Pandemic Influenza Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Based on the our October paper "A Generalized Viral Infection Mathematical Model Derived from Covid-19 Simulation", at a conceptual level higher than the classic SIR/SEIR model, we have established the 6 laws of infection regarding the final infection ratio within any given population without any artificial intervention and have shown the final infection ratio in a natural, non-interfered pandemic must fall within a specified lower and upper bound as 1 − 1 R 2 0 ≤ F R ≤ 2 (1 − 1 R 0). Whereas R 0 is the intrinsic R 0 value of the disease. In this paper, we show how human intervention strategies alter the previous assumptions based on 2 factors. First, artificial intervention with cycles of restricting measures and relaxations. Based on our May paper "The Predictions on Worldwide Covid-19 Pandemic Cases Based on Historical Data", we have already demonstrated the dynamic falling R 0 (t) curve during lock down measures. With more historical data and observation, we now expand the scope to include a dynamic rising R 0 (t) curve following the relaxation of measures, completing the cycle of restriction and relaxation. Second, the introduction of vaccination at a steady rate introduced a new variable into the existing infection model, we denote it as function V (t). We demonstrate the optimal strategies of vaccination interpreted within our existing established framework.

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- Mathematical Statistics, Epidemiology, Infectious disease epidemiology, Social epidemiology
- by Benito Almirante
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- Health Care, Medical Microbiology, Adolescent, Comorbidity

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a surge of demand for medical supplies and spare parts, which has put pressure on the manufacturing sector. As a result, 3D printing communities and companies are currently operating to ease the breakdown in the medical supply chain. If no parts are available, 3D printing can potentially be used to produce time-critical parts on demand such as nasal swabs, face shields, respirators, and spares for ventilators. A structured search using online sources and feedback from key experts in the 3D printing area was applied to highlight critical issues and to suggest potential solutions. The prescribed outcomes were estimated in terms of cost and productivity at a small and large scale. This study analyzes the number and costs of parts that can be manufactured with a single machine within 24 h. It extrapolates this potential with the number of identical 3D printers in the world to estimate the global potential that can help practitioners, frontline workers, a...

- by Mika Salmi
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- Computer Science, Medical Sciences, Supply Chain Management, Production

Uncertain times require prompt reflexes to survive and this study is a collaborative reflex to better understand uncertainty and navigate through it. The Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic hit hard and interrupted many dimensions of our lives, particularly education. As a response to interruption of education due to the Covid-19 pandemic, this study is a collaborative reaction that narrates the overall view, reflections from the K12 and higher educational landscape, lessons learned and suggestions from a total of 31 countries across the world with a representation of 62.7% of the whole world population. In addition to the value of each case by country, the synthesis of this research suggests that the current practices can be defined as emergency remote education and this practice is different from planned practices such as distance education, online learning or other derivations. Above all, this study points out how social injustice, inequity and the digital divide have been exacerbate...

- by Viviane Vladimirschi
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- European Studies, Education, Distance Education, Higher Education
- by Monica Schoch-Spana
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- Public Health, Biological Sciences, Disease Outbreaks, Humans

Dans un premier temps, nous rappelons le contexte général dans lequel est survenue la crise de la Covid 19. Nous montrerons, au travers d’une étude serrée de la séquence politique et communicationnelle allant du 3 au 16 mars 2020 (date du premier confinement) que, d’emblée, les mesures et les annonces du gouvernement sont inaudibles et contradictoires, entre in/disjonctions à la continuité et à la discontinuité, au moment même où, justement, les citoyens sont le plus en attente, en demande et en besoin de réponses claires et fortes de la part des pouvoirs publics. Si bien entendu les incertitudes et la méconnaissance du virus (la « science en train de se faire » en fait) sont des leviers importants des atermoiements gouvernementaux, cette situation qui se greffe sur un haut degré de défiance structurelle vis-à-vis des autorités politiques, journalistiques et scientifiques joue comme une « fenêtre d’opportunité » pour l’émergence de divers modes alternatifs de régulation informationnelle et d’intelligibilité sociale et politique de la crise sanitaire que sont les fake news, les théories du complot ou le « populisme médical » (Raoult par exemple).
Dès lors, nous rappellerons succinctement les définitions des concepts de théories du complot et de fake news avant d’en dresser un panorama en lien avec la crise de la covid-19. Surtout, nous monterons qu’elles ressemblent largement à celles ayant circulées lors des crises sanitaires précédentes, depuis les grippes « russe » et espagnole » jusqu’à la grippe H1N1 en passant par le sida/VIH : « altérisation » de maladie à l’origine de l’épidémie, ondes dangereuses, armes - y compris les vaccins - biochimiques génocidaires, avancement du nouvel ordre mondial, avidité de « Big Pharma », remèdes peu orthodoxes voire franchement « loufoques », etc.
Enfin, nous analyserons, spécifiquement en lien avec la crise de la covid-19 cette fois, les espaces sociaux, les formes, les modalités et les temporalités, essentiellement numériques (Reddit, Twitter, Facebook, WhatsApp, etc.), de transmission et de circulation de ces motifs argumentatifs et discours performatifs que sont les théories du complot et les fake news.

- by Julien GIRY
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- Vaccines, Political Science, HIV/AIDS, Conspiracy Theories

This very short medical communication proposes that potent NRF2-activating dietary supplements (like resveratrol, sulforaphane, curcumin, “Asea redox supplement” [ARS] etc.) should be clinically tested as safe adjuvants (in various combinations) in all types of medium and severe cases of aggressive respiratory viral infections (including Influenza A/B/C, SARS, MERS, COVID-19, measles, avian influenza etc., including those patients who have important comorbidities like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis [TB] etc.) based on their extrapolated cytoprotective antioxidant effects (especially on the main vital organs: brain, heart, lungs, kidneys and liver), including the extrapolated strong cytoprotection offered by ARS on the cardiac muscle of DMD patients (which can be extrapolated to the lungs), like the author of this paper has demonstrated in past papers.
#DONATIONS. Anyone can donate for dr. Dragoi’s independent research and original music at: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=AQYGGDVDR7KH2

Announcing the publication of my new book with Stanford University Press!

- by Katherine A. Mason
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- Asian Studies, Medical Anthropology, Bioethics, Migration
- by Patricia Watson and +1
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- Genetics, Criminology, Mental Health, Public Health
- by Ivan S Daraktchiev
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- Microbiology, Immunology, Vaccines, Resistance (Social)

A look at how Mennonites in Southern Manitoba dealt with the influenza epidemic of 1918-1919.

- by Kimberly Penner
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- Pandemic Influenza, Mennonite history, 1918 Influenza Pandemic

The zoonotic coronavirus COVID-19 is a severe acute respiratory syndrome that was discovered in Wuhan, China in December 2019. This was reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) in China on the 31st of December 2019, was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. The major global preventive measures from being infected are regular hand washing with soap or hand sanitization, wearing face masks, and keeping a social distance of 1 to 2 meters. Despite these measures, the global cases of over 118,000 in 110 countries as of March 11, 2020, when COVID-19 had risen to over 48.5 million reported cases as of November 6, 2020, in 218 countries. It is still rising. The main objective of this study is to explore the effectiveness of handwashing, face masking, and social distancing in preventing the spread of COVID-19. This study adopted a mixed-methods concurrent design. A questionnaire was shared on Facebook and WhatsApp to collect quantitative data. The daily cases from WHO and Worldometers were analyzed and compared, and a structured interview was conducted with seven participants from around the world to understand the global perception and compliance to hand washing, face masking, and social distancing. The findings show that there is a global awareness of the severity of COVID-19 and that the measures of face mask, hand washing, social distance, and lockdown are sure ways to prevent the spread. However, people are doing well with washing hands and observing the lockdown, but doing poorly with wearing face masks and keeping social distance. Lack of trust in the information from the WHO, Governments, and Media were among the contributors to the non-compliance attitude of people towards some of the measures.

Glen Klassen and Kimberly Penner's article uses a story from the past to ask questions about how Mennonite church and community life would be affected if a pandemic was to occur. We learn not only about the 1918 flu epidemic in Manitoba, but about the sacrifice by church leaders who felt called to minister to the flock even when there was risk to their own health.

- by Kimberly Penner
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- Pandemic Influenza, Mennonite history, 1918 Influenza Pandemic

Coronavirus pandemic shows an unprecedented change globally, and thus the impact is even higher in emerging economies like India. fast paced commodity (FMCG) is one of the foremost important sectors in India with varied businesses, including household, care , etc., with high demand, consumed frequently, and services are provided for a coffee cost. This paper is an decide to study the outbreak of COVID-19 within the FMCG sector. It shows that FMCG is affected uncommonly with many factors like Labours moved to their natives, logistics issues, and changes within the buyer basket kind of a explosion in demand for sanitary products and surged in demand for cosmetics.

Spiritual intelligence is the science of human energy management that clarifies and in the era of COVID-19 in which everywhere there is a panic like situation and according to the World Health Organization Social Distancing will be proven to be the only solution. In this research paper, an innovative localization method was proposing to track humans' position in an outdoor environment based on sensors is proposed. With the help of artificial intelligence, this novel smart device is handy for maintaining a social distancing as well as detecting COVID 19 symptom patients and thereby safety. In these COVID-19 environments, where everyone is conscious about their safety, we came up with the idea of this novel device. Most of the time, people on the roadside watched their front but were not able to look after what is going on behind them. The device will give alert to the person if someone in the critical range of six feet around him. The method is reasonably accurate and can be very useful in maintaining social distancing. The sensor model used is described, and the expected errors in distance estimates are analyzed and modeled. Finally, the experimental results are presented.

- by Rahul Reddy Nadikattu and +2
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- Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Python, Sensors

This study examines the relationship between international tourism and COVID-19 cases and associated deaths in more than 90 nations. We use a crosscountry regression analysis and find a positive correlation between international tourism and the cumulated level of COVID-19 confirmed cases and death by 30 April 2020. Our regression analyses show that countries exposed to high flows of international tourism are more prone to cases and deaths caused by the COVID-19 outbreak. This association is robust even after controlling of other socioeconomic determinants of COVID-19 outbreak and regional dummies. Based on our estimations, a one percent higher level of inbound and outbound tourism is associated with 1.2% and 1.4% higher levels of confirmed COVID-19 cases and death respectively, controlling for other factors. When we normalize the number of cases and death by size of population, the statistical significance remains robust, especially for the COVID-19 deaths, while the effect size reduces.

- by Robin Nunkoo, Ph.D
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- Tourism Studies, Tourism Marketing, Travel & Tourism, Sustainable Tourism

Out on the road, no one speaks, everything talks. Hard-drinking, foul-mouthed, and allergic to bullshit, Jean is not your usual grandma. She’s never been good at getting on with other humans, apart from her beloved granddaughter,... more

- by Laura Jean McKay
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- Animal Studies, Human-Animal Studies, Fiction, Pandemic Influenza
- by David Vanderper
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- History, Epidemiology, Infectious disease epidemiology, Crisis Management

This essay examines the lessons that history can provide to companies and managers currently coping with the impact of COVID-19. It makes three recommendations. First, managers should promote communal unity. For instance, during New Haven’s 1918 epidemic, businesses cooperated to support public health measures that reduced hostilities and brought a rapprochement of nativist and Italian immigrant communities. Second, managers should oppose stigmatization. In past pandemics, reducing the stigmatization of the diseased increased the likelihood that the sick would seek medical treatment, thereby minimizing transmission. Finally, managers should embrace the opportunities in a crisis. For example, Alibaba launched Taobao, now the world’s largest e-commerce platform, during the 2003 SARS lockdown with employees working from home and communicating by phone and internet.

- by Joel Christoph
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- Pandemic Influenza, Pandemic preparedness, Coronavirus COVID-19, COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Tuberculosis (TB) mortality declined after the 1918 pandemic, suggesting that influenza killed those who would have died from TB. Few studies have analyzed TB as a direct risk factor for 1918 influenza morbidity and mortality by age and sex. We study the impacts of TB on influenza-like illness (% of population sick) and case fatality (% of cases dying) by age and sex through case-control comparisons of patients (N = 201) and employees (N = 97) from two Norwegian sanatoriums. Female patients, patients at Landeskogen sanatorium, and patients aged 10-39 years had significantly lower morbidity than the controls. None of the 62 sick employees died, while 15 of 84 sick patients did. The case-control difference in case fatality by sex was only significant for females at Lyster sanatorium and females at both sanatoriums combined. Non-significant case-control differences in case fatality for males were likely due to small samples. Patients 20-29 years for both sexes combined at Lyster sanatorium and at both sanatoriums combined, as well as females 20-29 years for both sanatoriums combined, had significantly higher case fatality. We conclude that TB was associated with higher case fatality, but morbidity was lower for patients than for employees. The results add to the study of interactions between bacterial and viral diseases and are relevant in preparing for pandemics in TB endemic areas.

- by Svenn-Erik Mamelund
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- History, Social Demography, Demography, Historical Demography
- by Juliana Raffaghelli
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- European Studies, Education, Distance Education, Higher Education

There has been speculation that the coronavirus was unleashed on the world after it escaped from a biological weapons lab in Wuhan, China. Other theories say that it originated in a wet market from Chinese people eating pangolin, a type of ant eater, or from humans eating bats or from humans eating pangolin which had eaten bats. Regardless of which of the three proves to be true, it seems clear that coronavirus started in Wuhan, China. Additionally, it is generally accepted that had the Chinese government acted earlier to inform the WHO, CDC, and even local Chinese health authorities, countless lives could have been saved. Instead, researchers have pieced together a long trail of deceit and coverups which allowed the virus to not only ravage China, but to be transported to other countries, causing a global pandemic.

- by Antonio Graceffo
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- Propaganda, China, Public Health, Pandemic Influenza
- by Stefania Negri
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- Bioethics, Human Rights, Public Health, International Public Health

Pandemics Throughout History and Their Effects on Society Life
Abstract
One of the important factors to be considered in the explanation and interpretation of history is pandemic diseases. The nature of the pandemic diseases, ways of prevention and treatments are not fully known for a long time.
People saw the disease as a wrath of God until they learned the nature of the epidemic, and often placed a blessing on it. Many diseases with an endemic, epidemic and pandemic character have been experienced since ancient times and millions of people have died in these outbreaks. Plague, malaria, cholera, yellow fever, smallpox, influenza, tuberculosis, typhoid, typhus and syphilis are important epidemic diseases that cause mass death. However, all of these could not produce outbreaks while would affect several continents of the world. We can only say that plague, cholera and influenza diseases are pandemic epidemics and that affect people globally known. The world has experienced from antiquity to the present, more than ten influenza pandemics with three plagues, seven cholera, and the outbreak we are experiencing today. Epidemic
outbreaks of smallpox, malaria and yellow fever which caused the death of many people, were at least as effective as these three diseases.
The reason for the high destruction of all pandemics is that the disease is not fully recognized. Therefore, the mortality rates were high, and the spreading areas were wide. Epidemics/pandemics deeply affected social life economically, socially, psychologically, culturally, politically, religiously, geographically and many more.
Keywords: pandemic, plague, cholera, influenza/flu, pandemics in history, pandemic and society

- by Orhan Kılıç
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- History of Plague, Black Death, Pandemic Influenza, Vibrio cholerae

Edited by Guy Beiner.
Offers a multi-level and multi-faceted exploration of a century of remembering, forgetting, and rediscovering the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919.
Explores the hitherto unexplored vicissitudes of memory in the interrelated spheres of personal, communal, medical, and cultural histories in different national and transnational settings across the globe.
Reveals how, even though the Great Flu was overshadowed by the commemorative culture of the Great War, recollections of the pandemic persisted over time to re-emerge towards the centenary of the 'Spanish' Flu and burst into public consciousness following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Draws together scholarship from twenty-three researchers from across the world.
Front Matter includes: cover, title page, publication details, dedication, acknowledgement, CONTENTS, list of figures, list of CONTRIBUTORS, editor's note.
For more information see: https://global.oup.com/academic/product/pandemic-re-awakenings-9780192843739

- by Guy Beiner
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- Modern History, Cultural History, History of Medicine, History of Science
- by James M Fitz Gerald
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- American Literature, Literature and Medicine, Modernism, Pandemic Influenza

The ‘Spanish’ influenza pandemic killed between 40 million and 100 million people during 1918 and 1919, infecting an estimated one fifth or more of the world’s population. It disrupted societies and economies, debilitated the armed... more

- by Ida Milne
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- Local History, Irish History, Ireland, Medical History
- by Serhat Küçük
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- HIV/AIDS, History of Plague, History of Smallpox and Vaccination, Influenza virus

Ärztliche Haftungserklärung zur empfohlenen oder verpflichtenden Impfung / PCR-Testung / MNS-Anwendung unter Berücksichtigung gem. ÄrzteG, Impfschadengesetz, Epidemiegesetz, ABGB, StGB, MPG, ASchG, ArbVG; Von dem/der befugten... more

Within the last century the world has experienced a total of four pandemics. Each pandemic has given the health community an opportunity to use breakthroughs in research to properly address different aspects of each respective pandemic. Breakthroughs such as vaccination, cures, tactics for limiting spread, and technological advances in medicine have afforded researches the ability to improve their response method. This research will briefly look into three of the most important pandemics leading up to the current COVID-19 pandemic. The 1918 H1N1 Virus of avian origin, the H2N2 virus from 1957 to 1958; a compilation of three different genes, and the H2N3 virus of 1968 that resulted in the excess deaths of people ages 65 years and older. All these strains of influenza changed the course of history and response tactics for flattening the curve. Although most research has been focused on the physical manifestations and ramifications of the viruses in question, the psychiatric element should be further explored.
This research will tackle mental illness as a result of a pandemic, those who were struggling with mental illness prior to the pandemic, and the methods with which government entities have employed to respond to the pandemic induced mental health crises of the last century. This research will look at the United States respective state government mandates in place for handling crises at a grand scale. I will delve into different mental health responses to pandemics ranging from anxiety and depression to post traumatic stress disorder and schizophrenia. I will look at different levels of mandates to stop the spread of the illness that have impacted people. Mandates from the CDC and WHO including but not limited to social distancing, isolation, and quarantine. Finally, I will look into the most vulnerable populations affected by thus pandemic including those without prior mental illness diagnosis, pregnant women, and populations ages 65 and older.

- by Rivly Breus, MPH, THTC
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- Mental Health, Depression, Depression (Psychology), Coronaviruses

This conclusion chapter to the volume Pandemic Re-Awakenings: The Forgotten and Unforgotten 'Spanish' Flu of 1918-1919 Oxford University Press, 2022) critically investigates when the so-called ‘forgetting’ of the Great Flu began and when it supposedly ended. The dialectical relationship between remembering and forgetting of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic was initially shaped by the ‘prememory’ of earlier epidemics (including the ‘Russian’ flu pandemic of 1889-90), which also instilled a subtle dynamic of ‘pre-forgetting’. The tension between public oblivion and private recollections continued even after the generation of survivors gradually passed away and was repeatedly regenerated by moments of rediscovery. Ultimately, the revival of interest in the build-up of the centenary prepared the ground for the popular reception of the Coronavirus pandemic and enabled a surge of rediscovery of the ‘Spanish’ Flu.

- by Guy Beiner
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- Cultural History, Historiography, Oral history, Medical Humanities

Summary Influenza is Italian for ‘‘influence’’, Latin: influentia. It used to be thought that the disease was caused by
a bad influence from the heavens. Influenza was called a virus long, long before it was proven to be one. In 2005, an
article in the New England Journal of Medicine estimated that a recurrence of the 1918 influenza epidemic could kill
between 180 million and 360 million people worldwide.
A large part of the current bird-flu hysteria is fostered by a distrust among the lay and scientific community regarding
the actual state of our knowledge regarding the bird flu or H5N1 and the killer ‘‘Influenza’’ Pandemic of 1918 that it is
compared to. And this distrust is not completely unfounded. Traditionally, ‘‘flu’’ does not kill. Experts, including Peter
Palese of the Mount School of Medicine in Manhattan, remind us that even in 1992, millions in China already had
antibodies to H5N1, meaning that they had contracted it and that their immune system had little trouble fending it off.
Dr. Andrew Noymer and Michel Garenne, UC Berkely demographers, reported in 2000 convincing statistics showing that undetected tuberculosis may have been the real killer in the 1918 flu epidemic. Aware of recent attempts to isolate the ‘‘Influenza virus’’ on human cadavers and their specimens, Noymer and Garenne summed that: ‘‘Frustratingly, these findings have not answered the question why the 1918 virus was so virulent, nor do they offer an explanation for the unusual age profile of deaths’’. Bird flu would certainly be diagnosed in the hospital today as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Roger and others favor suspecting tuberculosis in all cases of acute respiratory failure of unknown origin.
By 1918, it could be said, in so far as tuberculosis was concerned, that the world was a supersaturated sponge ready to ignite and that among its most vulnerable parts was the very Midwest where the 1918 unknown pandemic began. It is theorized that the lethal pig epidemic that began in Kansas just prior to the first human outbreaks was a disease of avian and human tuberculosis genetically combined through mycobacteriophage interchange, with the pig, susceptible to both, as its involuntary living culture medium. What are the implications of mistaking a virus such as Influenza A for what mycobacterial disease is actually causing? They would be disastrous, with useless treatment and preventative stockpiles. The obvious need for further investigation is presently imminent and pressing.

Noninvasive ventilation [NIV] is used extensively in acute and chronic settings, at home, and in hospitals. It plays a pivotal role in managing respiratory failure during the COVID-19 pandemic with robust use in hospitals to avert the need for intubation as well as re-intubation. However, its use is associated with aerosol generation, which poses an immediate threat to all who work around it, like healthcare workers. Besides, domiciliary use is also associated with the same risk to the household and caregivers. Therefore, we need to plan the therapy and forge guidelines and recommendations to keep NIV safe during infections. Here we have reviewed the available literature and applied our experience to formulate guidelines and recommendations. However, updates and appraisals are evolving rapidly, and we need to keep our eyes open to tailor our approach.

- by Ahmed S BaHammam
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- Infectious disease epidemiology, Hypoxia, Public Health, Disaster Preparedness

In December 2019, an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) infection occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and spread across China and beyond. On February 12, 2020, WHO officially named the disease caused by the novel coronavirus as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). On January 30, 2020, WHO declared COVID-19 as the sixth public health emergency of international concern. An outbreak has posed significant threats to international health and the economy. It has raised intense attention not only within China but internationally. It has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. WHO calls for social distancing with several measures such as Isolation, Quarantine, Closing schools, working from home instead of at the office, Restricting movement of people and the cancellation of mass gatherings, Cancelling or postponing conferences and large meetings, and not taking public transportation, including buses, subways, taxis, and rideshares. This leads to lockdown. Smartphone installed with relevant app brings people together even when this coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic forces us apart. Life has to go on. Students need education, people need food and medication, and economy has to be stable. Social distancing should not be complicated. These apps make your loved ones, team members and favourites accessible. It makes people not feeling as if they are jailed, but take social distancing as a social responsibility. The apps are categorized into video conferencing, social video chats, medical, entertainment, health & fitness, food & drinks, and apps for visual & hearing impairments.

- by IJCSMC Journal
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- Computer Science, Information Technology, Technology, Educational Technology

Las pandemias más importantes de la historia de la humanidad.

- by Priscilla López
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- Influenza virus, Historia, Pandemic Influenza, VIH/SIDA

Ein Resümee zum Thema Impfen und Impferfolge
Geschichte und Entwicklung zum Impfen Ursachen und Hintergründe
Was steckt wirklich dahinter, hinter einer riesen Medienpropaganda zu einen Verkaufsprodukt?
Lesen auf 63 Seiten
ob ein Hilfsmittel, Medikament, Impfstoff, zur Heilung und Gesunderhaltung dient, oder nur ein Verkaufsprodukt zur Geldmaximierung ist?
Ein Gastbeitrag von Raik Garve
mit den Anmerkungen Ergänzungen vom Botschafter der physisch lebendigen Erde.

An in-depth introduction to Guy Beiner (ed.), Pandemic Re-Awakenings: The Forgotten and Unforgotten ‘Spanish’ Flu of 1918–1919 (Oxford University Press, 2022). This chapter presents a global overview of the history of the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919, alongside a critical review of its historiography. It then surveys the remembrance/forgetting of the Great Flu (and its eclipse by remembrance of the Great War) over an entire century, charting revivals of interest. A theoretical approach to understanding the dissonance between public silence and the persistence of private recollections is explained through a sophisticated concept of ‘social forgetting’. A corresponding concept of ‘cultural forgetting’ sheds light on how literary, artistic and cinematic representations eluded the canon and were largely unnoticed.

- by Guy Beiner
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- History of Medicine, History and Memory, Oral history, World History