Old World Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We gratefully acknowledge the technical and field assistance of George Arguello, Eutimio Garcia, Martin Mead and Leslie Robbins; secretarial assistance of Doris Hight and Patricia Cooksey; and the folks with the NMSU... more

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- Seasonality, Old World

Four protein-encoding mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b, NADH-dehydrogenase subunits 1, 2 and 4) and one nuclear (c-mos) gene were sequenced to infer phylogenetic relationships among Old and New World representatives of racers and whipsnakes, Coluber (sensu lato). New World Coluber (Coluber sensu stricto, including Masticophis) and Salvadora proved to have affinities with the Old World non-racer colubrine genus Ptyas (and possibly Elaphe s.l. and Coronella), whereas Old World 'Coluber' form several basally related clades; these are (1) Hemorrhois-(Spalerosophis-Platyceps); (2) Hierophis, with Eirenis nested within this paraphyletic genus and (3) 'Coluber' dorri as the sister taxon to Macroprotodon cucullatus. The position of 'Coluber' zebrinus along with Hemerophis socotrae located at the base of the Old World racer radiation forming the possible sister group to all remaining Palearctic racers and whipsnakes remains less well supported. Nevertheless, inter-and subgeneric relationships among many of the Old World racer groups have been resolved.

- by Ulrich Joger
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- Evolutionary Biology, Zoology, Molecular Systematics, Phylogeny

Complete nucleotide sequences from the mitochondrial form a monophyletic group. We provide the first explicitly phylogenetic scenario for the biogeographic history cytochrome b gene (1143 bp) were used to investigate of nesomyine rodents. Our phylogenetic hypothesis indithe phylogenetic relationships among the native rodents cates: (1) rodents invaded Madagascar only once, (2) of Madagascar. Specifically, this study examines whether they came from Asia not from Africa as is commonly the nine genera of nesomyines form a monophyletic assumed, and (3) there was a secondary invasion of group relative to other Old World murids. All nine of rodents from Madagascar into Africa. ᭧ 1999 The Willi Hennig the nesomyine genera, including multiple individuals Society from 15 of the 21 described species, were included in the analysis, and their monophyly was assessed relative to the murid subfamilies Mystromyinae, Petromyscinae,

- by Sharon Jansa and +1
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- Evolutionary Biology, Cladistics, Old World, Molecular phylogeny

Lujo virus (LUJV), a new member of the family Arenaviridae and the first hemorrhagic fever-associated arenavirus from the Old World discovered in three decades, was isolated in South Africa during an outbreak of human disease characterized by nosocomial transmission and an unprecedented high case fatality rate of 80% (4/5 cases). Unbiased pyrosequencing of RNA extracts from serum and tissues of outbreak victims enabled identification and detailed phylogenetic characterization within 72 hours of sample receipt. Full genome analyses of LUJV showed it to be unique and branching off the ancestral node of the Old World arenaviruses. The virus G1 glycoprotein sequence was highly diverse and almost equidistant from that of other Old World and New World arenaviruses, consistent with a potential distinctive receptor tropism. LUJV is a novel, genetically distinct, highly pathogenic arenavirus.

- by Thomas Briese
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- Genetics, Microbiology, Immunology, Medical Microbiology
- by Peter Waser
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- Adaptation, Kenya, Animal Behaviour, Animal communication

This paper reports attempts to develop a sensitive and inexpensive procedure for rapid diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis at the species level using skin scrapings from patients. The presence of 3 species (Leishmania major, L. tropica and L. infantum) in Israel and the West Bank demonstrates the need for a species-specific detection method in this region. The primer pair Uni2 liLmj4 was developed on the basis of an L. major minicircle sequence but it also amplified other 'Old World' species of Leiskmania. Due to species-specific differences in the size of minicircles, these primers can be used in the polymerase chain reaction to answer diagnostic and epidemiological questions.

- by charles greenblatt
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- Microbiology, Medical Microbiology, Israel, Middle East
- by Thomas Meehan
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- Zoology, Vitamin D, Foraging, Old World

The representation of the two eyes in striate cortex (V1) ofCebus monkeys was studied by electrophysiological single-unit recordings in normal animals and by morphometric analysis of the pattern of ocular dominance (OD) stripes, as revealed by cytochrome oxidase histochemistry in V1 flat-mounts of enucleated animals. Single-unit recordings revealed that the large majority of V1 neurons respond to the stimulation of either eye but are more strongly activated by one of them. As in other species of monkey, neurons with preference for the stimulation of the same eye are grouped in columns 300–400 µm wide, spanning all cortical layers. Monocular neurons are clustered in layer IVc, specially in its deeper half (IVc-beta), and constitute less than 10% of the population of other layers. Neurons with equal responses to each eye are more commonly found in layer V than elsewhere in V1. In the supragranular layers and in granular layer IVc-alpha neurons strongly dominated by one of the eyes tend to be broadly tuned for orientation, while binocularly balanced neurons tend to be sharply tuned for this parameter. No such correlation was detected in the infragranular layers, and most neurons in layer IVc-beta responded regardless of stimulus orientation. Ocular dominance stripes are present throughout most of V1 as long, parallel or bifurcating bands alternately dominated by the ipsi- or the contralateral eye. They are absent from the cortical representations of the blind spot and the monocular crescent. The domains of each eye occupy nearly equal portions of the surface of binocular V1, except for the representation of the periphery, where the contralateral eye has a larger domain, and a narrow strip along the border of V1 with V2, where either eye may predominate. The orderliness of the pattern of stripes and the relationship between stripe arrangement and the representation of the visual meridians vary with eccentricity and polar angle but follow the same rules in different animals. These results demonstrate that the laminar, columnar and topographic distribution of neurons with different degrees of OD in V1 is qualitatively similar in New- and Old World monkeys of similar sizes and suggest that common ancestry, rather than parallel evolution, may account for the OD phenotypes of contemporaneous simians.

- by Juliana Soares
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- Electrophysiology, Binocular vision, Visual Cortex, Brain Mapping

Background: Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania cause a number of important diseases in humans and undergo a complex life cycle, alternating between a sand fly vector and vertebrate hosts. The parasites have a remarkable capacity to avoid destruction in which surface molecules are determinant for survival. Amongst the many surface molecules of Leishmania, the glycoconjugates are known to play a central role in host-parasite interactions and are the focus of this review. Scope of the review: The most abundant and best studied glycoconjugates are the Lipophosphoglycans (LPGs) and glycoinositolphospholipids (GIPLs). This review summarizes the main studies on structure and biological functions of these molecules in New World Leishmania species. Major conclusions: LPG and GIPLs are complex molecules that display inter-and intraspecies polymorphisms. They are key elements for survival inside the vector and to modulate the vertebrate immune response during infection. General significance: Most of the studies on glycoconjugates focused on Old World Leishmania species. Here, it is reported some of the studies involving New World species and their biological significance on host-parasite interaction. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Glycoproteomics.

- by Monalisa Nogueira
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- Immune response, Leishmania, Biological Sciences, NO

Trademarks, or brands, are symbols whose initial purpose is providing information about the source of a product. Yet, with the course of time, high-end brands have developed into symbols providing information about their owner's status rather than about the sold goods. This phenomenon naturally attracts imitation and status cheating, offering new challenges to established trademark doctrines. This chapter outlines the different legal perceptions of imitation in the U.S. and Continental Europe, while placing these perceptions into broader cultural contexts. It then focuses on the U.S. legal view on imitation of trademarks that serve as status symbols, pointing out that this view is “non-traditional” in American context, in the sense that it is inconsistent with U.S. traditional cultural values.

- by Katya Assaf
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- Business, Intellectual Property, Trademarks, Social Stratification
- by Margaret Whittaker
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- Old World

The plant family Commelinaceae displays a wide range of variation in vegetative, floral, and inflorescence morphology. This high degree of variation, particularly among characters operating under strong and similar selective pressures (i.e., flowers), has made the assessment of homology among morphological characters difficult, and has resulted in several discordant classification schemes for the family. Phylogenetic relationships among 40 of the 41 genera in the family were evaluated using cladistic analyses of morphological data. The resulting phylogeny shows some similarity to the most recent classification, but with some notable differences. Cartonema (subfamily Cartonematoideae) was placed basal to the rest of the family. Triceratella (subfamily Cartonematoideae), however, was placed among genera within tribe Tradescantieae of subfamily Commelinoideae. Likewise, the circumscriptions of tribes Commelineae and Tradescantieae were in disagreement with the most recent classification. The discordance between the phylogeny and the most recent classification is attributed to a high degree of convergence in various morphological characters, particularly those relating to the androecium and the inflorescence. Anatomical characters (i.e., stomatal structure), on the other hand, show promise for resolving phylogenetic relationships within the Commelinaceae, based upon their agreement with the most recent classification.

- by Robert Faden
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- Plant Biology, Old World, New World, Systematic botany

Two new gregarines in the recently erected genus Psychodiella (formerly Ascogregarina), Psychodiella sergenti n. sp. and Psychodiella tobbi n. sp., are described based on morphology and life cycle observations conducted on larvae and adults of their natural hosts, the sand flies Phlebotomus sergenti and Phlebotomus tobbi, respectively. The phylogenetic analyses inferred from small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences indicate the monophyly of newly described species with Psychodiella chagasi. Ps. sergenti n. sp. and Ps. tobbi n. sp. significantly differ from each other in the life cycle and in the size of life stages. The sexual development of Ps. sergenti n. sp. (syzygy, formation of gametocysts and oocysts) takes place exclusively in blood-fed Ph. sergenti females, while the sexual development of Ps. tobbi n. sp. takes place also in males and unfed females of Ph. tobbi. The susceptibility of Phlebotomus perniciosus, Phlebotomus papatasi, Ph. sergenti, Ph. tobbi, and Phlebotomus arabicus to both gregarines was examined by exposing 1st instar larvae to parasite oocysts. High host specificity was observed, as both gregarines were able to fully develop and complete regularly the life cycle only in their natural hosts. Both gregarines are considered as serious pathogens in laboratory-reared colonies of Old World sand flies.

- by Jan Votýpka and +1
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- Zoology, Phylogeny, Old World, Invertebrate Pathology

Renealmia L.f. (Zingiberaceae) is one of the few tropical plant genera with numerous species in both Africa and South America but not in Asia. Based on phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and chloroplast trnL-F DNA, Renealmia is shown to be monophyletic with high branch support. Low sequence divergence found in the two genome regions (ITS: 0-2.4%; trnL-F: 0-1.9%) suggests recent diversification within the genus. Molecular divergence age estimates give further support to the recent origin of the genus and show that Renealmia has attained its amphi-Atlantic distribution by an oceanic long-distance dispersal event from Africa to South America during the Miocene or Pliocene (15.8-2.7 My ago). Some support is found for the hypothesis that speciation in neotropical Renealmia was influenced by the Andean orogeny. Speciation has been approximately simultaneous on both sides of the Atlantic, but increased taxon sampling is required to compare the speciation rates between the New World and Old World tropics. (T.E. Särkinen). www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44 (2007) 968-980 R. concinna (2) Panama R. helenae Panama R. concinna (1) Costa Rica R. thyrsoidea (2) Peru R. lucida Panama R. cernua (1) Costa Rica R. pyramidalis Guadeloupe R. alpinia (7) Ecuador R. breviscapa (2) Ecuador R. breviscapa (1) Brazil R. cernua (2) Panama R. pluriplicata Costa Rica R. foliifera Panama R. congesta Costa Rica R. aromatica (3) Venezuela R. aromatica (1) DR R. monosperma Surinam R. alpinia (1) Brazil R. aromatica (2) Peru R. alpinia (7) Ecuador R. dermatopetala Brazil R. alpinia (6) Costa Rica R. alpinia (4) Bolivia R. alpinia (3) Brazil R. alpinia (2) Surinam R. alpinia (5) Costa

- by Michelle L Hart
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- Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, Zoology, Speciation

The Resedaceae, containing 6 genera and ca. 85 species, are widely distributed in the Old World, with a major center of species diversity in the Mediterranean basin. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS and plastid trnL-trnF sequences of 66 species from all genera of the Resedaceae reveal (1) monophyly of the family, in congruence with preliminary phylogenetic studies; (2) molecular support for the traditional morphological subdivision of the Resedaceae into three tribes according to ovary and placentation types, and carpel number; (3) two monophyletic genera (Caylusea, Sesamoides), and one natural group (core Reseda), which includes the remaining four genera of the family (Ochradenus, Oligomeris, Randonia, Reseda); (4) a monophyletic origin for four of the six taxonomic sections recognized within Reseda (Leucoreseda, Luteola, Glaucoreseda, Phyteuma). Our results lead us to interpret an increment of the basic chromosome number in the family from x D 5 to x D 6 in at least two independent in...

- by Günther Heubl
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- Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, Geography, Phylogenetics

Lanternflies (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) are frequently used as examples of unusual morphological evolution, with some species (such as the peanut-headed bug, Fulgora laternaria Linnaeus) also ubiquitously cited as icons of tropical insect biodiversity. Despite that entomological notoriety, the phylogeny of this charismatic planthopper family has never before been studied. Presented here are the results of a phylogenetic investigation of Fulgoridae based on DNA nucleotide sequence data from five genetic loci (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, histone 3, wingless, and cytochrome oxidase I). The resulting topologies are used to test the higher classification of Fulgoridae, which is based primarily on characters associated with the curious head morphology of many included species. Analyses include a taxonomic sample of 69 fulgorid species representing 46 (of 110) genera, 10 (of 11) tribes, and all 8 currently recognized subfamilies. Results of this study: (1) demonstrate the need for a revised classification of Fulgoridae, particularly at the higher taxonomic levels; (2) suggest that the genus Zanna is excluded from a monophyletic Fulgoridae; (3) indicate that there have been multiple losses of the extended head process across fulgorid evolution, with what appears to be convergence (in shape and/or loss) in distantly related lineages; and (4) suggest two alternative biogeographic hypotheses to explain the distribution of extant Fulgoridae, with either an Old World origin and a single subsequent colonization of the New World, or a contemporaneous diversification of Old and New World lineages.

- by Jason Cryan
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- Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, Zoology, Geography

The sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi transmits Leishmania major, which causes cutaneous leishmaniasis, in vast regions of the Old World. In addition to blood, the sand flies feed on plants. In a study of this diet, we observed that one night of feeding on branches of Solanum jasminoides, Ricinus communis, or Bougainvillea glabra drastically shortened the life span of the sand flies. Flowering B. glabra attracted P. papatasi in the field. Nevertheless, in the region endemic for L. major in yards abounding with vector sand flies, the number of P. papatasi trapped near hedges of B. glabra was eight times less (62 versus 502 flies trapped) than in the control sites. The results imply that B. glabra affords local protection against sand fly bites and decreases the risk of leishmaniasis. We suggest that this and other ornamental plants that are harmful to sand flies can be used as a tool for this purpose.

- by Raymond Jacobson and +1
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- Survival Analysis, Old World, Feeding Behavior, Time Factors

Powerful categories of evidence for symbolically mediated behaviour, variously described as 'modern' or 'cognitively modern' human behaviour, are geometric or iconographic representations. After 40,000 years ago such evidence is well documented in much of the Old World and is widely considered as typifying 'modern human culture,' but earlier evidence is rare. In Africa, this includes two deliberately engraved ochre pieces from c. 75,000 year old levels at Blombos Cave, Western Cape, South Africa and the greater than 55,000 year old incised ostrich egg shell from the Diepkloof shelter, located in the same province. Here we report on thirteen additional pieces of incised ochre recovered from c. 75,000-100,000 year old levels at Blombos Cave. These finds, taken together with other engraved objects reported from other southern African sites, suggest that symbolic intent and tradition were present in this region at an earlier date than previously thought.

- by Christopher Henshilwood
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- Evolutionary Biology, Archaeology, Anthropology, Human Evolution

Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a zoonosis and a chronic systemic disease of the dog caused by a protozoan by the species Leishmania infantum in the Old World and Leishmania chagasi in the New World. Several methods are currently employed for the diagnosis of CVL including microscopic detection of the parasite in bone marrow and lymph node aspirates, demonstration of specific antibodies anti-Leishmania in sera from infected animals, and isolation of the parasite by in vitro culture or by inoculation of laboratory animals. However, a definitive diagnosis is based on the actual detection of the parasite, which is conventionally achieved by examining Giemsastained smears or histopathological sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. These methods have a low sensitivity, and therefore, they are often inconclusive. This is particularly true in canine organs that have a low level of parasitism such as kidneys, lungs, central nervous system, and testis, or, in some cases, the skin. The technique for immunohistochemical detection of leishmanial amastigotes in canine tissues has been reported previously and has proved to be undoubtedly efficient for the diagnosis. In this paper, we describe a straightforward and inexpensive immunohistochemical approach for Leishmania detection in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded canine tissues. Amastigote forms of Leishmania were easily observed within macrophages in several organs from naturally infected dogs using the streptavidin-biotin immunohistochemical method with canine hyperimmune serum as the primary antibody. In addition, the secondary antibody used was not specific to canine immunoglobulin, characterizing a cross-immune 0022-1759/$ -see front matter D reaction. Our results indicate that this technique could be a useful tool for epidemiological, clinical, and histopathological studies. D

- by Renato L Santos
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- Immunology, Immunohistochemistry, Leishmania, Spleen
- by Esteban Alvarez
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- Evolutionary Biology, Plant Biology, Old World, Identification Key

The phylogeny of Celastraceae subfamily Hippocrateoideae ($100 species and 19 genera in the Old and New World tropics) was inferred using morphological characters together with plastid (matK, trnL-F) and nuclear (ITS and 26S rDNA) genes. The subfamily is easily recognized by the synapomorphies of transversely flattened, deeply lobed capsules and seeds with membranous basal wings or narrow stipes together with bisexual, 5-merous flowers that generally have an extrastaminal disk and three stamens. Hippocrateoideae, like Salacioideae, are inferred to have an Old World origin. The narrow stipes of Neotropical species that are water-dispersed are inferred to be derived within the subfamily from ancestral species with wind-dispersed winged seeds. Helictonema, a monotypic genus endemic to tropical Africa, has a small, white, spongy aril that is located at the base of the seed wing and appears to be unique within Hippocrateoideae. Our inference that Helictonema is sister to the remaining members of the subfamily, considered in the context of Sarawakodendron being sister to Salacioideae, suggests that small arils and capsular fruit were primitive within both subfamilies. The aril became dramatically enlarged within Salacioideae, in which the fruits are berries, and lost entirely within Hippocrateoideae, in which the fruits are transversely flattened capsules. All five Old World taxa of Prionostemma and all eight currently recognized species within Simirestis are transferred to Pristimera, one South African variety of Pristimera is raised to species level, and all three taxa in Pristimera subgenus Trochantha are transferred to the new genus Trochantha.

- by Robert Archer
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- Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, Zoology, Seed Dispersal

The Gnaphalieae are a group of sunflowers that have their greatest diversity in South America, Southern Africa, and Australia. The objective of this study was to reconstruct a phylogeny of the South African Gnaphalieae using sequence data from two noncoding chloroplast DNA sequences, the trnL intron and trnL/trnF intergenic spacer. Included in this investi- gation are the genera of the

- by Scot A Kelchner
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- Evolutionary Biology, Plant Biology, Ecology, Southern Africa
- by Douglas Candland
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- Zoology, Primates, Old World, New World

The open reading frame coding for the A-type inclusion body protein (ATI) of monkeypox virus (MPV) was identified and sequenced for two strains. Nucleotide sequence comparison revealed 72-95.3% homology with the reported open reading frame sequences of the ATIs of other orthopoxvirus species, such as variola, vaccinia, cowpox, ectromelia, and camelpox viruses. Each MPV strain contained an 8-bp deletion, which caused a frameshift that introduced a premature stop in the open reading frame at base 2091 relative to the ATI open reading frame of cowpox virus strain Brighton. The sequences enabled a primer pair to be designed that flanked the deletion and specifically amplified a 601-bp fragment that identified and differentiated 19 MPV strains examined from five other Old World orthopoxvirus species examined. The specificity was confirmed by cleavage of the 19 MPV strain amplicons with BglII, which produced three subfragments of expected sized, based on the determined MPV sequences.

Mitochondrial DNA sequences isolated from ancient dog remains from Latin America and Alaska showed that native American dogs originated from multiple Old World lineages of dogs that accompanied late Pleistocene humans across the Bering Strait. One clade of dog sequences was unique to the New World, which is consistent with a period of geographic isolation. This unique clade was absent from a large sample of modern dogs, which implies that European colonists systematically discouraged the breeding of native American dogs.

- by Raul Valadez
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- Science, Taxonomy, Breeding, Bolivia

The Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition is a key period of change in the prehistory of the Old World and one of the most studied issues in paleoanthropology, as the nature of the transition(s) is still, after at least a century of archaeological research, largely unknown. Many of the issues at stake in the transition relate to the problem of building a reliable chronology for this period, which is at the limits of the radiocarbon method. The papers in this volume show that much progress has been made in our chronological knowledge of significant aspects of the transition, such as the age of the most recent Neandertal fossils and the earliest modern human remains in Europe, and the inferred overlap between the Châtelperronian and the Aurignacian. At the same time, the volume also shows where the chronological database for the period 40 to 30 ka 14C BP is flawed and that significant contextual and methodological problems have been underestimated in a number of studies of the biological and cultural changes during this crucial period. Chronology is employed by paleoanthropologists to relate the record of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition to major biological and cultural developments. This paper takes a broader paleoanthropological perspective and attempts to evaluate and, to some degree, synthesize the main results of these proceedings, while also presenting a brief discussion of the Middle and Upper Paleolithic archaeological and fossil records, and possible explanations for the differences between the two, focusing on the role of differences in the ecology of Neandertals and early European modern humans.

- by Wil Roebroeks
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- Evolutionary Biology, Archaeology, Paleontology, Anthropology

A first comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of tribe Salsoleae s.l. (Salsoloideae: Chenopodiaceae) is presented based on maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analysis of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast psbB-psbH DNA sequences. Our data strongly support (1) the sister relationship of Camphorosmeae to the Salsoleae s.l.;

- by Hossein Akhani
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- Evolutionary Biology, Plant Biology, Plant, Old World

La Révolution de Haïti vue par deux personnages contemporains: Le scientifique prussien Alexander von Humboldt et l'homme d'état américain Thomas Jefferson SANDRA REBOK The Haitian Revolution was a historical event that immediately provoked numerous and very different reactions in the New as well as the Old World. It can be regarded as an ideological laboratory for Enlightenment actors, in which they tested how far their principles of liberty, equality, fraternity, and the right to revolt against oppression extended. Their reactions were tightly linked to their personal interests and convictions and their relationship to the political system they inhabited. This study analyzes the different points of view of two personalities with a significant influence on the events and the spirit of their time: the famous traveler and Prussian scientist Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) and the

- by Sandra Rebok
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- Political System, French Colonial History, Old World, Point of View

We have collated and reviewed published records of the genera Panicum and Setaria (Poaceae), including the domesticated millets Panicum miliaceum L. (broomcorn millet) and Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. (foxtail millet) in pre-5000 cal B.C. sites across the Old World. Details of these sites, which span China, centraleastern Europe including the Caucasus, Iran, Syria and Egypt, are presented with associated calibrated radiocarbon dates. Forty-one sites have records of Panicum (P. miliaceum, P. cf. miliaceum, Panicum sp., Panicum type, P. capillare (?) and P. turgidum) and 33 of Setaria (S. italica, S. viridis, S. viridis/verticillata, Setaria sp., Setaria type). We identify problems of taphonomy, identification criteria and reporting, and inference of domesticated/wild and crop/weed status of finds. Both broomcorn and foxtail millet occur in northern China prior to 5000 cal B.C.; P. miliaceum occurs contemporaneously in Europe, but its significance is unclear. Further work is needed to resolve the above issues before the status of these taxa in this period can be fully evaluated.

- by Harriet Hunt
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- Archaeology, Geology, Eastern Europe, Archaeobotany
- by Maria Tsimidou and +1
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- Old World, Sterilization, Eastern Mediterranean, Saffron
- by Lisa Montiel
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- History, Archaeology, Anthropology, Empire
- by pieter-paul van thiel
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- Microbiology, Afghanistan, Mass Spectrometry, Medical Microbiology

This paper is being written mainly as a genealogy, but it does also contain much valuable information as to just why such genealogies exist and/or can be reconstructed with the right knowledge of ancient texts. It is also more evidence of the existence of a royal oligarchy which had many branches, so as to cover many geographic locations and peoples. Because we find that the Viking leaders were of ancient royal ancestry, as the rest of those who were in power and either royal or of papal families, we can better understand just why they were able to do what they did and get away with it. They were, doing publicly, what their royal ancestors had been doing (and what other royals of their time were also doing) in secret (See my work on Royal Supremacy).[I] In terms of the Viking history as it was left to us, as 'Vikings', their " history " as Viking raiders began with the attack on Lindisfarne monastery in 793 CE/AD, and ended with the Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066 CE/AD, when the Vikings were battling the English army, and the English army had successfully repelled them. Another thing to note, is that the Vikings are credited with various things, particularly, the discovery of America. However, there is evidence that their relatives and ancestors had already known of and visited America. And that explains just how it is that they knew where it was and how to get to it, and back. Though I have not yet written much about it (see my paper 'What Claudius Ptolemy Knew'), I have been meaning to write more about ancient world travel and the evidence that there is for it.[II] There are still a lot of people who do not want to even consider that ancient people had traveled around the world.

- by Roman Piso
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- History, Ancient History, Military History, Cultural History

The Virginia ham, a regional delicacy, provides a unique opportunity to explore the local and global dynamics at play in the colonial foodways of the British North Atlantic. Moving beyond the simple question of origins, I ask why people ate this food with such gusto in this period and place and seek to explain the ham's development and rise to fame. Whereas earlier scholarly fixation on the food as object provides important insights, the interests of this article lie with the broader universe of people and practices within which production and consumption were embedded. Evidence demonstrates the transfer of Old World techniques to the Chesapeake Bay, and the fusing of these traditions with native practices in the creolizing social and physical environment of colonial Virginia. My contextualization provides for a deeper understanding of the historical and social processes that influenced the development of this food and the culinary heritage of Tidewater Virginia.

- by Megan Edwards Alvarez
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- Cultural Studies, North Atlantic, Old World, Historical Studies

Etymologically related, the concepts of terroir and territoriality display divergent cultural histories. While one designates the palatable characteristics of place as a branded story of geographic distinction, the other imbues the soil with political meaning. This paper traces the production of eno-locality in a contested space on both sides of the Green Line in Israel/Palestine. The case of the Yatir award-winning winery shows how terroir and territory are blended in the political economy and cultural politics of colonial place-making. Located on a multiscalar frontier—climatic, geopolitical, and viticultural—Yatir Winery positions itself simultaneously within the Mediterranean transnational landscape and in a biblical site of historical authenticity. Enacting strategic regimes of signification to target the increasing demand for high-end wines on both the global and local markets, it makes a claim for place, while appropriating Palestinian land and redefining ancient Jewish herit...

- by Daniel Monterescu
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- History, Anthropology, Food Science, Border Studies

Recent evaluation of the use of Pleistocene megafauna by Clovis hunter-gatherers has suggested that a small number of reliable associations between Clovis artifacts and the remains of Proboscideans are documented, with perhaps as few as 14 occurrences currently known. Specifically, we ask whether 14 is a large or a small number of associations given the spatio-temporal dimensions of the Clovis period in North America. To place these 14 occurrences into context, we compare the time-space density and relative frequency of Clovis Proboscidean-bearing sites to those of Old World contexts. We develop models to identify the variables contributing to the archeological record of Proboscidean site creation, destruction, and sampling. While acknowledging potential biases in the record, comparative analysis suggests that the Clovis archeological record, with the possible exception of Lower Paleolithic of Iberia, indicates the highest frequency of subsistence exploitation of Proboscidea anywhere in the prehistoric world. r

- by Todd Surovell
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- Archaeology, Geology, Quaternary, Elephants

The myth persists that in 1492 the Americas were a sparsely populated wilderness, "a world of barely perceptible human disturbance." There is substantial evidence, however, that the Native American landscape of the early sixteenth century was a humanized landscape almost everywhere. Populations were large. Forest composition had been modified, grasslands had been created, wildlife disrupted, and erosion was severe in places. Earthworks, roads, fields, and settlements were ubiquitous. With Indian depopulation in the wake of Old World disease, the environment recovered in many areas. A good argument can be made that the human presence was less visible in 1750 than it was in 1492.

- by Catlin Hunt
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- Human Geography, Native American, Biogeography, Old World

This paper discusses land use patterns of hunter-gatherers inhabiting arid grasslands of later Pleistocene East Africa, inferred from an analysis of raw material economy in five Later Stone Age (LSA) lithic assemblages from Lukenya Hill, southern Kenya. Later Stone Age lithic assemblages at Lukenya fall into two groups, one based predominantly on the use of quartz to manufacture scrapers and other flake tools, and the second using greater amounts of rarer chert and obsidian lithic materials to manufacture microliths. Aspects of raw material use, coupled with ethnographic data on how food and water abundance affects Kalahari forager land use, indicate that the first group of sites had longer occupations by groups with smaller home ranges. The second group of sites had shorter occupations by more mobile groups with larger home ranges. The paper compares the land use patterns of arid grassland LSA foragers, like those at Lukenya Hill, with those in woodland and forest areas of Central and Southeastern Africa. Improvements in the ability to procure food, such as the development of fishing and fowling technologies or better hunting projectiles, allowed grassland groups to become more mobile in the later LSA, while foragers in wetter parts of Africa, including woodlands, riverine areas, and lakeshores, seem to have intensified the procurement of fish and plant foods. The processes of economic specialization taking place in both grassland and woodland areas of Later Stone Age Africa may have parallels in other parts of the Old World.

- by Isaac Kabuye
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- Archaeology, Anthropology, Typology, East Africa

This article was published in an Elsevier journal. The attached copy is furnished to the author for non•commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the author's institution, sharing with colleagues and providing to institution administration. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited.

- by Ted Zobeck
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- Sustainable agriculture, Water Management, Seasonality, Environmental Sciences
- by Lorenzo Rook
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- Archaeology, Geology, Quaternary, Late Miocene

Scrolls of Love ruth and the song of songs Edited by Peter S. Hawkins and Lesleigh Cushing Stahlberg Page 2. ... Scrolls of Love reading ruth and the song of songs Edited by Peter S. Hawkins and Lesleigh Cushing Stahlberg FORDHAM... more

- by Peter Hawkins
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- Art, Literature, Biblical Studies, Jewish Christian relations

Dirofilarial human cases in the Old World, attributed to Dirofilaria immitis : a critical analysis Aims: To review 28 cases of human dirofilariasis reported in the last 30 years in the Old World and attributed, by their respective authors, to Dirofilaria immitis or a species of Dirofilaria other than D. repens. Methods and results: Each case was analysed by examining the published accounts or by discussions with the authors, who were interviewed whenever possible. Conclusions: On the basis of these analyses we conclude that there is as yet no proof demonstrating with certainty that Old World D. immitis plays a pathogenic role in humans. It remains to be explained why D. immitis causes pulmonary infections in humans in the Americas while, in the Old World, this location appears, instead, to be always associated with D. repens, even though the former species is at times more frequent than the latter both in dogs and in the vectors. To explain this apparently different pathogenic power, two hypotheses are proposed: (i) there are perhaps twin populations with different genotypes on the two sides of the Atlantic, with different infective capacity for man and dog; (ii) the infective capacity to humans of the parasite could be modified, only in the Old World, by some unidentified factor, possibly inherent to the vector, that affects the complex mechanism of the vector-parasite relationship, affecting the survival of the larvae.

- by Andrea Gustinelli
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- Histopathology, Old World, Clinical Sciences, Dirofilaria immitis

Biological control has successfully controlled 10 exotic, invasive weeds of rangelands and natural ecosystems in the United States since 1945, and control of oth- ers is in progress. We initiated biological control of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) in 1987, using host-specific insect herbivores that regulate saltcedar populations in the Old World. We did a risk analysis, including the possible effects of

- by Tom Dudley and +2
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- Biological Control, Risk Analysis, United States, Old World

A distinct bipartite begomovirus was found associated with tomato plants showing yellowing, curling, and crumpling of the leaves, in a sub-temperate region in India. The complete DNA-A and DNA-B components were amplified through rolling circle amplification (RCA) using Φ-29 DNA polymerase and characterized. The DNA-A of the isolate was comprised of 2,756 nucleotides, encoding six open reading frames (ORFs) and DNA-B that of 2,725 nucleotides, encoding two ORFs. Genome organization of the isolate was typical of an old world bipartite begomovirus. Comparisons showed that DNA-A and its intergenic region (IR) have the highest sequence identity (86% and 84%, respectively) with the Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV; DQ116885) and some other begomoviruses (>84%) reported from cucurbits and tomato. This data suggested that the isolate is a distinct begomovirus species for which a name Tomato leaf curl Palampur virus (ToLCPMV) is proposed. DNA-B showed the maximum sequence identity (73%) with Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus-India-[Pakistan:Dargai:T5/6:2001] (AY150305). The common region (CR) of DNA-A and DNA-B showed 94% sequence similarity with each other. In the present study, phylogenetic relationship of this new species was also established with different begomoviruses reported from tomato and other begomoviruses showing highest homologies with complete DNA-A and DNA-B sequences. ToLCPMV is being reported from a sub-temperate region in India which was previously unaffected by begomoviruses and its whitefly vector.

- by DNA 94
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- India, Biological Sciences, Phylogeny, Dna Sequencing

The metallurgical analysis of a copper bead from a Neolithic burial (6th millennium ) at Mehrgarh, Pakistan, allowed the recovery of several threads, preserved by mineralization. They were characterized according to new procedure, combining the use of a reflected-light microscope and a scanning electron microscope, and identified as cotton (Gossypium sp.). The Mehrgarh fibres constitute the earliest known example of cotton in the Old World and put the date of the first use of this textile plant back by more than a millennium. Even though it is not possible to ascertain that the fibres came from an already domesticated species, the evidence suggests an early origin, possibly in the Kachi Plain, of one of the Old World cottons.

- by Margareta Tengberg
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- Archaeology, Geochemistry, Archaeological Science, Copper

- by Margareta Tengberg
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- Archaeology, Geochemistry, Archaeological Science, Copper

This is a catalogue and discussion of the known dactylogyridean monogenean genera of siluriform fishes of the Old World. Of a total of 38 nominal genera, only 19 are considered valid. Seventeen of these 19 genera are currently in the Ancyrocephalidae (containing the Ancyrocephalinae and Ancylodiscoidinae), whilst the other two (Neocalceostoma and Neocalceostomoides) are in the Neocalceostomatidae. The 17 genera are Anchylodiscus,

- by David Gibson
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- Microbiology, Zoology, Africa, Fish Diseases
- by Tigga Kingston
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- Tropical Ecology, Ecology, South east Asia, Old World