5g Technology Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

An account of the negative aliens' relatively recent agendas with respect to, once again, resorting to bio-viral weaponization and bio-warfare using a viral agent such as the so-called coronavirus as to try to depopulate Earth with the underlying mission to establish a so-called New World Order to create a completely docile human race that could be readily controlled via the advent of artificial intelligence through such technologies as transhumanism and alien hybridization, has been presented, herein. It should be emphasized that such tactics for effecting genetic mutation and hybridization are not new by any stretch of imagination, as they go as far back in the history of human enslavement by the negative aliens, the more recent accounts of which that go back to WWI and WWII in order to depopulate and create genocide in human population, has been alluded to in the present paper. In a companion paper, much deeper root of negative aliens' interference in human consciousness affairs, that set the precedence for 'human consciousness reversal' through distorting human bioenergetics-genetics, has been explicated. Although the more devastating result of the present virus is devised to be as to incite anxiety, fear, and pandemonium in the humanity by threating human population with fear of survival through genocide, countless

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- Artificial Intelligence, Weapons of Mass Destruction, Artificial Life, Hybridization

The Cellular Internet of Things (CIoT), a new paradigm, paves the way for a large-scale deployment of IoT devices. CIoT promises enhanced coverage and massive deployment of low-cost IoT devices with an expected battery life of up to 10 years. However, such a long battery life can only be achieved provided the CIoT device is configured with energy efficiency in mind. This paper conducts a comprehensive survey on energy-saving solutions in 3GPP-based CIoT networks. In comparison to current studies, the contribution of this paper is the classification and an extensive analysis of existing energysaving solutions for CIoT, e.g., configuration of particular parameter values and software modifications of transport-or radio-layer protocols, while also stressing key parameters impacting the energy consumption such as the frequency of data reporting, discontinuous reception cycles (DRX), and Radio Resource Control (RRC) timers. In addition, we discuss shortcomings, limitations, and possible opportunities which can be investigated in the future to reduce the energy consumption of CIoT devices.

- by Karl-Johan Grinnemo and +1
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- Energy efficiency, Surveys, Cellular Networks, Internet of Things (IoT)

The millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band is seen as a key enabler of multi-gigabit wireless access in future cellular networks. In order to overcome the propagation challenges, mmWave systems use a large number of antenna elements both at the base station and at the user equipment, which lead to high directivity gains, fully-directional communications, and possible noise-limited operations. The fundamental differences between mmWave networks and traditional ones challenge the classical design constraints, objectives, and available degrees of freedom. This paper addresses the implications that highly directional communication has on the design of an efficient medium access control (MAC) layer. The paper discusses key MAC layer issues, such as synchronization, random access, handover, channelization, interference management, scheduling, and association. The paper provides an integrated view on MAC layer issues for cellular networks, identifies new challenges and tradeoffs, and provides novel insights and solution approaches.

An investigation is carried out into the design, modelling, construction and testing of a new, unique, bat bow-tie self grounded antenna. The purpose is to use it for the application of a dual band WiFi modem operating between the frequency ranges of 2.4-2.5Ghz and 5-6GHz. The antenna was a success and theoretically had a VSWR less than 2:1 and increased signal strength by 3db which corresponded to double the power. The existing model was analyzed and the results of the measurements and testing led to an upgraded MIMO model.

Multi Input Multi Output MIMO and Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDM based communication
strategies have gained popularity in the industry and research
fields due to the rising demand for wireless cellular
communication. Massive MIMO-OFDM-based cellular
communication has recently become popular in a variety of realtime
applications. However, as the need for high-quality
communication grew, so did the number of users, posing various
problems. In this article, we presented a comprehensive review
study about Massive MIMO-OFDM based communication
techniques and development. We mainly focus on essential
parameters of Massive MIMO-OFDM, which play an essential
role in 5G communication such as PAPR, precoding, channel
estimation, and error-correcting codes. The paper shows results
on the energy efficiency for a wireless (MIMO) link operating at
millimeter-wave frequencies (mmWave) in a typical 5G
scenario, showing the impact of the above essential parameters
on the 5G performance. This comprehensive review and
comparison will research 5G development and applications to
adopt the proper techniques to achieve their demand.

- by zainab shawqi and +1
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- 5g Technology, PAPR Reduction Techniques, OFDM in FPGA, GFDM system

Increased density of wireless devices, ever growing demands for extremely high data rate, and spectrum scarcity at microwave bands make the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies an important player in future wireless networks. However, mmWave communication systems exhibit severe attenuation, blockage, deafness, and may need microwave networks for coordination and fall-back support. To compensate for high attenuation, mmWave systems exploit highly directional operation, which in turn substantially reduces the interference footprint. The significant differences between mmWave networks and legacy communication technologies challenge the classical design approaches, especially at the medium access control (MAC) layer, which has received comparatively less attention than PHY and propagation issues in the literature so far. In this paper, the MAC layer design aspects of short range mmWave networks are discussed. In particular, we explain why current mmWave standards fail to fully exploit the potential advantages of short range mmWave technology, and argue for the necessity of new collision-aware hybrid resource allocation frameworks with on-demand control messages, the advantages
of a collision notification message, and the potential of multihop communication to provide reliable mmWave connections.

Analysts contend that 5G as a conduit for a variety of technological advances such as artificial intelligence and robotics that can help agencies and corporations reimagine how to better fulfill their missions. Learn more in 5G Training... more

- by Mike Gholi
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- 5g Technology

5G aren't just about significantly improving network connectivity. It's a next-generation mobile network that promises to be a game changer in the way we live. The true breakthrough of 5G is the capacity of up to 1,000 5G connected devices per person. It covers all 7 billion people worldwide. One of the great expectations for the future is that not only will all humans be connected to the Internet, but most items of our lives will also be connected. With 5G, coverage will be improved, capacity will be increased, latency will be reduced, and data speed will significantly improve. Future 5G solutions will outperform current 4G mobile networks in several ways. Significant improvements in device density, transfer speeds and latencies, and a 90% reduction in power consumption are just a few of the 5G goals. On the other hand, the harmful effects of frequency radiation have already been proven. Even before 5G was proposed, dozens of petitions and appeals by international scientists, including the Flyberger appeal signed by more than 3,000 doctors, stopped the expansion of wireless technology and made new base stations. Requested a moratorium. Negative microbiological effects have also been recorded. Government regulators will consider deploying 5G, especially with the additional infrastructure needed to expand their networks. 5G deployments need to address both standard and advanced cybersecurity threats. It is the responsibility of the carrier and network consortium to provide customers with digital safety nets, except that customer complacency can be an issue as well.

- by Ruhul Amin
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- Mobile Networks, Information and Technology, Internet of Things (IoT), Digital Safety

5G Network Architecture-A High Level View
5G Network Architecture A High-Level Perspective

- by David Vanderper
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- Health Sciences, Technology, Mobile Technology, Science

The impending next generation of mobile communications denoted 5G intends to interconnect user equipment, things, vehicles, and cities. It will provide an order of magnitude improvement in performance and network efficiency, and different combinations of use cases enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra reliable low latency communications (URLLC), massive internet of things (mIoT) with new capabilities and diverse requirements. Adoption of advanced radio resource management procedures such as packet scheduling algorithms is necessary to distribute radio resources among different users efficiently. The proportional fair (PF) scheduling algorithm and its modified versions have proved to be the commonly used scheduling algorithms for their ability to provide a tradeoff between throughput and fairness. In this article, the buffer status is combined with the PF metric to suggest a new scheduling algorithm for efficient support for eMBB. The effectiveness of the proposed scheduling strategy is proved through à comprehensive experimental analysis based on the evaluation of different quality of service key performance indicators (QoS KPIs) such as throughput, fairness, and buffer status.

Chapter from "As the World Burns: Where Do We Go From Here" updated and revised Feb. 11, 2022 Recent protests by major airlines against the dangers of 5G towers to airplane flight have brought new attention to the problems associated... more

- by Karen McChrystal
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- 5g Technology, Regulation for 5G

Wireless personal communication devices which, a single generation ago, seemed an incredible
technology application found only in science fiction have now become an absolute necessity for how many
Americans engineer daily life; equally indispensable in all aspects of human functionality and enabling
man’s virtually effortless ability to manipulate his immediate environment, limitless access to information
and entertainment, performance of professional applications, and providing the ability to immediately
engage in personal communications no matter the distance between sender and receiver. Despite
increasingly extensive dependence, the feature on cellular devices with the most future impact is not
currently subject to widespread availability. Advances associated with 5G boast lowered latency, seamless
coverage and the improved ability to support a greater number of devices. This paper explores the
obstacles involved with upgrading to 5G implementation including challenges of infrastructure support,
increased energy consumption, exploration of tower usage, positioning and beamforming, and hardware
and software upgrades regarding timing and compatibility.

This presentation reviews 5G RAN functional decomposition along with RAN architecture evolution before exploring technical solutions for fronthaul transport. The relative techno-economics are presented along with considerations based on... more

- by Andy Sutton
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- Mobile Technology, Mobile and Telecommunicaions, Optical Networks, Mobile Computing

The network slicing concept of 5G aims to provide the flexibility and scalability required to support a wide array of vertical services. To coordinate the coexistence of network slices, and to guarantee that the required resources are available for each one of them, the 5G core employs a slicing management entity, a slice manager. In this paper, we propose an architecture where the network slicing concept is extended beyond the core and access networks to also include the configuration of the UE's network stack. We exploit the slice manager's global view on the network to feed fine-grained information on slice configuration, health, and status to the UE. This information, together with local policies on the UE, is then used to dynamically create services tailored to the requirements of individual applications. We implement this architecture in a 5G testbed, and show how it can be leveraged in order to enable optimized services through dynamic network protocol configuration, application-to-slice mapping, and network protocol selection.

- by Themistoklis Anagnostopoulos and +1
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- 5g Technology, Transport Layer, 5G Mobile Communications, 5g Network

In recent decades, staggering number of mobile applications have been developed in the wireless technology arena. The Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) and the Long Term Evolution (LTE) have become the most common wireless technologies used for those applications. Mobile applications are classified into Real-Time (RT) and Non Real-Time (NRT). The growth in the number of users burdens the network with more congestion which requires techniques to carry different types of traffic simultaneously in order to alleviate the problem. Different types of traffic (RT or NRT) are managed by Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning techniques. The main issue with the dominant services (RT applications) is the fact that they are delay sensitive, and this is the motivation for building a scheme that enables both LTE and WiFi systems to achieve reasonable values for delay, jitter, and packet loss. In this paper, we propose a QoS provisioning method that could be adopted by both LTE and WiFi, separating the traffic into RT and NRT applications. In the first stage, Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing (CBWFQ) and Round Robin (RR) disciplines are used for RT and NRT applications respectively. In the second step, Deficit Weighted Round Robin Queuing (DWRRQ) is used for all applications. In this paper, we have analyzed the results of implementation of the proposed scheme in LTE and WiFi networks, and have made a comparison between their results (jitter, end-to-end delay, and traffic received). Simulation results demonstrate improvement in delay for RT in both networks.

- by Amer T Saeed
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- Wireless Communications and Networking, 5g Technology
- by Min Jiang
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- Geopolitics, China, U.S. Foreign Policy, United States

We consider uniform loss transmission lines characterized by their primary parameters. Exact and approximate Formulas for the characteristic impedance and propagation coefficient are reviewed and discussed for low-loss lines. Approximating the characteristic impedance by its real part can lead to erroneous results for the input impedance of short- and open-circuited stubs. This problem is analytically demonstrated on electrically short stubs. Results obtained using the exact and approximate expressions are compared with numerical solutions that are generated by various circuit simulation software.

- by ADUSUMALLI MALLIKHARJUNA RAO
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- 5g Technology, 5G Mobile Communications

This paper explores the 3GPP 5G network architecture from release 15 phase 1 and how this will evolve with the introduction of next generation core (NGC) network. The paper starts with a discussion about interworking between LTE and 5G then explores spectrum topics before presenting a detailed view of the end to end 5G network architecture, including the functional decomposition of the radio access network (RAN). Paper originally appeared in Volume 12, Part 1 of The ITP (Institute of Telecommunications Professionals) Journal.

Antenna systems are critical components of any radio system operating at any frequency. The antenna and associated system comprising coaxial transmission line (commonly known as feeder cable) and any power amplifiers, RF combiners, duplex filters and so on significantly impacts on radio performance if not correctly specified, installed and operated. This paper explores the evolution of cellular antenna systems from GSM through UMTS and LTE to 5G.

The energy efficiency and consumption of mobile networks have received increasing attention from academics and industry in recent years. This has been provoked by rapid increases in mobile data traffic and projected further rapid increases over the next decade. As a result, dramatic improvements in the energy efficiency of mobile networks are required to ensure that future traffic levels are both environmentally and economically sustainable. In this context, a good deal of research has focused on technologies and strategies that can improve the energy efficiency of 5G and future mobile networks more broadly. However, existing reviews in the field of green or sustainable mobile communications on the topic of the energy use implications of 5G overlook a number of issues that broader literatures on the energy use impacts of ICTs suggest could be significant. Addressing this gap, we conduct a literature review to examine whole network level assessments of the operational energy use implications of 5G, the embodied energy use associated with 5G, and indirect effects associated with 5G-driven changes in user behaviour and patterns of consumption and production in other sectors of the economy. In general, we find that these issues and their energy use implications have received insufficient attention in publicly available studies on the energy use impacts of 5G.

The downlink multiuser precoding of the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) method includes optimal channel state information at the base station and a variety of linear precoding (LP) schemes. Maximum ratio transmission (MRT) is among the common precoding schemes but does not provide good performance with massive MIMO, such as high bit error rate (BER) and low throughput. The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and precoding schemes used in 5G have a flaw in high-speed environments. Given that the Doppler effect induces frequency changes, orthogonality between OFDM subcarriers is disrupted and their throughput output is decreased and BER is decreased. This study focuses on solving this problem by improving the performance of a 5G system with MRT, specifically by using a new design that includes weighted overlap and add (WOLA) with MRT. The current research also compares the standard system MRT with OFDM with the proposed design (WOLA-MRT) to find the best performance on throughput and BER. Improved system results show outstanding performance enhancement over a standard system, and numerous improvements with massive MIMO, such as best BER and throughput. Its approximately 60% more throughput than the traditional systems. Lastly, the proposed system improves BER by approximately 2% compared with the traditional system.

— The Internet of Things (IoT) brings together a multitude of technologies, with a vision of creating an interconnected world.This paper provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling system security,architecture,business models and application issues. The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart sensors. The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications. The current revolution in Internet, mobile and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision making. We survey the four most dominant IoT architectures and analyze their security components with respect to the requirements. Our analysis shows a mediocre coverage of security requirements.

- by Ahmad Firdausi
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- 5g Technology, 5G Mobile Communications, 5g Network

teknologi jaringan 5G yang merupakan perkembangan dari adanya teknologi jaringan 4G yang sangat berbeda dari teknologi jaringan 4G dengan adanya kecepatan yang berkali kali lipat dari teknologi 4G akan sangat membantu sumber daya manusia ataupun berbagai bisnis yang bisa saja yang biasa dilakukan secara manual menjadi bisa dilakukan secara otomatis.

- by ANGGIE WIJAYA
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- 5g Technology, 5G Mobile Communications, Evolution from 1g to 5g

The internet of things (IoT), autonomous driving, or Industry 4.0 – regardless of the application scenario envisioned, next-decade technologies reliant on connectivity will be based on 5G infrastructure and become increasingly dependent on virtualizations to provide adequate and adaptable network services. Virtualized network functions (VNFs) are used to provide services through software that replaces dedicated network devices. This shift from physical devices to software functions allows easier response and adaptation to environmental conditions (e.g. changes in network traffic or infrastructure). As such, they build the core of modern networks and are crucial to achieving the low latency and high speed of 5G networks. However, this makes VNFs of particular interest to cyber criminals, hacktivists, and state-sponsored hackers.
In October 2019, the EU Commission identified state-sponsored attackers as the major threat to the security of 5G networks. The EU’s risk assessment identified core security requirements that are different for 5G networks. Due to the reliance on software, types of devices, and services connected and the heavily interconnected nature of 5G networks, there are more entry points for attackers. Nokia’s head of product management security has said that 5G networks have 200 times more attack vectors than their 4G predecessors. Network services such as VIMs (virtualized infrastructure managers) have already been identified as crucial assets that are expected to be heavily attacked.
This article investigates how selected NATO and Western allies have addressed these issues of 5G network security over the past two years, while the pandemic has further highlighted societal dependency on network infrastructure. In particular, it will consider software supply chain security and the approach to foreign vendor integration. It investigates to what extent allies share views and practices on 5G security, which is necessary to ensure a united, secure network across borders. It will also consider the implications of adversary activities directed against identified weaknesses and offer essential principles for how to cope with the emerging threats.

- by Keir Giles
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- Network Analysis, Cyberspace, Cybersecurity, Computer Network

El paradigma hacia el que hoy nos dirigimos es el Internet de Todo, donde los objetos ya prescinden en gran medida de los humanos y se comunican entre sí. El soporte de este nuevo modelo de relaciones es el 5G, la tecnología de telecomunicaciones móviles de Quinta Generación.
El despliegue de la tecnología 5G produce una escalada en la competencia entre actores-proveedores-influencers centrales: los dos cardinales centros de poder de este tiempo, Estados Unidos y China, están disputándose el tablero global de esta nueva tecnología. Avanzan sobre el terreno blandiendo cada uno sus mejores armas para la conquista, ya sea a partir de la persuasión -en el interés de mantener el status quo relacionado con la seguridad internacional- o desde la seducción -de poseer las mejores herramientas para encarar la revolución tecnológica que se avecina-. En un plano subyacente existe la lucha entre la superioridad actual y una preeminencia naciente.
Los desarrollos computacionales, la aeronavegación, la era nuclear, la exploración espacial, y las telecomunicaciones, constituyen evidencias sobre cómo la geopolítica mundial evolucionó y evoluciona sobre capacidades tecnológicas aplicadas, tanto al ámbito civil como a la defensa y conquista militar. Sin estas razones, es imposible entender la revolución del Japón Meiji en el siglo XIX o el afán reformista de China en el siglo XX, la debacle de la ex URSS, la industrialización asiática, la modernidad europea y racional pulso conquistador colonial, o la actual competencia China-Estados Unidos.
En el Campo de Batalla de la Guerra Tecnológica del Siglo se presentan los Campeones y el Retador. Ya están dadas las Reglas del Juego. ¿Cómo se definirá la contienda?

- by Gabriel Balbo
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- Geopolitics, Southeast Asia, China, United States

With the 5G rollout, providers are both exhilarated by its potential and also concerned that the demand for this newest broadband architecture will always be met. One way network operators are coping with the reality and the preparation for the further broadband onslaught is to transform the radio access network (RAN) into an efficient and manageable commodity, which in essence, means centralizing it or placing it in the cloud. Tonex offers 5G Training.

- by Mike Gholi
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- 5g Technology, 5G Mobile Communications

Esta obra abarca un gran número de avances en las principales áreas de nuestra vida que no pueden ni deben ser ignorados: la genética, la nanotecnología, la robótica, la RV (realidad virtual) y la RA (realidad aumentada), los drones, los sensores, las baterías, las redes 5G, la impresión en 3D, el blockchain, etc.; sin embargo, el tema central del libro es la inteligencia artificial (IA), que aglutina todas estas secciones. Aunque se detiene también en las limitaciones y los peligros de la IA y otras tecnologías, continúa manteniendo una visión positiva de todo el campo.

Today, high data rate is the prior requirement to support services and applications. It is definitely a challenge for the 5G New Radio (NR) in providing high data rates, in order to support use cases, especially enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB). The objective of this research is to design a 5G network which has greater data rates employing carrier aggregation techniques. Carrier Aggregation (CA) is a way which is able to improve data rates by aggregate component carriers, hence, it can make a wider bandwidth. There are three modes of CA scenario that can be used: intra-band contiguous CA, intra-band non-contiguous CA, and inter-band noncontiguous CA. In this research, the 5G network planning with carrier aggregation on inter-band employing bandwidth 40 MHz at frequency 2300 MHz and bandwidth 100 MHz at frequency 3500 MHz was simulated in Mentum Planet software. The simulation implemented at Marunda Center Industrial Area in Bekasi used downlink outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) with Line of Sight (LOS) scenario. The parameters analyzed in this research employed three main parameters: SS-RSRP, SS-SINR and data rate, which resulted CA SS-RSRP increased by 0.14%, SS-SINR increased by 4.48%, and peak data rate increased up to 1412.26 Mbps from 312.872 Mbps.

Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) networks are attracting a lot of attention primarily because of their ability to offer affordable connectivity to the low-power devices distributed over very large geographical areas. In realizing the vision of the Internet of Things (IoT), LPWA technologies complement and sometimes supersede the conventional cellular and short range wireless technologies in performance for various emerging smart city and machine-to-machine (M2M) applications. This review paper presents the design goals and the techniques, which different LPWA technologies exploit to offer wide-area coverage to low-power devices at the expense of low data rates. We survey several emerging LPWA technologies and the standardization activities carried out by different standards development organizations (e.g., IEEE, IETF, 3GPP, ETSI) as well as the industrial consortia built around individual LPWA technologies (e.g., LORa Alliance,WEIGHTLESS-SIG, and DASH7 Alliance). We further note that LPWA technologies adopt similar approaches, thus sharing similar limitations and challenges. This paper expands on these research challenges and identifies potential directions to address them. While the proprietary LPWA technologies are already hitting the market with large nationwide roll-outs, this paper encourages an active engagement of the research community in solving problems that will shape the connectivity of tens of billions of devices in the next decade.

Yazhi Swaruu is a young Extraterrestrial lady with the ancient soul who has been in a written live and almost daily Internet contact with us since December 2017. Her and the Taygetean team have been in communication with us, as well as... more

- by Mircea-Constantin Serban
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- Vaccines, Pleiades, Aliens, 5g Technology

This paper reviews the design and deployment of the EE 5G network. EE owned by BT, launched the UKs first 5G network on the 30th May 2019, initially focused on enhanced mobile broadband use cases. This paper provides an overview of the radio access network and backhaul connectivity that has been deployed along with exploring the initial performance of 5G in EN-DC mode of operation. Particular focus is given to the optical and wireless backhaul solutions which connect the 5G RAN to the mobile core network. The paper goes on to consider what's next as 5G evolves to support massive machine type connectivity and ultra reliable and low latency networks.

Teknologi yang semakin berkembang pesat serta kebutuhan akan komunikasi mendorong pertumbuhan teknologi khususnya di bidang komunikasi seluler untuk berkembang demi terpenuhinya kebutuhan layanan yang mobile. Masyarakat sekarang memiliki kecenderungan untuk memanfaatkan layanan-layanan seperti Internet of Things (IoT), Video Streaming, dan layanan semacamnnya yang membutuhkan koneksi yang stabil, konsumsi data yang banyak, serta kehandalan yang tinggi sehingga dibutuhkan layanan komunikasi seluler yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan itu. Untuk itulah Teknologi Jaringan 5G ini diharapkan mampu menjawab berbagai masalah-masalah yang dihadapi oleh Jaringan 4G LTE. Pada Jurnal ini akan di bahas mengenai beberapa teknologi-teknologi pendukung 5G, persyaratan 5G, serta perkembangan 5G yang berkembang saat ini.

- by Franklin Aditama Katoende
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- 5g Technology, 5G Mobile Communications, Regulation for 5G

With the advent of new communications technologies such as 5G, next-generation telecommunications systems and networks require high reliability. Radio over fiber technology is considered one of the best choices, which can take advantage of the benefits of optical fibers (low attenuation, high bandwidth (THz), long-distance, etc). In this case, we need to use other types of modulation, which have high spectral efficiency (SE), high capacity, a speed that addresses Gbits/s, and high performance. The objective of this master thesis is to propose and analyze the performance of radio over fiber systems used for the co-existence of 5G fronthaul and FTTH wireless access networks based on the use of dual polarization of digital modulations such as QAM, DP-QPSK, and DP-OFDM using WDM technique. Theoretically, this work will be done by mathematical analysis of our system, which will write a research report on this type of modulation and will use the OptiSystem software for simulation to evaluate the reliability of the system based on the constellation diagram, eye diagram, BER, Q factor, etc.

Cellular technology is the foundation of mobile wireless communications and supports users in locations that are not easily served by wired networks. Cellular technology is the underlying technology for mobile telephones, personal communications systems, wireless Internet and wireless Web applications, and much more. This article looks at how cellular technology has evolved through four generations and is poised for a fifth generation.

Intisari-pada zaman sekarang ini ilmu pengetahuan terus berkembang hal ini memengaruhi teknologi yang kita kenal dan gunakan sekarang semakin canggih. Dari waktu ke waktu selalu muncul inovasi baru di bidang teknologi salah satunya di bidang telekomunikasi. Dahulu ketika kita ingin berkomunikasi jarak jauh membutuhkan waktu yang lama, tetapi dengan berkembangnya industri telekomunikasi saat ini memudahkan kita untuk melakukan komunikasi jarak jauh. Sejak dahulu seperti yang kita tahu bidang telekomunikasi selalu mengembangkan jaringan nirkabel untuk memudahkan kita dalam berkomunikasi yang diterapkan di seluruh dunia salah satunya adalah teknologi jaringan teknologi ke 5 (5G). Pada saat ini para penyedia jasa layanan telekomunikasi terus melakukan pengembangan terkait dengan teknologi ini supaya pengimplementasiannya dapat segera terwujud di Indonesia. Kata Kunci-Massive MIMO, mmWave, SDN, CRN, VLC, EMBB, URLCC, MMTC.

This Docs is About 5G NR Measurements and Events based on 3GPP Docs.

- by Iman Mohammadi
- •
- 5g Technology, 5G Mobile Communications

More than 75% of the Earth surface is covered
by water in the form of oceans. The oceans are unexplored
and very far-fetched to investigate due to distinct phenomenal
activities in the underwater environment. Underwater wireless
communication (UWC) plays a significant role in observation
of marine life, water pollution, oil and gas rig exploration,
surveillance of natural disasters, naval tactical operations for
coastal securities and to observe the changes in the underwater
environment. In this regard, the widespread adoption of UWC
has become a vital field of study to envisage various military
and commercial applications that have been growing interest to
explore the underwater environment for numerous applications.
Acoustic, Optical and RF wireless carriers have been chosen to
be used for data transmission in an underwater environment.
The internet of underwater things (IoUT) and next-generation
(5G) networks have a great impact on UWC as they support the
improvement of the data rate, connectivity, and energy efficiency.
In addition to the potential emerging UWC techniques, assisted
by 5G network and improve existing work is also focusing
in this study. This survey presents a comprehensive overview
of existing UWC techniques, with possible future directions
and recommendations to enable the next generation wireless
networking systems in the underwater environment. The current
project schemes, applications and deployment of latest amended
UWC techniques are also discussed. The main initiatives and
contributions of current wireless communication schemes in
underwater for improving quality of service (QoS) and quality
of energy (QoE) of the system over long distances are also
mentioned.

In this research, the fifth generation 5G NR network planning was conducted at a frequency of 2.6 GHz and simulated using the Software Mentum Planet 7.3.0 with a planning method in terms of coverage with a case study in the Golden Triangle of Jakarta with a planning area of 7.2km2. The planning in this study used the 5G NR planning method with a propagation model suitable for planning, namely the UMa (Urban Macro - Street canyon) model based on the standards of 3GPP TR 38,901, and used 2 planning scenarios for downlink: outdoor-to-outdoor (O2O) line of sight (LOS) and outdoor-to-outdoor (O2O) non line of sight (NLOS). The results of the parameter (SS-RSRP) observation showed that Scenario 2 (Downlink-O2O-NLOS) had the highest average SS-RSRP, namely −65.873dBm while the lowest average SS-RSRP was obtained by Scenario 1 (Downlink-O2O-LOS), i.e. −95.94dBm. The results of the parameter (data rate) observation showed that Scenario 2 (Downlink-O2O-NLOS) had the lowest average Data Rate i.e. 126.4Mbps while the highest average Data rate was obtained by Scenario 1 (Downlink-O2O-LOS), namely 179.078Mbps. The results of the parameter (SS-SINR) observation showed that Scenario 2 (Downlink-O2O-NLOS) had the lowest average SS-SINR, namely 2,153dB while the highest average SS-SINR was obtained by scenario 1 (Downlink-O2O-LOS), i.e. 4.71dB

- by Kabiebata Alenomang
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- 5g Technology

A través de las generaciones, la tecnología ha permitido avanzar y brindar sus maravillosos beneficios. Para la vida cotidiana abre una brecha para ofrecernos aún más beneficios. El objetivo de este artículo es describir una propuesta para la tecnología móvil, a saber, la llamada 5G que permitirá mostrar al mundo avances como la realidad aumentada (RA), la realidad virtual (RV), las ciudades inteligentes y la gran innovación del Internet of Things (IoT).

ANYBODY CAN DO IT VIA YOUR EUPHORIC IMAGINATION, WHICH DOES CONTROL MATTER, AS IS QUITE OBVIOUS. WE CAN MAKE ENTIRE COMMUNITIES EUPHORIC YA’LL ARE GOING TO WAKE UP TO THIS AT SOME POINT I GUARAN GODDAMN TEE IT!!! SO, NATURE IS... more

- by MIKE EMERY
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- Radiation, Energy, Energy Healing, Radiation Biology