Media Ownership and Content Research Papers (original) (raw)

In 1998, in a paper in which he explained the mechanisms used in Hollywood to divide the revenue generated by feature films among different stakeholders, Mark Weinstein (1998) argued that only ten to twenty percent of these projects actually were showing a positive figure under the heading “net profits”. Ten years later, the United Nations (2998) also acknowledged that; as it was widely recognized, yet without mentioning any empirical study that might corroborate the use of such a precise figure, only 20 percent of movies were making a profit. Moreover, as this report informed, the surplus generated by these extremely successful projects was so large that it offset the cumulated losses generated by the remaining 80 percent of feature films. The implications of the existence of uncontested and long lasting belief about the high risks that companies in the filmmaking business have to face and overcome, should not to be neglected: when policy makers accept that the outcome of a movie is highly unpredictable and the gap in terms of income between a success and a failure can be substantial, they are also more inclined to accept concentration in this sector as a way to reduce risk and increase investments. Epstein‟s book “The Hollywood Economist: The Hidden Financial Reality Behind the Movies” does not reveal what percentage of feature film is likely to pass the break-even point, nor it denies that filmmaking can be a risky business in financial terms. The main contribution to knowledge from this book comes from his explanation of the financial practices of the producers-distributors that are now part of the largest info-entertainment conglomerates and are the descendent of the major Hollywood studios (i.e. the „Majors‟). After reading this book, the reader will understand that making movies for these companies and for the conglomerates they are part of, is a rather stable, low-risk and very profitable activity.

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- Screenwriting, Education, Media Studies, Journalism
- by Aram Sinnreich
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- Music, Media Studies, Popular Music, Digital Media

Aydın Doğan’ın Türkiye medya endüstrisine girişi Türkiye’de medya mülkiyet tarihinde önemli bir kilometre taşı olmuştur. 1979 yılında Milliyet Gazetesinin yüzde 25’lik hissesini satın alarak medya piyasasına giren Aydın Doğan, Türk medya endüstri tarihinde en uzun süre medyada kalan ve basına Babıali dışından giren ilk iş adamı olmuştur. Bu durum Türkiye medya endüstrisinde 1980 yılından sonra süreklilik göstermiş ve Türkiye’de medya sahipliği temel işi içerik üretmek olan gazetecilerin
kontrolünden çıkarak iş adamların mülkiyet ve kontrolüne geçişi hızlandırmıştır. Günümüze geldiğimizde ana akım medya olarak adlandırılan medya holdinglerinin tamamında mülkiyet ve kontrol medya dışı alanlara yatırım yapan iş adamlarının eline geçmiştir. Bunun en somut örneklerinden biri olan Doğan Medya Grubu 1979 yılında başladığı medya işletmeciliğine 2018 yılına kadar devam etmiş ve Türkiye’nin en büyük medya holdingi olmayı başarmıştır. 2018 yılının ilk çeyreğinde Aydın Doğan’ın medya grubunu Demirören grubuna satması ile beraber medyada çok ciddi bir küçülme yaşayan Aydın Doğan medya endüstrisindeki 39 yıllık varlığına da bir nokta koymuştur. Aydın Doğan’ın, medyasını Demirören Grubuna satması Türkiye’de medyanın dinamiklerini değiştirmiş ve medyanın mülkiyet ve kontrolü açısından yaşanan en büyük el değiştirme olmuştur. Bu el değiştirme Türkiye gündeminde yoğun bir biçimde konuşulmuş ve farklı biçimlerde yorumlanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Aydın Doğan’ın medya endüstrisinden çekilmesinin medya endüstrisi ve medya kullanıcısının
gözünde ki yansımaları ve yorumları betimlemektir. Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde medyada mülkiyet konusu ile ilgili kavramsal bir araştırma yapıldıktan sonra ikinci bölümünde Aydın Doğan medyasının medya endüstrisindeki stratejik yolculuğunun tarihsel analizi yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın araştırma bölümünde 26 iletişim fakültesi gazetecilik bölümü öğrencisi ile derinlemesine mülakatlar yapılarak Doğan Medya Grubunun satışı hakkında ki görüşleri sorulmuştur. Çalışmada medya sahipliği ile iş adamlığı konusuna vurgu yapılarak bu perspektiften Doğan Medya Grubunun Demirören Grubuna geçişi hakkında eleştirisel bir çıkarım yapılmıştır

- by Merlyna Lim
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- Political Economy, Communication, Media Studies, Southeast Asian Studies

Relations between media and politics have been debated both in Turkey and the worldwide for a long time. In Turkey, relationship between the audiovisual media and politics started when the media was under government monopoly and they increasingly went on after private radios and televisions began broadcasting in 1990. In this regard, the issue of
audiovisual media ownership has gained importance. The history of the legislative regulations in this field dates back to beginning of radio broadcasting in Turkey. In the history of Turkey's audiovisual media, the laws on the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) coming to force in 1964 and 1983 along with the Constitutions of 1961 and 1982 are the foremost legislations which regulate this field. The relevant articles of these constitutions and mentioned laws were amended from time to time because of political reasons or for the sake of keeping pace with developing technology. As a result of advances in broadcasting technologies, Article 133 of 1982 Constitution was amended in 1993 and this amended article established the constitutional basis of the Law numbered 3984 which concerns the Establishment and Broadcasting of Radio and Televisions. Establishing of the Radio and Television Supreme Council with this mentioned law added a new dimension to the matter of audiovisual media ownership. The dynamism in audiovisual media technologies inevitably continued to reflect itself onto legislations that regulate the field and all of the legal regulations, Law numbered 6112 in particular, which were brought about by this reflection ended up with significant outcomes about the matter of audiovisual media ownership.

- by Ahmet Akalın
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- Media, Media Law, Media Ownership and Content, TRT

This paper wishes to explore press freedom in the Philippines with a survey through the pre-colonial to the present day, looking at how press freedom developed as an idea, how it is practiced, how is threatened - not only by the state or external private actors, but within institutions and media collectives as well, and how society, politics and the economy lead to inhibitions and censorship (whether by state, media institutions or journalists themselves) in media.

- by Cyril Jude M Cornelio
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- History, Communication, Media Studies, Journalism

This thesis examines the professional notion and attitudes of journalists in Kurdistan region, highlighting improvements in media performances in addition to indicating to the role of journalists in developing democracies and specific conflicts of journalists with societal norms, political and economic interests. Iraqi Kurdistan is an example of democratic transition in the middle of conflict hot zone. The study is based on qualitative interviews with journalists and managers of Rudaw media network.

- by Afshin Ismaeli
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- Media Studies, Freedom of Religion, Media and Democracy, Freedom Of Expression

Transformational Leadership in a Learning Community is a new change theory and framework that builds on the original concept of Bridging Leadership as developed by the Synergos Institute in New York, as applied by Filipino practitioner Mr. Ernie Garilao. TLLC goes beyond the traditional concept of transformational leadership by Burns and Bass (1985) and draws from personal mastery and co-leadership as a way to meaningful change.

Today’s media companies seem to be more intertwined than ever. But are they? Do these “interlocks” affect editors and the content journalists produce? This study uses a three-method design to examine the connections among newspaper organizations and corporations. The network analysis examined the interlocks among newspaper companies’ directors. The second phase surveyed editors of newspapers owned by these companies to assess the influence on the newsroom from the board and parent company. In the third phase, news coverage of directors and their affiliated organizations was content analyzed for newspapers whose editors perceived pressure “from above.” The network analysis results suggest a monolithic interlocking structure that previous scholars feared. For one-third of survey respondents, corporate parents and the boardroom were seen as influencing the newsroom. These “pressured editors” perceived significantly stronger pressures from the boardroom, “ownership/upper management,” and business interests than editors who did not indicate pressure from above. So, how did pressured newsrooms cover ownership and directors? Routine coverage of directors and their affiliated organizations was lacking. Disclosure of a relationship between a director or affiliated organization and the newspaper was disclosed half of the time and traditional journalistic scrutiny was applied less than half of the time.

- by Adam Saffer and +1
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- Communication, Media Studies, Journalism, Social Network Analysis (SNA)

In this study Turkish audiovisual media economics is examined via consideration of facts such as changing national and international conditions, national and foreign actors, legal regulations, ownership structure, developments in broadcasting technologies, as well as development and distribution of internet. In the study, historical development of the Turkish media in the last 50 years is examined with a special emphasis on its last 25 years during which the plural private media emerged actually (de facto) following the termination of the public monopoly in 1990. Today, impact of mass media on individuals and society, as well as on propoganda powers has altered structure and strength of communication in unprecedented way. Audiovisual media sector -as a news, idea and entertainment producer, which gains power to impact society with all these production- is indispensible participatory democracy actor, which has a key role in establishment of a modern society. A deep consideration of Turkey‟s demographic structure, education level, as well as daily radio listening and television watching times come up with the importance of audiovisual media on public approaches and decisions. This situation gives a hint on why the sector has been a charming issue.
In the study, spatial distribution of the sector incomes, namely commercial communication (advirtisement) incomes, and sponsorship incomes that arise latterly is investigated. Whether or not the sector is a productive investment tool is discussed with the interpreted output of the study. Besides, concentration in media ownership, which is in contrast with free media conditions necessary to ensure plurality is analyzed with investigation of economic activities of media owners in areas other than the media.

- by Ahmet Akalın
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- Media Economics, Media Ownership and Content, Mass media, Media ownership
- by Dr. Bouziane Zaid
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- Information Technology, Media Studies, Journalism, Social Media
- by Matthew Crain
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- Finance, Political Economy, Media Studies, Journalism

In this chapter, Rodney Benson presents a new way to study news media ownership. He argues that instead of focusing on individual media moguls or market concentration, sociologists should analyze the different “forms” of media ownership: stock market traded, privately held, civil society, and public/state. Variation in forms of ownership can then be linked to differences in the exercise of four modes of power shaping news content: political instrumentalism, economic instrumentalism, audience adjustment, and public service orientation and/or commitment. Previous research suggests that public/state media tend to emphasize public service news more than commercial media, but further research is needed on civil society media, especially the growing U.S. nonprofit journalism sector. Future research should closely examine: the interaction of ownership forms, systems of funding, and technological platforms; micro-level organizational factors that create diversity within ownership forms; and the civic effects, positive or negative, of new forms of commecial ownership linked to private equity, as well as increasing commercial/nonprofit collaborations. Cross-national research is also needed to show how ownership effects on news content are mediated by national professional legacies and regulatory mechanisms. Similar questions can and must be asked of non-news media.

- by Rodney Benson
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- Sociology, Media Sociology, Sociology of Culture, Media Studies

My thesis paper explored technology, communication, language (of media), media ownership and propaganda, predicated on Chomsky and Ellul. Utilized discourse analysis to examine reports (or lack thereof)Justin Trudeau's presence at Pride... more

- by Isaac Bordignon
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- Discourse Analysis, Communication, Visual propaganda, Media Studies
- by fatima alsalem
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- Information Technology, Media Studies, Journalism, Social Media

This article analyzes the extent to which diverse institutional logics (stock market, privately held, civil society, public) are linked to the exercise of one important mode of media ownership power: public service orientation. The research draws on a content analysis of a total of fifty-one news organizations in Sweden, France, and the United States, representing, respectively, Hallin and Mancini's democratic corporatist, polarized pluralist, and liberal models. We find that two types of institutional logics—affordance and homogenization—shape the amount and type of public-service-oriented news. On average, public-service-oriented news was highest at civil-society-owned media, but there was significant variation within this category: We call this kind of institutional logic an affordance logic because it affords but does not guarantee a certain kind of news content. Public media, on the other hand, exhibited the least deviation across outlets within each country, thus exemplifying a strong homogenization logic. All forms of ownership, but especially privately held and civil society media, exhibited significant variations across individual organizations. Economic field dominance, as in the United States, did not produce greater homogenization across ownership fields as predicted by field theory.

- by Rodney Benson and +1
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- Economic Sociology, Media Sociology, Sociology of Culture, Media Studies

Concentration of Media Ownership in few hands has become a burning issue in today’s media scenario of India. It had been a serious issue in the global media for a long time, but started being pondered upon in Indian media quite recently. Where there are many regulations and restrictions on the practice of concentration of media ownership in countries like in UK, USA, Australia, Germany, South Africa, Canada, South Korea and France, India is still lagging behind. Apart from the recommendations of Telecom Regularity Authority of India (TRAI) and Administrative Staff College of India (ASCI) for proper regulation of Indian media industry, no other regulations or recommendations of regulations have been found in Indian context. This paper tries to look into the various aspects of media ownership, its impact and the regulations and restrictions required to overcome the problems it generates in Indian context.

- by Archana Kumari
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- Media Ownership and Content
- by Nazim Ankaraligil
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- Sociology, Anthropology, Philosophy, Communication

Dans cet entretien avec Eric Darras, Rodney Benson présente ses premiers résultats sur les États-Unis et explique en quoi les nouvelles perspectives diffèrent des études plus classiques sur la concentration économique dans les medias. Text is in English.
Éric Darras, Sociétés Contemporaines: You say it's more important to study ‟forms of ownership” than ‟concentration of ownership.” Why?
[Author's note: In the published version of Figure 3, under "Stock Market" ownership, two outlets originally listed were cut off in the reproduction: ABC News #12 and USA Today #14; under "Stock Market with Dominant Shareholder", one outlet originally listed is cut off in the reproduction: Wall Street Journal #11.]

- by Aram Sinnreich
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- Music, Economics, Media Studies, Popular Music

Third submission by the CCI to the Convergence Review. Responses to questions in the Review's discussion papers on Australian and Local Content, and Media Diversity, Competition and Market Structure. Also includes an attachment written... more

Using empirical measures, a pilot test of an investment model of commitment to television news quality yielded statistically significant results supporting four hypothesized relationships between types of broadcast station ownership. The findings indicate that the news department operated by a small media group produced more local news, more locally produced video, more use of on-air reporters, and fewer news promotions than the larger chain-based broadcast groups investigated, suggesting a deeper commitment to local news quality. The results support the policy position that stricter ownership limits would enhance the quality of local television news.

- by David K Scott and +2
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- Media Studies, Media Ownership and Content, Media ownership

O presente artigo propõe um estudo da mudança paradigmática na estrutura de propriedade das agências de notícias transnacionais, como setor econômico da comunicação, por meio de uma abordagem comparativa entre dois modelos hegemônicos – o clássico e o presente – à luz do processo contínuo de globalização do capital. A primeira parte identifica e caracteriza o modelo “clássico” de propriedade das agências euro-americanas nascidas no século XIX (privadas, em estreita associação com o Estado e adotantes de sistema produtivo fordista) tal como descrito por Boyd-Barrett (1980; 2006), Thussu (2000) e Shrivastava (2007). A segunda parte examina as funções atualmente exercidas pelas agências internacionais de notícias como parte das mudanças nas políticas econômicas dos meios de comunicação. É utilizado o Modelo de Firma Flexível (Atkinson, 1984), com base nos conceitos de produção em massa desenvolvidos pelo taylorismo e pelo fordismo, dando ênfase às mudanças ocorridas na área de recursos humanos, ao advento do pós-fordismo, a à introdução de novas tecnologias e à desenvolvimento do mercado global. Entre os quatro tipos de flexibilidades identificados - flexibilidade numérica, funcional, distanciada e de pagamentos (Beardwell e Holden, 2001) - a Estratégia de Flexibilidade Distanciada é a utilizada neste artigo para identificar as mudanças ocorridas nas políticas dos meios de comunicação e conseqüentemente do aumento da demanda por parte desses meios pela cobertura feita pelas agências internacionais de notícia.

- by Pedro Aguiar and +1
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- Media, News agencies, Media Ownership and Content, Media ownership

This article analyzes the extent to which diverse institutional logics (stock market, privately held, civil society, public) are linked to the exercise of one important mode of media ownership power: public service orientation. The research draws on a content analysis of a total of fifty-one news organizations in Sweden, France, and the United States, representing, respectively, Hallin and Mancini’s democratic corporatist, polarized pluralist, and liberal models. We find that two types of institutional logics—affordance and homogenization—shape the amount and type of public-service-oriented news. On average, public-service-oriented news was highest at civil-society-owned media, but there was significant variation within this category: We call this kind of institutional logic an affordance logic because it affords but does not guarantee a certain kind of news content. Public media, on the other hand, exhibited the least deviation across outlets within each country, thus exemplifying ...

- by Mattias Hessérus
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- Business, Economic Sociology, Media Sociology, Sociology of Culture

Fundamental to the litany of Africa’s development issues is the crisis of governance. Naturally, good governance resonates as a panacea for this situation. In this, the role of the media as the bastion of democracy is indubitable. This article with focus on Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa, situates the interplay of good governance and media practices within the media ownership debate. It argues that ownership patterns, pressures and politics have for a long time, challenged the consistent and committed role of the media in deepening our march toward good governance. With clear case studies of media performances in the country overtime, the article contends that the media might not totally be ready to take on the saddle of driving the democratic goals, as a result of influence of ethnic/religious affiliation, political interest/affiliation and economic interest arising from the ownership shackles. The article returns a verdict of collective responsibility – viewing the failings of the media within the larger context of the failings of the social system in which the media are embedded. Keywords: good governance media ownership Nigeria independent media democracy journalists

- by Chikezie E . Uzuegbunam
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- Journalism, Media Ethics, Political communication, Mass-Media Ethics

In the last thirty years of the Turkish media, investments in the press sector have varied and have changed the patronage structure of press businesses. Decrees of 24 January 1980, which was enacted before September 12, 1980 and created a radical change in the structure of the Turkish economy, initiated the process of conglomerating in the Turkish press. After this process, media businesses have attracted the attention of businessmen, and businessmen invested in the media market. With the interest of businessmen in the media industry, press businesses existing in the 90s were replaced by media holdings, and then media businesses expanded vertically and horizontally, and cross-media ownership increased in Turkish media. In this study, the subject of cross-media ownership in the last thirty years of Turkish media was thoroughly examined, and the negative effects of cross-media ownership on Turkish media economy were addressed. As a result of the development of cross-media ownership in Turkish media, the sector became under the control of a small number of media holdings that grew in this direction. Within the scope of the research, interviews were conducted with 36 people selected as random. In these interviews, opinions about the concept of media ownership and the ownership of the media by businessmen were questioned. As a result of the study, it was emphasized that the media ownership among businessmen damaged media democracy and media economy, and it destroyed plurivocality in the media and paved way to politicization of the press. It was emphasized that law drafts to prevent media ownership by businessmen should be applied, and it was addressed that media ownership laws should be reorganized for media to gain its independence.

Newspapers and television channels sell news as commodity, earn revenue on advertisements, often unethically and sometimes forget to provide service to the society. Our recent experience of some newspapers, as reflected in the poor quality of their content, could be adjudged since they have been placed there only for profit, following neither any professional ethics nor journalistic standard. Some newspapers are published by big business houses and therefore follow some sort of independent line but their freedom is heavily restricted due to their financial dependence on the authorities. There are papers attacking personalities and organisations in the name of freedom of press.

- by Md. Golam Rahman
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- Media Ownership and Content
- by Christian Garland
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- Critical Theory, Modern History, Sociology, Media Sociology
- by Mahmoud Galander
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- Information Technology, Media Studies, Journalism, Social Media
- by Tezcan Durna
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- Media and Democracy, Media Ownership and Content, Hegemonia, Hegemonic Power

This article explores the following questions 1. Who actually owns media in India – Business, Politics, or is media free and unbiased as it was meant to be; 2. How much money is at stake? Where is this money? 3. Where is the problem... more

This article explores the following questions
1. Who actually owns media in India – Business, Politics, or is
media free and unbiased as it was meant to be;
2. How much money is at stake? Where is this money?
3. Where is the problem originating?
4. What is the solution, if any?

- by Dr. Bouziane Zaid
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- Information Technology, Media Studies, Journalism, Social Media

This volume provides a comparative analysis of media systems in the Arab world, based on criteria informed by the historical, political, social, and economic factors influencing a country’s media. Reaching beyond classical western media system typologies, Arab Media Systems brings together contributions from experts in the field of media in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) to provide valuable insights into the heterogeneity of this region’s media systems. It focuses on trends in government stances towards media, media ownership models, technological innovation, and the role of transnational mobility in shaping media structure and practices. Each chapter in the volume traces a specific country’s media – from Lebanon to Morocco – and assesses its media system in terms of historical roots, political and legal frameworks, media economy and ownership patterns, technology and infrastructure, and social factors (including diversity and equality in gender, age, ethnicities, religions, and languages). This book is a welcome contribution to the field of media studies, constituting the only edited collection in recent years to provide a comprehensive and systematic overview of Arab media systems. As such, it will be of great use to students and scholars in media, journalism and communication studies, as well as political scientists, sociologists, and anthropologists with an interest in the MENA region. It can be downloaded for free here: https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/1281

- by Ehab Galal
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- Information Technology, Media Studies, Journalism, Social Media

- by Hanan Badr
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- Information Technology, Media Studies, Journalism, Social Media

Svrha postojanja lokalnih javnih medija je djelovanje u javnom interesu lokalnih zajednica. U tom smjeru su definisana glavna istraživačka pitanja: kako i u kojoj mjeri javni lokalni mediji u Bosni i Hercegovini ispunjavaju javni interes, te kako se ta njihova funkcija može poboljšati? Glavni rezultati ovog istraživanja upućuju da javni interes u Bosni i Hercegovini nije precizno definisan na nivou medijskih politika, da programske šeme javnih medija ne odražavaju adekvatno funkciju javnog interesa i da je način njihovog utvrđivanja proizvoljan i često ne uključuje angažman uredničkog vijeća (iako propisan pravilima Regulatorne agencije za komunikacije BiH), te su u konačnici način i stepen ispunjenja funkcije javnog interesa u radu ovih medija upitni. Analiza programskih šema četiri medija pokazuje, između ostalog, da javni lokalni mediji zanemaruju lokalne teme u korist državnih/entitetskih te da u medijskim sadržajima često nisu navedeni izvori informacija. Najvažnije preporuke ovog istraživanja su: 1) da se na regulatornom nivou preciznije definišu osnovni, zajednički elementi misije javnog interesa javnih lokalnih medija, s naglaskom na zahtjev da javni lokalni mediji služe interesima lokalnih zajednica; 2) da se ti osnovni elementi dopune preciziranjem specifičnih interesa unutar svake lokalne uprave; 3) da svaki javni medij usvoji i objavi dokument kojim se definiše njegova dugoročna misija i dugoročna urednička politika (čime bi se donekle spriječile programske promjene zasnovane na političkim i ekonomskim uticajima); i 4) da se unaprijedi monitoring primjene programskih obaveza i dugoročne uredničke politike, identificiraju uzroci mogućih nedostataka i djeluje na njihovom uklanjaju.

In "Shot In the Foot," I pinpoint the Clinton Administration's Telecommunications Act of 1996 as the root cause of widespread media consolidation in the Digital Age. I argue that the best way—and perhaps the only feasible way—to ensure diversity or plurality of media ownership (and thus media content) is to revise or repeal the Telecom Act, and reject neoliberalism overall.

- by mohammed IBAHRINE
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- Information Technology, Media Studies, Journalism, Social Media

- by Hanan Badr
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- Information Technology, Media Studies, Journalism, Social Media

News Media; especially the 24*7 TV news channels in India are facing constant criticism for practicing favoritism as a standard operating procedure, since 2014 general election. 2014 witnessed republican India’s first intensively televised elections. As of March 2014, statistics released by I & B Ministry suggests that there are 792 TV channels in India in which 392 are the
news and current affairs channels. These channels left no stone unturned in order to get scoop, breaking news, surveys and special programs during elections. However the intent as well
content of coverage was always under deep scrutiny by one or other section of the society. This paper aims to presents facts behind such a disturbing perception. Is the influence of corporate ownership are eating the scope of objective reporting? Or, our society is functioning in such a
way that they would like to see everything in white or, black and there is no scope for grey? That means either you are in support of a popular sentiment or you may face the threat to be labeled as anti-social or worst anti-national. However, there are sections who just want news to be back without any aggravated views. This paper aims to critically analyze all these aspect of contemporary electronic news channels.

- by Dr. Amit Kumar
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- Social Media, News Media Ethics, Media Ownership and Content

Abstract This paper examines the wide range of lines of social scientific inquiry raised in the ongoing process of assessing and formulating media ownership policy. Specifically, this paper examines the areas of inquiry raised by the... more

- by Philip Napoli
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- Media Policy, Media Ownership and Content

ABSTRACT Today’s media companies seem to be more intertwined than ever. But are they? Do these “interlocks” affect editors and the content journalists produce? This study uses a three-method design to examine the connections among newspaper organizations and corporations. The network analysis examined the interlocks among newspaper companies’ directors. The second phase surveyed editors of newspapers owned by these companies to assess the influence on the newsroom from the board and parent company. In the third phase, news coverage of directors and their affiliated organizations was content analyzed for newspapers whose editors perceived pressure “from above.” The network analysis results suggest a monolithic interlocking structure that previous scholars feared. For one-third of survey respondents, corporate parents and the boardroom were seen as influencing the newsroom. These “pressured editors” perceived significantly stronger pressures from the boardroom, “ownership/upper management,” and business interests than editors who did not indicate pressure from above. So, how did pressured newsrooms cover ownership and directors? Routine coverage of directors and their affiliated organizations was lacking. Disclosure of a relationship between a director or affiliated organization and the newspaper was disclosed half of the time and traditional journalistic scrutiny was applied less than half of the time.

- by Daniel Riffe
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- Sociology, Cultural Studies, Communication, Media Studies

- by Adam Saffer
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- Sociology, Cultural Studies, Communication, Media Studies

Aydın Doğan, who has left his mark in the last 40 years of Turkish media, entered the press sector in 1979 by purchasing Milliyet newspaper from Ercüment Karacan. Aydın Doğan was a businessman who managed to take place among the highest taxpayers in the late 1970s, operating in many different sectors, such as automobile dealership, transport business, pharmaceutical depots and construction machinery trade. Former editor-in-chief Abdi İpekçi’s assassination on February 1, 1979 was a turning point in the hand-changing of Milliyet. Doğan Holding Honorary President, Aydın Doğan, shared his ideas on this downfall in media sector with the public in the ceremony held in 2018 saying “I went on a journey 40 years ago. In this journey, many of my friendships have exceeded 30 years. I am not leaving them, I am just leaving this building. Again, I am your friend and companion, and this friendship will continue to the grave. 59 years ago, I started media business by registering to Mecidiyeköy Tax Office. I have been in the press sector for 40 years. There are very few people in the business world who are my friends. All my friends are from the media world. There is a bitterness in me for leaving such an institution.” Aydın Doğan explained the sales process with the following words: “I have transferred my media group to the Demirören family willingly, without anyone’s pressure. We had a conversation with Mr. Yıldırım. We kept two of the interviews confidential. We did it at the Hilton because it was heard in the Holding building. Then we announced it to the public on March, 22.” In this study, reflections of Aydın Doğan’s selling of the media holding to the Demirören group on the media industry were discussed. In this context, how newspapers considered this event one the day of announcement of sale process by Doğan Group and within the next three days, what kind of headlines were used to announce this sale, and responses of other media companies were studied in this research.

This study examines the relationship between competitive conditions in television markets, ownership characteristics, and commercial broadcast television station provision of local public affairs programming. The results from an analysis of a random sample of 285 fullpower television stations showed that half of the stations in the sample did not air any local public affairs programming during the 2-week sample period.

- by Philip Napoli
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- Television Studies, Television Journalism, Media Ownership and Content