Metis identity Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

The Metis Dictionary of Biography is intended to give the reader an overview of Metis History through the biographies of a very diverse cross-section of North America's Metis people. An earlier iteration of this work was published as The People of the Metis Nation in 2011.
Often known as founders of the fur-trade, the Metis of what was to become the Canadian and American Northwest participated as trappers, guides, interpreters, factors, dock and warehouse workers, voyageurs, coureurs de bois, canoe and York boat operators, couriers of the first postal services, and Red River cart teamsters. The Metis were essential in commercializing both the fur trade with the invention of the York boat, and the buffalo hunt with the invention of the Red River cart.
Within this volume, well-known Metis personalities as well as the unsung heroes of Metis communities and families are documented. Day-to-day events as well as historical turning points are recounted. Achievements in the arts, sports and literature are included. We also attempt to correct the oversight of previous historical treatments which have failed to document the lives of Metis women. The accounts herein cover the past as well as contemporary Metis figures.

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- Genealogy, Postcolonial Studies, Metis Studies, Metis identity

The Metis dictionary of Biography is intended to give the reader an overview of Metis History through the biographies of a very diverse cross-section of North America's Metis people. An earlier iteration of this work was published as The People of the Metis Nation in 2011.
Often known as founders of the fur-trade, the Metis of what was to become the Canadian and American Northwest participated as trappers, guides, interpreters, factors, dock and warehouse workers, voyageurs, coureurs de bois, canoe and York boat operators, couriers of the first postal services, and Red River cart teamsters. The Metis were essential in commercializing both the fur trade with the invention of the York boat, and the buffalo hunt with the invention of the Red River cart.
Within this volume, well-known Metis personalities as well as the unsung heroes of Metis communities and families are documented. Day-to-day events as well as historical turning points are recounted. Achievements in the arts, sports and literature are included. We also attempt to correct the oversight of previous historical treatments which have failed to document the lives of Metis women. The accounts herein cover the past as well as contemporary Metis figures.

- by Lawrence Barkwell
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- Genealogy, Postcolonial Studies, Metis Studies, Metis identity

Viewing Métis identity not as a natural, essential, or fixed phenomenon, but as an experience formed through internal and external factors, this article examines the mechanisms by which people residing in British Columbia identify as Métis. Through interviewing Métis People and engaging in critical discourse analysis and narrative analysis, this research demonstrates how Métis narratives centre on and replicate three hegemonic discourses based on racial mixedness, Métis cultural values, and Métis nationalism. The "Métis subject" is then not an easily described coherent subject, but rather a co-constructed description based on transient identification with multiple and sometimes contradictory texts, which are themselves made meaningful through discourses. Understanding "Métis" in this way allows for an exploration of the role of power in producing meanings of "Métis" and how individuals, groups and institutions can strategically mobilise particular meanings and resist definitions of Métis prescribed by Eurocentric perspectives embedded in colonial institutions.

- by Heather Devine
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- Indigenous Studies, Metis Studies, Indigenous Peoples, Metis identity

In summer 2013, the Louis Riel Institute worked with the community to create a giant family tree based on the Riel family at Riel House National Historic Site.
En été 2013, l'Institut Louis Riel a travaillé avec la communauté pour créer un arbre généalogique géant basé sur la famille Riel au Lieu historique national de la
Maison-Riel.

- by Lawrence Barkwell
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- Genealogy, Postcolonial Studies, Metis identity, Western Canadian History

- by Lawrence Barkwell
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- Genealogy, Metis Studies, Metis identity, Genealogy-Family History

- by Lawrence Barkwell
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- Genealogy, Postcolonial Studies, Metis identity, Genealogy-Family History

- by Lawrence Barkwell
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- Genealogy, Postcolonial Studies, Metis Studies, Metis identity

This report presents archival information, primary oral history interviews, secondary historical scholarship, and primary government sources that demonstrate Fort McMurray is a historic and contemporary rights-bearing Métis community as defined in R. v. Powley. Historical census data, Hudson Bay Company archives, oral history accounts, and genealogical information enable the McMurray Métis community to trace its origins as a distinctive settlement within a broader regional Métis community prior to the time of Effective European Control (herein effective control) of northeastern Alberta. Today, as historically, McMurray Métis community members self-identify as Métis, maintain traditional land use practices in the areas around Fort McMurray, and consider themselves part of a distinctive historic and contemporary Métis community.

- by Timothy David Clark and +2
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- Cultural History, Canadian Studies, Indigenous Studies, Indigenous or Aboriginal Studies

- by Lawrence Barkwell
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- Genealogy, Postcolonial Studies, Metis Studies, Metis identity

- by Lawrence Barkwell
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- Genealogy, Postcolonial Studies, Metis Studies, Metis identity

The article presents a longue durée history of two Buryat villages jointly populated by two hybrid groups: the Karyms and the Semeiskie. The former are descendants of baptized Buryats and Russians, and the latter are Russian Old Believers also heavily intermixed with Buryats. The prerevolutionary nationalizing empire, the Soviet regime of ethnicity-based nations, and the post-Soviet increasingly racialized and religion-centered social imaginary provided different settings and languages for expressing the hybrid identities of the Karyms and the Semeiskie. Throughout all these periods, the self-identifications of the two groups did not fully coincide with categorizations by local authorities and the government and experts in the metropole.

- by Nikolay Karbainov and +1
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- History, Sociology, Rural Sociology, Russian Studies

- by Lawrence Barkwell
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- Genealogy, Postcolonial Studies, Metis Studies, Metis identity

- by Lawrence Barkwell
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- Genealogy, Postcolonial Studies, Metis Studies, Metis identity
- by Nicole St-Onge and +1
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- Métis women, Metis identity, Metis History

The Metis members of the Palliser Expedition (1857-1860) are documented.

- by Lawrence Barkwell
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- Metis Studies, Metis identity, Western Canadian History

The Red River Métis are a distinct and often misunderstood population in nineteenth-century Canadian history. They are also the producers of a rich art style in the medium of beadwork. However, despite reference to their influence on the art of other Amerindian populations little is said about the factors which influenced their own unique style. The purpose of my research was twofold: to establish the historical context which

- by SHARON BLADY
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- Art History, Indigenous or Aboriginal Studies, Metis Studies, Métis women

While there have many excellent studies of Great Lakes métis communities, smaller métis settlements such as Milwaukee often have been overlooked. Métis identity was complicated by the fact that métis persons were of European and American Indian ancestry, although the boundaries between these racial categories was quite fluid in métis communities. Large scale Anglo-American settlement in the region of present-day Wisconsin from the 1830s onward brought new racial attitudes that forced many métis persons, such many of those in Milwaukee, to be categorized as American Indians.

- by Patrick Jung
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- Milwaukee, Metis identity, Metis History, Metis
- by Nicole St-Onge
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- Metis Studies, Metis identity, Metis History, Metis Women In Canada

A critical commentary on the Powley case at the Ont Court of Appeal level. This case was appealed and decided later in the Supreme Court of Canada. The author is critical of the judicial approach to the issue of identifying the... more

- by Paul Chartrand
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- Metis Studies, Indigenous Peoples Rights, Aboriginal Rights, Metis identity
- by Darryl Leroux
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- Indigenous Studies, Metis Studies, Metis identity

Performance-based testimonio in two parts: performance and critique. Métis people rely on the Ontario public school system, yet achieve secondary graduation at a rate below the general population. The author explores experience as a Métis student and teacher in order to identify factors for personal success and best practices for teachers. Methodology is based on Métis epistemology and the framework of testimonio. Methods include ceremony, memory, reflection, prayer, dreams, and vision, discussions and interactions with elders, family, and friends. Performance is informed by artefacts: journals, collections of poetry, messages from parents of past students and relatives, family photo albums, and historical records. Factors identified for personal success include humility, confidence, self-orientation, connection to land, ethical choices, family support, role models, hope in education, and mentors. Analysis and interpretation are grounded in Métis/Aboriginal values and focused at the level of the classroom, rather than policy. Best practices identified include love and happiness, trust, joy and celebration, relationship, child-centeredness, and holism. Implementation of these approaches requires self-knowledge, on the part of teachers, and understanding of the relationship between Aboriginal and Euro-centric epistemologies.

- by Marg Raynor
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- Metis Studies, Metis identity
- by Heather Devine
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- Metis Studies, Metis Literature, Metis identity, Metis History

The Infinity Flag of the Metis Nation: This is a discussion of the origins of the Metis National Flag: Some Metis people believe that the symbol on the Metis flag is based upon the Plains Indian sign language for "Metis" which used the sign for "cart" followed by the sign for "Man," a consequence of the long association (from 1801) of the Metis with their Red River Carts.

- by Lawrence Barkwell
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- Metis Studies, Heraldry, Metis identity, Aboriginal flag
- by Nikolay Karbainov and +1
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- Russian Studies, Social Identity, Identity (Culture), Siberia

An examination of the issue of defining 'the Metis people' in s.35 of Canada's Constitution Act 1982, including analysis of current Metis organisations' membership codes, and an argument for designing policy for just relations between... more

- by Paul Chartrand
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- Constitutional Law, Metis Studies, Indigenous Peoples Rights, Indigenous Peoples
- by Nicole St-Onge
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- Metis Studies, Metis identity, The Red River Colony

Drawing an extensive primary and secondary information, including interviews, focus groups, and household surveys, this report provides a comprehensive assessment of the potential cultural impacts of the Teck Frontier Oil Sands Mine, located in Alberta, Canada, on the McMurray Métis community. The study develops a unique set of tools to assess and characterize cultural effects based on the principles of Indigenous knowledge, interrelatedness, and cumulativeness. The report concludes the project is likely to have significant cumulative cultural impacts on the McMurray Métis community.

- by Timothy David Clark
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- Cultural History, Cultural Studies, Anthropology, Indigenous Studies

Cet article porte sur la construction de l’identité ethnique “mixte” de jeunes Russo-Africains. Nous essayons de démontrer que dans une société avec un niveau de xénophobie assez important l’origine africaine devient un stigmate social, dans le sens de Goffman. La construction de l’identité ethnique est examinée tout d’abord à travers l’expérience sociale de stigmatisation qui met en avant la dualité de l’origine des Russo-Africains, ainsi que leurs différences. Ensuite, c’est l’impossibilité d’épouser pleinement l’une des identités « pures », à savoir « russe » ou « africaine ». Finalement, on observe le processus de bricolage identitaire : la construction d’une identité « mixte » qui se produit à travers la sélection d’éléments distincts des deux représentations culturelles. Nous montrons ensuite comment la création des communautés et des réseaux sociaux contribuent au développement d’une communauté ethnique russo-africaine, sans pour autant que l’on puisse la considérer comme un véritable groupe ethnique.

- by Maria Khachaturyan
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- Stigma, Metis Studies, Race and Ethnicity, Metis identity
- by Nicole St-Onge
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- Metis Studies, Great Plains Studies, Fur Trade Studies, Metis identity

- by Margaret Kress
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- Metis identity, Aboriginal Women Empowerment
- by Nicole St-Onge
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- Mohawk, Metis identity, Voyageurs, Athabasca

The legal framework laid out by the Supreme Court for the recognition of Métis aboriginal rights calls upon trial judges to determine the existence of a Métis community to which the claimants belong. Based on a constructivist conception of identity, this article analyzes the conceptions of indigenous identity put forward to that end by the claimants and by the trial judge in the seminal Powley case. The witnesses testifying on behalf of the Powleys refered to a wide range of identity markers defining their community, including the historical origins of the Métis people as a group of mixed ancestry distinct from First Nations, its quest for self-government, subsistence hunting and fishing, distinctive language and art, being subject to discrimination, specific forms of economic activity as well as specific geographic communities. The trial judge, however, retained only a subset of those markers, namely recognition by others, a subsistence-based way of life and historical exclusion. These markers are those that correspond to justifications of indigenous rights based on the preservation of culture and the reparation of a historical injustice. Moreover, they emphasize similarities between Métis and First Nations, rather than elements that distinguish the Métis.

- by Sébastien Grammond
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- Metis Studies, Indigenous Peoples Rights, Metis identity
- by Nikolay Karbainov and +1
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- Russian Studies, Intercultural Communication, Metis Studies, Siberia
- by Melissa K. Nelson
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- Heuristics, Spirituality, Identity, Metis identity

Taking as a starting point the Mediterranean and the Atlantic World in the late Middle Ages, and continuing with the colonial regions of the wider world during the modern age, and those territories in which socio-racial categories of European inspiration continue to be used in the contemporary period, the present colloquium aims to shed new light on the construction of these categories by studying them both from a transnational and a ‘longue durée’ perspective.

- by Alejandro E Gómez
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- Historical Linguistics, Atlantic World, Metis Studies, Race and Ethnicity
- by Jeremy Ravi Mumford
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- Gender Studies, Women's Studies, Ethnography, Nineteenth Century Studies

This methodological note presents a new spatial segregation index based on neighbourhood. It makes use of nominal data from the 1851 census to estimate the degree of concentration in a mixed-ancestry population (Indigenous and non- Indigenous). The tool was developped for a study concerning the identification of a historical Metis community in the present-day Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region in Quebec. The index sheds light on the spatial and residential behaviours of the population, and, in so doing, constitutes an indirect but precious tool for examining possible factors of identity otherwise not well documented elsewhere. Although developed in a specific context, this methodological tool has a broad range of applications.

- by Étienne Rivard
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- Geography, Metis Studies, Cultural Historical Geography, Spatial segregation

En 2007, la revue Recherches amérindiennes au Québec publiait Métissitude (vol. XXXVII, nos 2-3), un numéro thématique dans lequel une vingtaine de chercheurs se questionnaient sur les différentes formes de métissages euro-autochtones dans la province et au-delà. Il s’agissait d’un moment particulier en études métisses partout au Canada, champ de recherche profondément bouleversé par l’arrêt Powley (R. c. Powley, 2003), premier et dernier jugement de la Cour suprême du Canada à avoir reconnu une protection constitutionnelle à une communauté métisse, celle de Sault-Sainte-Marie, en Ontario. Presque quinze ans plus tard, le comité éditorial de la Revue nous demande, à titre de codirecteurs de ce numéro, de revenir sur le cheminement qui a mené à sa conception, ainsi que sur son contenu et sur le développement subséquent des recherches sur les métissages et les identités métisses au Québec. Puisse la revue être remerciée pour cette invitation qui, au demeurant, reflète la pertinence de ce sujet de recherche, devenu aujourd'hui plus actuel que jamais.

- by Étienne Rivard
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- Metis Studies, Québec Studies, Metis identity, Études Québécoises

Avec la reconnaissance en 2003 des droits autochtones de la communauté métisse de Sault-Sainte-Marie, en Ontario, partie intégrante de l’espace francophone historique ontarien, la Cour suprême du Canada a créé une onde de choc ressentie tous azimuts à l’échelle du pays. Non seulement cette décision a-t-elle encouragé la mobilisation métisse et engendré une pléiade de causes juridiques nouvelles, elle a aussi profondément bouleversé l’image du Métis aux yeux des Canadiens – laquelle image collait jusque-là essentiellement aux provinces de la Prairie – et jette ainsi un éclairage nouveau sur les phénomènes culturels et migratoires qui peuplent l’histoire de la francophonie canadienne. Pourtant, cette décision n’est rien d’autre que la reconnaissance juridique de plusieurs décennies de recherche fondamentale en ethnogenèse, un champ d’études justement né du besoin de traiter cette « myopie de la rivière Rouge » qui affectait les études métisses depuis longtemps. À la suite de ce jugeme...