considered as a potential resource/solution.

- by Maura Farrell
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- Forestry, Agriculture, Incentives, Opinions

For any organization to compete favourably in the competitive society, employees' attitudes and commitment towards work goes a long way in determining the employees' performance and organization productivity. The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of incentives packages on employees' attitudes towards work. A descriptive research method was adopted for this study using one hundred twenty valid questionnaires which were completed by members of staff of four (4) selected government parastartals in Ogun State, SouthWest Nigeria using stratified and systematic sampling technique. The data collected were carefully analyzed using percentage supported by standard deviation to represent the raw data in a meaningful manner. The results show that strong relationship exists between incentives packages and employees' attitudes towards work and the workers are not satisfied with the present incentives packages. The summary of the findings indicates that there is strong correlation between the tested dependent variable and independent construct. However, employers of labour and decision makers should endeavour to review incentives packages at various levels in order to earn employees' commitment and satisfaction.

- by maxwell olokundun
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- Economics, Performance, Attitudes, Employee

Background: Continued inequities in coverage, low quality of care, and high out-of-pocket expenses for health services threaten attainment of Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 in many sub-Saharan African countries. Existing health systems largely rely on input-based supply mechanisms that have a poor track record meeting the reproductive health needs of low-income and underserved segments of national populations. As a result, there is increased interest in and experimentation with results-based mechanisms like supply-side performance incentives to providers and demand-side vouchers that place purchasing power in the hands of low-income consumers to improve uptake of facility services and reduce the burden of out-of-pocket expenditures. This paper describes a reproductive health voucher program that contracts private facilities in Uganda and explores the policy and implementation issues associated with expansion of the program to include public sector facilities. Methods: Data presented here describes the results of interviews of six district health officers and four health facility managers purposefully selected from seven districts with the voucher program in southwestern Uganda. Interviews were transcribed and organized thematically, barriers to seeking RH care were identified, and how to address the barriers in a context where voucher coverage is incomplete as well as opportunities and challenges for expanding the program by involving public sector facilities were investigated. Results: The findings show that access to sexual and reproductive health services in southwestern Uganda is constrained by both facility and individual level factors which can be addressed by inclusion of the public facilities in the program. This will widen the geographical reach of facilities for potential clients, effectively addressing distance related barriers to access of health care services. Further, intensifying ongoing health education, continuous monitoring and evaluation, and integrating the voucher program with other services is likely to address some of the barriers. The public sector facilities were also seen as being well positioned to provide voucher services because of their countrywide reach, enhanced infrastructure, and referral networks. The voucher program also has the potential to address public sector constraints such as understaffing and supply shortages.

- by Charlotte Warren
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- Program Evaluation, Contracts, Poverty, Primary Health Care

This paper aims to develop a vision for the NHS in the perspective of 2020. Based on an assessment of the current situation of the health system and in the light of the principles that define a good health system, describes a feasible scenario for health care in Spain based on structural changes affecting finance, equity in access to health care, health system coordination, public – private collaboration, detection and correction of inefficiencies in health care demand and supply, the need for continuous assessment of the system, the change in the model of care focused on the chronicity, the new role of primary care and specialized care, motivation and incentives of health professionals, the growing role of citizens in health care, as recipients of health care but also responsible for their health, and the establishment of priorities through the systematic evaluation of health care decisions.

- by Juan Cabasés
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- Altruism, Medicine, Social Preferences, Incentives

Purpose This study expands upon existing knowledge of response rates by conducting a large-scale quantitative review of published response rates. This allowed a finegrained comparison of response rates across respondent groups. Other unique features of this study are the analysis of response enhancing techniques across respondent groups and response rate trends over time. In order to aid researchers in designing surveys, we provide expected response rate percentiles for different survey modalities. Design We analyzed 2,037 surveys, covering 1,251,651 individual respondents, published in 12 journals in I/O Psychology, Management, and Marketing during the period 1995-2008. Expected response rate levels were summarized for different types of respondents and use of response enhancing techniques was coded for each study. Findings First, differences in mean response rate were found across respondent types with the lowest response rates reported for executive respondents and the highest for non-working respondents and non-managerial employees. Second, moderator analyses suggested that the effectiveness of response enhancing techniques was dependent on type of respondents. Evidence for differential prediction across respondent type was found for incentives, salience, identification numbers, sponsorship, and administration mode. When controlling for increased use of response enhancing techniques, a small decline in response rates over time was found. Implications Our findings suggest that existing guidelines for designing effective survey research may not always offer the most accurate information available. Survey researchers should be aware that they may obtain lower/ higher response rates depending on the respondent type surveyed and that some response enhancing techniques may be less/more effective in specific samples. Originality/value This study, analyzing the largest set of published response rates to date, offers the first evidence for different response rates and differential functioning of response enhancing techniques across respondent types.

- by Beata Choragwicka
- •
- Business, Marketing, Psychology, Social Sciences

La Teoría de los Costes de Transacción (TCT) ofrece un marco teórico interesante para el análisis del papel de los incentivos retributivos frente a la utilización del salario fijo. Sin embargo, no hay estudios que muestren el impacto que puede tener un plan retributivo diseñado según las pautas de la TCT. Analizamos esta influencia a través de una muestra de 108 equipos de ventas de empresas que operan en España. Consideramos variables como la dificultad para sustituir a los vendedores, la incertidumbre y la observabilidad de los resultados, para verificar la relación entre la retribución y el rendimiento de la empresa y de la fuerza de ventas. Nuestros resultados confirman que la TCT es apropiada para determinar el éxito de un plan retributivo para la fuerza de ventas, especialmente si se mide a través de sus por resultados.

The issue of employees ’ performance in furtherance of organisational objectives has occupied management attention for long. Differences in levels of performance have been attributed to differences in skills and abilities on the one hand, and to different theories of money on the other. This study examined the issue of performance-based pay as a motivational tool for achieving organisational performance, using the situation in a manufacturing company in Ghana as a case study. The main objective of the study was to assess the impact of performance-related pay on the motivation of employees and, subsequently, on the achievement of organisational goals. In all, one hundred and fifty respondents took part in the survey. The sample comprised 20 managerial staff and 60 non-managerial staff. The main research instrument was the questionnaire. A two-way ANOVA table was used to test the main hypotheses. The result of the study revealed that the effect of performance-based pay on employee per...

- by Francis Boachie-Mensah
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- Marketing, Psychology, Biometrics, Motivation

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and... more

- by Lynn Freedman
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- Demography, Ethics, Human Rights, Behavior

1 The authors are, respectively, Ed.D., Ed.D., and Ph.D., assistant professors, Educational Administration and Supervision, Western Illinois University. Their background experiences include curriculum, principalship, superintendency, and special education within rural settings in Illinois. They may be contacted at (309) 298-1070. Estimates indicate that in the next ten years more than two million teachers will be needed to meet increasing enrollments in United States schools to replace teacher retirements and to staff emerging program needs (Hope 1999; Hussar 2001; Miller 2000). Nationally, student enrollment numbers continue to increase and are projected to do so through the year 2008 (Miller 2000). In many cases, overcrowded schools; reductions in school funding; unfunded mandated state and federal programs; and non-education careers that offer higher salaries, better benefits, and better working conditions contribute to the projected lack of teacher supply to meet demands. "...

- by Donna McCaw
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- Educational Research, Quality of life, Professional Development, Incentives

The concept of ecosystem services has shifted our paradigm of how nature matters to human societies. Instead of viewing the preservation of nature as something for which we have to sacrifice our well-being, we now perceive the environment as natural capital, one of society's important assets. But ecosystem services are becoming increasingly scarce. In order to stop this trend, the challenge is to provoke society to acknowledge the value of natural capital.

- by Shuang Liu
- •
- Philosophy, Decision Making, Research Design, Natural Resources

This paper introduces and analyzes a model of supervised work group where subordinates decide how to exert their effort in complementary tasks while the supervisors decide incentives. Incentives may be a combination of individual and group-based ones. The optimality of incentives is analyzed when considering two different cost functions for subordinates. The two cost functions describe different individual motivations; comparing the resulting effort allocations and production optimality, we can relate them to different organizational theories. Our results provide a measure of how motivation among subordinates may affect production and incentives. Furthermore, the optimal incentives schemes are examined in terms of Adams' equity theory.

- by Ugo Merlone
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- Organizational Behavior, Genetics, Organizational Theory, Production

The study reported in this paper builds upon earlier research designed to examine issues associated with initiating an effective teacher evaluation effort and integrating it into district practices. The paper describes four districts which have made substantial progress in initiating and organizing teacher evaluation programs and presents the view that teacher evaluation is primarily an organizational problem, not a technical one. Introductory comments suggest that evaluation is central to teaching quality and educational reform but that interest in evaluation tar outruns the level of effective practice. The four districts that successfully began programs are briefly described in chapter 2, as are lessons offered by the organizational processes involved. Chapter 3, "Organizational Change for Teacher Evaluation," analyzes factors that promote implementation of evaluation programs, including trust between teachers and administrators and commitment to organizational improvement. Enabling conditions that combine to set the stage for a meaningful program are: a triggering event, environmental stability, strong leadership, and active teacher involvement. Chapter 4, "Evaluation Processes and Procedures," concludes that, for most districts, teacher evaluation requires fundamental organizational change in values and practices. Chapter 5, "Accountability and Improvement: Outcomes of Evaluation," details multiple outcomes associated with practices that have enabling characteristics. The conclusion discusses enabling conditions, planning and implementation strategies, and self-evaluation activities. Twenty-six referenrPs are given. An addendum to the report contains five appendices, the first describing the study methodology and the other four presenting data gathered during program implementation in three California school districts-Santa Clara Unified, Mountain View-Los Aitos, ana Moraga-and one district in North Carolina, Charlotte-Mecklenberg. Included are descriptions of each district's setting, evaluation program strategy, staff development and teacher evaluation outcomes, remaining obstacles to overcome, and policy context. (CJH)

Some rights reserved This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.

- by Barbara Bruns
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- Information Technology, Nutrition, Lifelong Learning, Higher Education

Community-wide efforts to encourage healthy behaviours must respond to the needs of existing neighbourhoods, especially those where low physical activity (PA) is associated with social, economic, and cultural challenges. This study reports on the effect of direct and snowball sampling strategies and financial incentive levels on the response rates of a built environment and PA survey in a predominately urban, low-SES new-immigrant community. Women residing in the Jane-Finch neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario were selected to participate by quasirandom sampling, yielding a response rate of 41.5%. The survey completion rate per contact attempt increased 2-fold when incentives were

- by Daniel Perez
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- Health Promotion, Race and Ethnicity, Survey Methodology, Motivation
- by Kenneth Janz
- •
- Management, Information Technology, Communication, Technology

The goal of this paper is to evaluate whether the incentives incorporated in toll highway concession contracts in order to encourage private operators to adopt measures to reduce accidents are actually effective at improving safety. To this end, we implemented negative binomial regression models using information about highway characteristics and accident data from toll highway concessions in Spain from 2007 to 2009. Our results show that even though road safety is highly influenced by variables that are not managed by the contractor, such as the annual average daily traffic (AADT), the percentage of heavy vehicles on the highway, number of lanes, number of intersections and average speed; the implementation of these incentives has a positive influence on the reduction of accidents and injuries. Consequently, this measure seems to be an effective way of improving safety performance in road networks.

- by Israel Herraiz
- •
- Psychology, Spain, Motivation, Safety

According to expectancy-value theories, increasing the utility value of a learning activity should result in higher motivation and better learning. In contrast, self-determination theory posits that the content of the future goals (intrinsic vs. extrinsic) that enhance the utility value of the learning activity needs to be considered as well. Contrast-cell analyses of an experimental study showed that double goal framing (intrinsic plus extrinsic) facilitated a mastery orientation, performance, and persistence and decreased a performance-approach orientation compared with extrinsic goal framing. However, double goal framing resulted in a less optimal pattern of outcomes compared with intrinsic goal framing, suggesting that the content of the provided goals matters. Goal content effects on both performance and persistence were fully mediated by mastery orientation.

- by Bart Soenens
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- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Educational Psychology, Persistence

The Vietnamese construction market has witnessed slow green building development to date. The motivations for enhancing green building practices that lead to increased green building development (IND1-IND9) are generic and not yet verified in the Vietnamese context. Therefore, the extent to which these motivations apply to the Vietnamese construction industry is currently unknown how. This study responds by surveying the opinions of 166 construction professionals
covering the education, public and industry sectors in Vietnam. The findings reveal that all IND1- IND9 are very influential, with mean scores >3.77 out of a maximum possible 5.00. Of these, monetary benefits are the most influential, followed by societal gratification and improved human well-being, while the least influential is government regulation. Furthermore, financial incentives and economic benefits are the most influential motivators of construction professionals in each of the education, public and industry sectors. It is concluded that motivation is very important for encouraging green building development among construction professionals in Vietnam and that the government needs to focus more on providing financial and/or economic incentives as a means of increasing green building development in the country.

- by QS Olanipekun Ayokunle (PhD) and +1
- •
- Motivation (Psychology), Vietnam, Green Building, SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS

Insentif merupakan salah satu cara yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan untuk meningkatkan semangat kerja karyawan, tetapi seringkali pembagian insentif dianggap tidak adil oleh para karyawan, sehingga perusahaan harus menentukan cara yang baik... more

- by Arya Imamuddin Koeswara
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- Human Resource Management, Reward, Incentives, Salary

Busca apresentar um conceito de incentivo tributário, diferenciando-o de figuras similares, tais como: benefício fiscal, subsídio e subvenção. Explora os limites da extrafiscalidade e suas formas de controle. Disponível: sumário,... more

Busca apresentar um conceito de incentivo tributário, diferenciando-o de figuras similares, tais como: benefício fiscal, subsídio e subvenção.
Explora os limites da extrafiscalidade e suas formas de controle. Disponível: sumário, prefácio, introdução e capítulo II

- by Gilson Pacheco Bomfim
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- Tax Law, Tax Incentives, Droit Fiscal, Incentives

Certain altruistic phenomena in the workplace that exceed the bounds of contract theory can be explained within the framework of gift exchange theory. We discuss the application of gift exchange theory to interactions between an employer and an employee as well as between employees themselves. We emphasize the opportunities of gifts to improve coordination and contract efficiency in the workplace and argue that there exists the productive function of gifts. We use the framework of a market for externalities in order to demonstrate that given the interrelated activities of agents a gift exchange between them can lead to Pareto improvement.

- by Marina Dodlova
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- Human Resource Management, Contract Theory, Business and Management, Incentives

What are the impacts of the heritage village due to urbanization? How does the communities’ survived? What are the limitations of the current incentives policies in meeting the community needs? These are the main empirical questions that this paper intends to highlight. Kampung Morten is the only typical Malay village locked in the amidst of modern development of Melaka city lingering on with its own past history. By using the urbanization impacts as a subject of exploration, this paper demonstrates the perception of the residents towards the effectiveness of the current incentives policy and the conservation programme held in the village. This research has employed a mixed method study which involves various data generation instruments, namely survey, interview as well as observation. From this study, it was found that most residents in Kampung Morten have strongly disapproved of any further urban development which could feasibly lead to the socio-economic challenges within their societies. The present study has provide the evidence on the importance of evaluation approach in measuring the effectiveness of the incentives programme provision.

- by Indera Syahrul Mat Radzuan
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- Cultural Heritage, Urban Conservation, Incentives, Villages

CEOs and CFOs put themselves in a bind by providing earnings guidance and then making decisions designed to meet Wall Street's expectations for quarterly earnings. When earnings appear to be coming in short of projections, top managers often react by suggesting or demanding that middle and lower level managers redo their forecasts, plans, and budgets. In some cases, top executives simply acquiesce to increasingly unrealistic analyst forecasts and adopt them as the basis for setting organizational goals and developing internal budgets. But in cases where external expectations are impossible to meet, either approach sets up the firm and its managers for failure.Using the experiences of several companies, the authors illustrate the dangers of conforming to market pressures for unrealistic growth targets. They argue that an overvalued stock, by encouraging overpriced acquisitions and other risky, value-destroying bets, can be as damaging to the long-run health of a company as an undervalued stock.Putting an end to the “earnings game” requires that CEOs reclaim the initiative by avoiding earnings guidance and managing expectations in such a way that their stocks trade reasonably close to their intrinsic value. In place of earnings forecasts, management should provide information about the company's strategic goals and main value drivers. They should also talk about the risks associated with the strategies, and management's plans to deal with them.

- by Joseph Fuller
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- IT Management, Risk Management, Projects, Value

Despite a general belief that incentive mechanisms can improve value for money during procurement and performance during project execution, empirical research on the actual effects is nascent. This research focuses on the design and implementation of incentive mechanisms in four different infrastructure projects: two road reconstructions in the Netherlands and two building constructions in Australia. Based on an analytical framework of key motivation drivers, a cross cases analysis is conducted in view of performance on the contract assumptions, selection phase, execution phase and project contract performance.

- by Leentje Volker
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- Incentives
- by Chia-liang Tsai
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- Psychology, Autism, Autism Spectrum Disorders, Inclusion
- by Jo Webber
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- Behavior Modification, Incentives, Positive Reinforcement