Pharmacodynamics Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Peptic ulcer is a disorder of the upper gastrointestinal tract that is caused by gastric acid. There are various chemical agents available for the treatment of peptic ulcers, but claim serious side effects. Herbal drugs are preferred over... more

Peptic ulcer is a disorder of the upper gastrointestinal tract that is caused by gastric acid. There are various chemical agents available for the treatment of peptic ulcers, but claim serious side effects. Herbal drugs are preferred over chemical agents due to their relatively less toxicity, better acceptability and better compatibility with human body. Lesser adverse effects, economical, effective and easy availability. The present research has been carried out to investigate antiulcer activity of Hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Pisonia grandis R.Br (HEPG) using Indomethacin induced gastric ulcer and Pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcer in wistar rats. Ulcer score, ulcer index and number of ulcers were determined for indomethacin and pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcers. Antiulcer effect of Pisonia grandis R.Br (HEPG) was compared with standard drug omepprazole (20mg/kg). These observations helped us to conclude that Hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Pisonia grandis R.Br had significant antiulcer properties.

The alarming increase of resistance against multiple currently available antibiotics is leading to a rapid lose of treatment options against infectious diseases. Since the antibiotic resistance is partially due to a misuse or abuse of the... more

The alarming increase of resistance against multiple currently available antibiotics is leading to a rapid lose of treatment options against infectious diseases. Since the antibiotic resistance is partially due to a misuse or abuse of the antibiotics, this situation can be reverted when improving their use. One strategy is the optimization of the antimicrobial dosing regimens. In fact, inappropriate drug choice and sub-optimal dosing are two major factors that should be considered because they lead to the emergence of drug resistance and consequently, poorer clinical outcomes. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis in combination with Monte Carlo simulation allows to optimize dosing regimens of the antibiotic agents in order to conserve their therapeutic value. Therefore, the aim of this review is to explain the basis of the PK/PD analysis and associated techniques, and provide a brief revision of the applications of PK/PD analysis from a therapeutic point-of-view. The establishment and reevaluation of clinical breakpoints is the sticking point in antibiotic therapy as the clinical use of the antibiotics depends on them. Two methodologies are described to establish the PK/PD breakpoints, which are a big part of the clinical breakpoint setting machine. Furthermore, the main subpopulations of patients with altered characteristics that can condition the PK/PD behavior (such as critically ill, elderly, pediatric or obese patients) and therefore, the outcome of the antibiotic therapy, are reviewed. Finally, some recommendations are provided from a PK/PD point of view to enhance the efficacy of prophylaxis protocols used in surgery.

La pharmacologie égyptienne, qu’elle soit d’origine animale, végétale ou minérale, possède des principes actifs efficaces dont certains sont encore utilisés de nos jours. C’est l’étude approfondie de ces médicaments, en tenant compte de... more

La pharmacologie égyptienne, qu’elle soit d’origine animale, végétale ou minérale, possède des principes actifs efficaces dont certains sont encore utilisés de nos jours. C’est l’étude approfondie de ces médicaments, en tenant compte de la pharmacodynamie et de la théodynamie, qui permet de porter un regard nouveau sur la médecine pharaonique.

Bacteria adapt to growth in lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) by selection of heterogeneously resistant variants that are not detected by conventional susceptibility testing but are selected for rapidly during antibacterial... more

Bacteria adapt to growth in lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis
(CF) by selection of heterogeneously resistant variants that are not
detected by conventional susceptibility testing but are selected for
rapidly during antibacterial treatment. Therefore, total bacterial
counts and antibiotic susceptibilities are misleading indicators of
infection and are not helpful as guides for therapy decisions or
efficacy endpoints. High drug concentrations delivered by aerosol
may maximize efficacy, as decreased drug susceptibilities of the
pathogens are compensated for by high target site concentrations.
However, reductions of the bacterial load in sputum and improvements
in lung function were within the same ranges following
aerosolized and conventional therapies. Furthermore, the use of conventional pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) surrogates
correlating pharmacokinetics in serum with clinical cure
and presumed or proven eradication of the pathogen as a basis for
PK/PD investigations in CF patients is irrelevant, as minimization
of systemic exposure is one of the main objectives of aerosolized
therapy; in addition, bacterial pathogens cannot be eradicated,
and chronic infection cannot be cured. Consequently, conventional PK/PD surrogates are not applicable to CF patients. It is
nonetheless obvious that systemic exposure of patients, with all its
sequelae, is minimized and that the burden of oral treatment for
CF patients suffering from chronic infections is reduced.

Pharmacodynamic interactions are manifested by a change in pharmacological effect at the site of action. There may be a synergistic action, a potentiation or antagonism. Pharmacodynamic interactions are predictable and preventable since... more

Pharmacodynamic interactions are manifested by a change in pharmacological effect at the site of action. There may be a synergistic action, a potentiation or antagonism. Pharmacodynamic interactions are predictable and preventable since the mechanisms of drug action are defined in advance, the interaction drug-target is systematically described and various effectors and signal transduction systems are highlighted. Any time the plurality of molecular targets of the same drug should be considered when prescribing. The wide diffusion of the pharmacological information and the updating of knowledge are then two tools to manage this kind of interaction.
Keywords: interactions, receptors, synergy, potentiation, antagonism

The present study was carried out to investigate the anthelmintic activity of the leaf ethanolic extract of Curanga fel-terrae against Pheretima posthuma. The leaf of C. fel-terrae was extracted in 96% ethanol by maceration. Anthelmintic... more

The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic and protective efficacy of ivermectin and permethrin against wound myiasis induced by fleshflies in Riyadh region in sheep. Three different protocols were planned to evaluate efficacy... more

The aim of this study was to evaluate the
therapeutic and protective efficacy of ivermectin and permethrin
against wound myiasis induced by fleshflies in
Riyadh region in sheep. Three different protocols were
planned to evaluate efficacy of the selected drugs in addition
to recording the myiasis incidence and prevalence among
infested farms. The obtained results revealed that genital
organs were the most common sites of infestation with
myiasis in male and females, with high prevalence in spring
and autumn seasons and complete disappearance in summer
and winter seasons. Application of permethrin and ivermectin
resulted in significant reduction in the number of live larvae in
comparison with control, untreated group. Both drugs
significantly protected sheep against re-infestation, with full
protection recorded for 22 days in ivermectin-treated group,
whereas permethrin only produced partial protection for
13 days. Ivermectin appeared more effective than permethrin
in eradication of larvae from infested wounds. In addition,
ivermectin significantly protected sheep from fatal outcomes

Amongst the entire potential spectrum of expansion of the engineering sciences as an omnipresent field, we might point out the studies of drugs, applied pharmacology, as a good candidate for receiving attention. The common problematic... more

Amongst the entire potential spectrum of expansion of the engineering sciences as an omnipresent field, we might point out the studies of drugs, applied pharmacology, as a good candidate for receiving attention. The common problematic encountered in the literature faced by the industry of drugs is the high cost for drug development and systematic approaches are demanded. On the hope of bringing the discussions to engineering’s territory, we borrow several insights from mathematical modeling; it is presented a simple case study, tumor treatment using optimal control, we shall see that it is possible with simple tools already standard in engineering to design a optimal regimen for the tumor therapy, given that the tumor respects our model. On the example presented, we shall see that tools already part of (industrial) production engineering, with exception of optimal control theory, is enough for getting insights. The ideas discussed herein could diminish the cost of drug development if properly extended. As any endeavor, we have challenges, such as to gain the credibility necessary for really using those models in the academy and industry.