Mobile Networks Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

In 2020, mobile access networks will experience significant challenges as compared to the situation of today. Traffic volumes are expected to increase 1000 times, and the number of connected devices will be 10-100 times higher than today in a networked society with unconstrained access to information and sharing of data available anywhere and anytime to anyone and anything. One of the big challenges is to provide this 1000-fold capacity increase to billions of devices in an affordable and sustainable way. Low energy consumption is the key to achieve this. This paper takes as starting point the situation of today, and tries to pinpoint important focus areas and potential solutions when designing an energy efficient 5G mobile network architecture. These include system architecture, where a logical separation of data and control planes is seen as a promising solution; network deployment, where (heterogeneous) ultra dense layouts will have a positive effect; radio transmission, where the introduction of massive antenna configurations is identified as an important enabler; and, finally, backhauling solutions that need to be more energy efficient than today.

- by
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- Heterogeneous Networks, Mobile Networks, Energy efficiency, Power Consumption

Information technology had a great impact in all aspects of life and the global economy is currently undergoing fundamental transformation. Information technology has very real impact in most of industries and in all aspects of economy, while businesses and enterprises continue to undergo considerable changes. Usage of these technologies is revolutionizing the rules of business, resulting in structural transformation of enterprises. Modern businesses are not possible without help of information technology, which is having a significant impact on the operations of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SME) and it is claimed to be essential for the survival and growth of economies in general. SME is drawing attention in developed and developing countries as well as in transition countries. It is generally recognized that SME play a key role in the revitalization and development of national economy in many countries and particular in the context of Kosova. It is encouraging the development of SME and the role that SME sector can play in promoting economic and social development by creating opportunities for employment. These components are described and discussed while more research and studies on the adoption of information technology in SME in Kosova are proposed as necessary.

- by Josepher Philemon
- •
- Mobile Networks

This paper proposes efficient resource allocation techniques for a policy-based wireless/wireline interworking architecture, where quality of service (QoS) provisioning and resource allocation is driven by the service level agreement (SLA). For end-to-end IP QoS delivery, each wireless access domain can independently choose its internal resource management policies to guarantee the customer access SLA (CASLA), while the border-crossing traffic is served by a core network following policy rules to meet the transit domain SLA (TRSLA). Particularly, we propose an engineered priority resource sharing scheme for a voice/data integrated wireless domain, where the policy rules allow cellular-only access or cellular/WLAN interworked access. By such a resource sharing scheme, the CASLA for each service class is met with efficient resource utilization, and the interdomain TRSLA bandwidth requirement can be easily determined. In the transit domain, the traffic load fluctuation from upstream access domains is tackled by an inter-TRSLA resource sharing technique, where the spare capacity from underloaded TRSLAs can be exploited by the overloaded TRSLAs to improve resource utilization. Advantages of the inter-SLA resource sharing technique are that the core network service provider can freely design the policy rules that define underload and overload status, determine the bandwidth reservation, and distribute the spare resources among bandwidth borrowers, while all the policies are supported by a common set of resource allocation techniques.

- by Cheng-Wei Song
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- Distributed Computing, Resource Allocation, Resource sharing, Mobile Networks

The millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band is seen as a key enabler of multi-gigabit wireless access in future cellular networks. In order to overcome the propagation challenges, mmWave systems use a large number of antenna elements both at the base station and at the user equipment, which lead to high directivity gains, fully-directional communications, and possible noise-limited operations. The fundamental differences between mmWave networks and traditional ones challenge the classical design constraints, objectives, and available degrees of freedom. This paper addresses the implications that highly directional communication has on the design of an efficient medium access control (MAC) layer. The paper discusses key MAC layer issues, such as synchronization, random access, handover, channelization, interference management, scheduling, and association. The paper provides an integrated view on MAC layer issues for cellular networks, identifies new challenges and tradeoffs, and provides novel insights and solution approaches.

- by Fredriq Michael
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- Wireless networks, Mobile Networks, Wireless Network, Wireless Technology
- by Charles Sarraf
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- Mobile Networks, Jpeg2000

Mobile applications must operate in environments which experience rapid and significant fluctuations in the quality of service (QoS) offered by their underlying communications infrastructure. These fluctuations may be the result of explicit changes between networks, increased competition for network resources or degradation of service due to environmental factors. In order to continue to operate effectively mobile applications must be capable

- by Gordon Blair
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- Distributed System, Mobile Networks, Mobile Application, Quality of Service

5G aren't just about significantly improving network connectivity. It's a next-generation mobile network that promises to be a game changer in the way we live. The true breakthrough of 5G is the capacity of up to 1,000 5G connected devices per person. It covers all 7 billion people worldwide. One of the great expectations for the future is that not only will all humans be connected to the Internet, but most items of our lives will also be connected. With 5G, coverage will be improved, capacity will be increased, latency will be reduced, and data speed will significantly improve. Future 5G solutions will outperform current 4G mobile networks in several ways. Significant improvements in device density, transfer speeds and latencies, and a 90% reduction in power consumption are just a few of the 5G goals. On the other hand, the harmful effects of frequency radiation have already been proven. Even before 5G was proposed, dozens of petitions and appeals by international scientists, including the Flyberger appeal signed by more than 3,000 doctors, stopped the expansion of wireless technology and made new base stations. Requested a moratorium. Negative microbiological effects have also been recorded. Government regulators will consider deploying 5G, especially with the additional infrastructure needed to expand their networks. 5G deployments need to address both standard and advanced cybersecurity threats. It is the responsibility of the carrier and network consortium to provide customers with digital safety nets, except that customer complacency can be an issue as well.

- by Ruhul Amin
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- Mobile Networks, Information and Technology, Internet of Things (IoT), Digital Safety
- by Carlo Rossotto
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- Information Technology, ICT, Media, Human Resources

— A Mobile adhoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes which can provide scalability and independence for mobile topologies. These wireless mobile nodes are battery powered hence the need for energy conservation in order to allow an increase in network lifetime. Energy conservation is very important in applications such as Military operations and Emergency Rescue operations where network infrastructure is not readily available. In this research we developed an improved energy efficient algorithm which uses K-means algorithm as the Clusterhead head selection method that is aimed at improving the network performance of AODV (adhoc on-demand distance vector) routing protocol. The improved energy idea uses the concept of drain count in sensor nodes which works as follows: Each node is set with an initial energy value which basically determines how long it's going to last in a network and to make sure our network has the highest lifetime possible we set up a threshold energy value. If a particular path has a single node with its energy lesser than that of the set threshold, then the drain count of that particular path is incremented by a factor of one (1). The drain count will serve as the parameter on which we can choose the path that is most likely to prolong the network lifetime. The path with the least drain count will be the one that is chosen because it has few nodes with energy below the energy threshold. We then introduce K-means algorithm in the energy efficient system for the formation of clusters in our system and again this will help in shortening the transmission path. The proposed strategy is compared with the traditional AODV routing protocol and performance evaluations are done with respect to network lifetime, throughput, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio using Ns2 simulator.

With the increasing pace of application development
for mobile devices, several location systems are available,
being GPS widely used, which allows to know
the actual location of a device at any time, besides
it makes it possible to develop solutions allowing a
close interaction among two or more people regardless
the geographical position they are. The present
research allowed us to develop a mobile application
based on Android OS, in order to help users evacuate
at emergency situations, showing an optimal exit
route from the actual location to the closest evacuation
zone. Routes are calculated and transmitted to
users based on reported obstacles and pre-established
safety zones.

—In the recent years, mobile cellular networks are undergoing fundamental changes and many established concepts are being revisited. New emerging paradigms, such as Software-Defined Networking (SDN), Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC), Network Function Virtualization (NFV), Internet of Things (IoT), and Mobile Social Networking (MSN), bring challenges in the design of cellular networks architectures. Current Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks are not able to accommodate these new trends in a scalable and efficient way. In this paper, first we discuss the limitations of the current LTE architecture. Second, driven by the new communication needs and by the advances in aforementioned areas, we propose a new architecture for next-generation cellular networks. Some of its characteristics include support for distributed content routing, Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) and multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs). Finally , we present simulation results which show that significant backhaul traffic savings can be achieved by implementing caching and routing functions at the network edge.

- by Vassilios Vassilakis and +1
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- Mobile Networks, Software Defined Networks (SDN)
- by Andrei Gurtov
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- Network Security, Mobile Networks, LTE, Vpn
- by Sahar Jafarpour
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- Mobile Networks

Nowadays, wireless technology is getting popular and important in the network and the Internet field. In this paper, we briefly introduced the history background of 1G to 5G, compared the differences of 3G and 4G, and illustrated how 4G may work for more convenient and powerful in the future. There are many standards and technologies, which are still in developing process. No one could really predict what the future of 4G and the services it now offer to people. However, prior to thr introduction of 4G, we got the general idea about 4G from academic research; 4G is the evolution based on 3G‟s limitations and it was developed and fulfilled the idea of WWWW, World Wide Wireless Web, offering more services and smooth global roaming with inexpensive cost. Now, a new revolution of 5G technology is taking it course. 5G technology is expected to give tough competition to normal computer and laptops. There are many improvements from 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G to 5G in the world of telecommunications. The novel impending 5G technology is available in the market in affordable rates, high peak future and much reliability than its preceding technologies.
The history of commercial cellular wireless communications date back as far as about 3 decades ago. Currently, the wireless industry in Liberia is busy with the migration from 3G to 4-generation (4G) cellular networks, namely, LTE/LTE- Advanced and WIMAX 802.16m. According to the Inter Telecommunication Union, the 4G standards were expected to be concluded in the next 2018. This is a serious challenges for many telecommunication company in Liberia as many of them are still yet to fully adjust to the full standardization of the 4G network.
The early commercial deployments of 4G could initiate in subsequent years. With strength and many advantages of the 4G networks, one can anticipate that wireless internet connectivity will become even faster and more affordable and this will result in substantial increase in wireless internet usage. Since the 4G concepts have already moved to the standardization phase, from the prospective of the ITU, GSM companies around have begun to work on the building blocks of the next generation (which we refer to as 5G) wireless networks. These networks will facilitate the provision of omnipresent and affordable broadband with very high speed wireless connectivity. This seminar aims at highlighting some of the key concepts and technologies which will facilitate the affordable provision of very high data rates with virtually ubiquitous coverage in 5G wireless networks.
The ITU-R has defined three main application areas for the enhanced capabilities of 5G. They are Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC), and Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC).

- by Paul Kollie
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- Mobile Networks
- by Michele Grimaldi
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- Telecommunications, Competition Policy, Regulation, Mobile and Telecommunicaions
- by onyema maduka
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- Distributed Computing, Ubiquitous Computing, Computer Networks, Location-Awareness

Enhanced Quality of Service (QoS) and satisfaction of mobile phone user are major concerns of a service provider. In order to manage network efficiently and to provide enhanced end – to – end Quality of Experience (QoE), operator is expected to measure and analyze QoS from various perspectives and at different relevant points of network. The scope of this paper is measurement and statistically analysis of QoS of mobile networks from end user perspective in Afghanistan. The study is based on primary data collected on random basis from 1,515 mobile phone users of five cellular operators. The paper furthermore proposes adequate technical solutions to mobile operators in order to address existing challenges in the area of QoS and to remain competitive in the market. Based on the result of processed data, considering geographical locations, population and telecom regulations of the government, authors recommend deployment of small cells (SCs), increasing number of regular performance tests, optimal placement of base stations, increasing number of carriers, and high order sectorization as proposed technical solutions.

ABSTRACT Mobile Internet traffic is expected to grow faster than the fixed Internet traffic in a near future. Since, today’s broadband networks are approaching theoretical limits in terms of spectral efficiency per link, mobile operators are compelled to seek for new solutions that will be able to accommodate the expected traffic growth and improve their position in the competitive market. Addressing those challenges with current inflexible, not scalable and complex architecture is very hard, if possible at all. Software defined networking (SDN) is a new networking architecture paradigm that holds great promise to overcome many of mentioned limitations and provides required improvements in performance by decoupling control functions from underlying physical infrastructure. In this paper, we explain key reasons for transition to SDN based mobile networks and briefly describe several proposals of design scenario. Special emphasis is placed on SDN’s contribution to more efficient inter-cell interference management, traffic control and network virtualization.

- by Pramod Dige
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- Business, Information Technology, Technology, Educational Technology

Mobile phones are quickly becoming the primary source for social, behavioral, and environmental sensing and data collection. Today's smartphones are equipped with increasingly more sensors and accessible data types that enable the collection of literally dozens of signals related to the phone, its user, and its environment. A great deal of research effort in academia and industry is put into mining this raw data for higher level sense-making, such as understanding user context, inferring social networks, learning individual features, and behavior prediction. In this work we investigate the properties of learning and inferences of real world data collected via mobile phones. In particular, we look at the dynamic learning process over time with various sizes of sampling groups and examine the interplay between these two parameters. We validate our model using extensive simulations carried out using the "Friends and Family" dataset which contains rich data signals gather...

- by Zeev Volkovich
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- Computer Science, Human Computer Interaction, Social Networks, Usability

In the modern world, everything becomes close to everyone
because of the improvement in science & technology and
also in research & development. The innovation of new product
changes the lifestyle of common man. in the dynamic environment,
it has become essential to have a competitive edge
over others in every sphere of life. Faster mode of communication
for any purpose can provide a solution for this A Few
years back the telephone was considered to be an extraordinary
thing & status symbol; but now most of the people
are using basic telephone services & also mobile phone has
become a part of day to day life. In India, cellular phones were
introduced in mid of the nineties in the metro cities but now
most of the towns are connected by the cellular network including
remote villages. The overcoming of communication barriers
has helped everyone to grow a relationship with others.
Information & ideas are being exchanged at a faster rate in
order to update & enrich & leading them to prosperity. The
study aims in determining the satisfaction level of consumers
towards BSNL covering the district of Coimbatore

4th International Conference on Internet of Things (CIoT 2022) will provide an excellent
international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and
applications of IoT.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate
research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant
advances in the areas of Internet of Things

The heated 5G network deployment race has already begun with the rapid progress in standardization efforts, backed by the current market availability of 5G-enabled network equipment, ongoing 5G spectrum auctions, early launching of non-standalone 5G network services in a few countries, among others. In this paper, we study current and future wireless networks from the viewpoint of energy efficiency (EE) and sustainability to meet the planned network and service evolution toward, along, and beyond 5G, as also inspired by the findings of the EU Celtic-Plus SooGREEN Project. We highlight the opportunities seized by the project efforts to enable and enrich this green nature of the network as compared to existing technologies. In specific, we present innovative means proposed in SooGREEN to monitor and evaluate EE in 5G networks and beyond. Further solutions are presented to reduce energy consumption and carbon footprint in the different network segments. The latter spans proposed virtualized/cloud architectures, efficient polar coding for fronthauling, mobile network powering via renewable energy and smart grid integration, passive cooling, smart sleeping modes in indoor systems, among others. Finally, we shed light on the open opportunities yet to be investigated and leveraged in future developments.

- by Meysam Masoudi and +3
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- Renewable Energy, Green architecture, Mobile Networks, Green Architecture and Environmental Design

The main drivers for the mobile core network evolution is to serve the future challenges and set the way to 5G networks with need for high capacity and low latency. Different technologies such as Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and Software Defined Networking (SDN) are being considered to address the future needs of 5G networks. However, future applications such as Internet of Things (IoT), video services and others still unveiled will have different requirements, which emphasize the need for the dynamic scalability of the network functionality. The means for efficient network resource operability seems to be even more important than the future network element costs. This paper provides the analysis of different technologies such as SDN and NFV that offer different architectural options to address the needs of 5G networks. The options under consideration in this paper may differ mainly in the extent of what SDN principles are applied to mobile specific functions or to transport network functions only.

- by Madhusanka Liyanage
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- Telecommunications, Long Term Evolution (LTE), Mobile Networks, NFV

5G constitutes the next revolution in mobile communications. It is expected to deliver ultra-fast, ultra-reliable network access supporting a massive increase of data traffic and connected nodes. Different technologies are emerging to address the requirements of future mobile networks, such as Software Defined Networking (SDN), Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and cloud computing concepts. In this paper, we introduce the security challenges these new technologies are facing, inherent to the new telecommunication paradigm. We also present a multitier approach to secure Software Defined Mobile Network (SDMN) by tackling security at different levels to protect the network itself and its users. First, we secure the communication channels between network elements by leveraging Host Identity Protocol (HIP) and IPSec tunnelling. Then, we restrict the unwanted access to the mobile backhaul network with policy based communications. It also protects the backhaul devices from source address spoofing and Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. Finally, we leverage Software Defined Monitoring (SDM) and data collection to detect, prevent and react to security threats.

- by Madhusanka Liyanage and +1
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- Network Security, Telecommunications, Security, Mobile Networks

The International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Computer Networks & Communications.The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Computer Networks & data Communications. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.

Cellular users of today have an insatiable appetite for bandwidth and data. Data-intensive applications, such as video on demand, online gaming and video conferencing, have gained prominence. This, coupled
with recent innovations in the mobile network such as LTE/4G, poses a unique challenge to network operators in how to extract the most value from their deployments while reducing their Total Cost of Operations(TCO). To this end, a number of enhancements have been proposed to the “conventional” LTE mobile network. Most of these recognize the monolithic and non-elastic nature of the mobile backend and propose complimenting core functionality with concepts borrowed from Software Defined Networking (SDN). In this paper, we will attempt to explore some existing options within the LTE standard to address
traffic challenges. We then survey some SDN-enabled alternatives and comment on their merits and drawbacks.

- by Charalambos Charalambous
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- Engineering, Technology, Localization, Comparative Study

The constantly growing number of resource-limited MTC (Machine-Type Communication) devices is challenging both the telecommunication operators as well as industrial companies to efficiently design communication technologies, protocols, and end-devices for data transmissions in the upcoming 5G and beyond wireless communication networks. As the communication technologies for mMTC (massive Machine Type Communications) / massive IoT (Internet of Things) attracted significant attention over the past years due to the extended communication range and improved lifetime of battery-operated devices, the debate turned from the communication parameters of available Low-Power Wide-Area (LPWA) technologies towards the implementation issues related to efficient data transmissions with respect to certain level of Quality of Service (QoS). In this regard, this paper aims to analyze already introduced communication protocols (i.e., TCP, UDP, CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol), and MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport)) possible to use for data transmission in massive IoT scenarios. Along with the highlights of the protocols in question, a practical implementation is done using the emerging cellular IoT standard, namely, NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT). Out of the obtained data, the focus is primarily given to the side-by-side comparison of protocols' overheads and the subsequent data usage as the amount of transmitted data is deriving the monthly fees.

- by Pavel Masek
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- Mobile Networks, LPWA, Internet of Things (IoT)

14th International Conference on Wireless & Mobile Networks (WiMoNe 2022) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Wireless & Mobile computing Environment. Current information age is witnessing a dramatic use of digital and electronic devices in the workplace and beyond. Wireless, Mobile Networks & its applications had received a significant and sustained research interest in terms of designing and deploying large scale and high performance computational applications in real life. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field. Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to.

- by H. Uzunalioğlu
- •
- Distributed Computing, Mobile Networks, Low Earth Orbit

8th International Conference on Networks & Communications (NWCOM 2022) will
provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory,
methodology and applications of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology.
The Conference looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the Computer Science,
Engineering and Information Technology in theoretical and practical aspects.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate
research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant
advances in the following areas, but are not limited to

Cognitive radio is an enabling technology for efficient utilization
of radio spectrum. In this paper, an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) based cognitive (opportunistic) network is considered, which co-exists with a macrocell network through utilizing its unused subcarriers.
We particularly consider the uplink opportunity detection problem by the opportunistic network, where accurate synchronization to the macrocell network is crucial for minimizing the interference received from the macrocell users. After demonstrating the impact of synchronization on the inter-carrier-interference (ICI) observed at the opportunistic network, an improved blind first-user synchronization technique is proposed, and its statistics are analyzed. Through computer simulations it is shown that the proposed technique yields
less interference and better opportunities for the opportunistic network.

- by Sibel Tombaz
- •
- Cognitive Radio Networks, Synchronization, Mobile Networks, Femtocells

Different secure routing protocols have been proposed to ensure routing security in ad hoc networks. Unfortunately, the method used in some of these protocols is inefficient and, despite increasing security, reduces efficiency and optimization or leads to bugs and shortcomings. In this article, we first introduce one of these secure routing protocols called ARAN and show that although this protocol has created security in routing operations in ad-hocnetworks, the technique used in it to establish security in addition to high energy consumption (which is one of the main limitations of wireless networks) with increasing the size of routing packages, has also increased the overhead rate, resulting in increased latency and reduced speed. In this article, we have tried to solve the problems and their inefficiency by presenting a new solution instead of the technique used in ARAN, and we have made it more efficient and efficient, so that the simulation results show that the application of our proposed method In this algorithm, by reducing the size of routing packages and the resulting overhead rate, it reduces the amount of energy consumption, as well as the authentication time and, consequently, the routing time.

The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) is an elliptic curve variant of the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA). It gives cryptographically strong digital signatures making use of Elliptic curve discrete logarithmic problem. It uses arithmetic with much smaller numbers 160/256 bits instead of 1024/2048 bits in RSA and DSA and provides the same level of security. The ECDSA was accepted in 1999 as an ANSI standard, and was accepted in 2000 as IEEE and NIST standards. It was also accepted in 1998 as an ISO standard. Many cryptologist have studied security aspects of ECDSA and proposed different variants. In this paper, we discuss a detailed analysis of the original ECDSA and all its available variants in terms of the security level and execution time of all the phases. To the best of our knowledge, this is a unique attempt to juxtapose and compare the ECDSA with all of its variants.

In the fifth generation (5G) mobile networks, the number of user-plane gateways has increased, and, in contrast to previous generations they can be deployed in a decentralized way and auto-scaled independently from their control-plane functions. Moreover, the performance of the user-plane gateways can be boosted with the adoption of advanced acceleration techniques such as Vector Packet Processing (VPP). However, the increased number of user-plane gateways has also made load balancing a necessity, something we find has so far received little attention. Moreover, the introduction of VPP poses a challenge to the design of the auto-scaling of user-plane gateways. In this paper, we address these two challenges by proposing a novel performance indicator for making better auto-scaling decisions, and by proposing three new dynamic load-balancing algorithms for the user plane of a VPP-based, softwarized 5G network. The novel performance indicator is estimated based on the VPP vector rate and is used as a threshold for the auto-scaling process. The dynamic load-balancing algorithms take into account the number of bearers allocated for each user-plane gateway and their VPP vector rate. We validate and evaluate our proposed solution in a 5G testbed. Our experiment results show that the scaling helps to reduce the packet latency for the user-plane traffic, and that our proposed load-balancing algorithms can give a better distribution of traffic load as compared to traditional static algorithms.

- by Karl-Johan Grinnemo
- •
- Mobile Networks, Container Architecture, 5g Technology, VPP

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) composed of a collection of nodes that are linked in scattered way to
enable wireless communications. All nodes are moveable and are dynamically connected in a random manner.
MANETs could be used in numerous applications such as: military combats, WSN, in areas where it is tricky to
construct wired network. Due to changing topology of MANET, limited power of battery , and limited bandwidth of
wireless channels, it became design of routing schemes is one of the main defy in MANET. Commonly, MANETs’
routing protocols are categorized into two types: proactive routing (e.g. DSDV) and reactive routing (e.g. AODV
and DSR). A lot of studies manifested that reactive routing protocols are better than proactive protocols. As a
result, the offered article attentive with performance improvement of DSR, which is one of the most celebrated
reactive routing protocols. The original DSR is multi hop scheme in its nature, where route election between any
two communicating nodes is merely based on minimum hops count as a metric, irrespective of another metrics like
energy of nodes and traffic load of nodes, that may have passive effect on performance of the original DSR. This
essay presents novel version of original DSR, called (EELB-DSR), through modification of route discovery stage, in
such a way that minimizes energy consumption of nodes, reduces flooding of control packets and realization of
balanced traffic load of nodes, resulting in prolong life time of nodes, thence increase life time of the routes and
relative stability of network. In the suggested scheme, route selection is based on three merged metrics: nodes’
energy, traffic load of nodes and received signal strength. Performance evaluation and comparison between
proposed scheme (EELB-DSR) and original DSR has been implemented utilizing network imitator (NS2). Results
of simulation proved that performance of the proposed protocol outperform original DSR in terms of: packet
delivery ratio, end to end delay, normalized overhead and energy consumption of nodes.

- by IJCSMC Journal and +2
- •
- Computer Science, Information Technology, Technology, Computer Engineering