South Caucasus Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

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AZƏRBAYCAN XALQ CÜMHURİYYƏTİ VƏ NAXÇIVAN

- by Ismayil Hajiyev
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- Nakhchivan, Azərbaycan Xalq Cümhuriyyəti, Naxçıvan tarixi

The article focuses on a court case of the Erivan Uezd of the mid-19th century, involving a Molokan woman Lukeriya Korsakova. The lawsuit “Case of Lukeriya Korsakova’s settlement among the Molokans of the Erivan Uezd, March 7, 1847–May 21, 1848” was initiated as a result of the woman’s transition from Orthodoxy to the Molokan sectarianism, what was punishable by exile. The trial lasted from 1844 to 1848, and the case passed through several instances. The authors try to reconstruct the details and specifics of the case of the defendant Lukeriya Korsakova on the basis of archival documents.

- by Victoria Arakelova
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- Georgia, Armenia, Tambov XVIII - XIX Century, Molokan Russian
- by Ismayil Hajiyev
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Великие сыны татарского и ингушского народов, два крупных деятеля политического движения Гаяз Исхаки (1878–1954) и Вассан-Гирей Джабагиев (1882–1961), как свидетельствуют факты, были не только знакомыми и единомышленниками, но и близкими друзьями. В разных периодах жизни в Петербурге, Париже, Варшаве и Стамбуле их пути несколько раз пересекались, Исхаки был вхож в
семью Джабагиева и учил его детей. Об этом свидетельствуют статья В.-Г. Джабагиева и воспоминания его дочери Тамары Джабаги-Джанкат Камаджыоглу.

William L Brown Center, Missouri Botanical Garden, PO Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 631660299, USA; Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Instituto de Ecología-UMSA, Campus Universitario, Cota Cota Calle 27, La Paz, Bolivia; Institute of Botany and Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Botanikuri St. 1, 0105 Tbilisi, Georgia; 4-D Research Institute, Ilia State University, 5, Cholokasvili Ave. 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia E-mails: rainer.bussmann@mobot.org; nyaroslava@yahoo.es; bakurianigarden@yahoo.com; zaal.kikvidze@iliauni.edu.ge

- by Narel Paniagua-Zambrana
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- Geography, Ethnobotany, Markets, Caucasus

The cave of Getahovit-2 is situated in north-eastern Armenia, in the foothills of the Lesser Caucasus which dominate the valley of the Kura. The excavations (2011–2017), carried out by the Armenian-French mission ‘Caucasus’, have revealed several phases of occupation – Upper Palaeolithic (ca 22,000 cal BC), Chalcolithic (ca. 4700-4050 cal BC), and early Middle Ages (ca. 900–1200 cal AD). Although the cave is near outcroppings of flint (lower valley of the Aghstev river), the artifacts found there are mainly in obsidian, whatever the period of occupation. During the Chalcolithic period (levels IV-III), the cave served as a shelter for herds, as seen in the succession of coprolite deposits, that were regularly burned to clean the floor of the cave. The origin of the populations that sheltered their herds in this cave is difficult to determine. LA-ICP-MS analyses have been carried out to study the provenance of the obsidian artifacts found in level III. Corroborated by the techno-typological study of the artifacts, they have enabled the differentiation of two assemblages: the first, coming from deposits situated on Armenian territory (Geghasar, Gutansar, Arteni, Tsaghkunyats) and consisting of blanks knapped by percussion (flakes above all), and the second coming from deposits situated in Georgia (Chikiani) or Turkey (region of Sarıkamış) and consisting of pressure-flaked blades. In the lower part of level III (ca 4700-4400 cal BC), the provenance of the obsidian (mainly Gutansar) suggests links with the south, the Ararat plain. For the upper part of level III (ca. 4400-4050 cal BC), it is the outcrops situated farther north (Tsaghkunyats) that were the origin of almost 60% of the pieces analysed. Based on environmental, cultural and ethnographic data, we discuss the role of the cave of Getahovit-2 and the mobility of the human groups who occupied it in the 5th millennium BC.

- by christine chataigner and +1
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- Chalcolithic Archaeology, Armenia, Obsidian Sourcing

According to the raise process of primates’ generation (supreme mammals referring to the monkeys and humans, in Latin means “perfect”, “original”) i.e emerged at the Eocene period, about 46 years ago, the primitive Hominoidaes in Africa were formed at the Oligocene – Miocene period (33 million years ago) and they started to spread in Euroasia since the Middle Miocene (16 years ago). Hominoidaes had widely been spread in a good environmental condition at the Middle and Late Miocene periods, they were especially spread to modern territories of Tutkey and Greece. Analogical samples discovered in the Southern Caucasus, Late Miocene period (Dryopithecus garedziensis referring to the 9.098 – 8.769 millions ago), it shows that the territory was an initial settlement zone and an important point in the evolution process.

- by Yagub Mammadov
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- Paleoanthropology, Georgia, Azerbaijan, South Caucasus

The longevity of the Kura-Araxes culture is an archaeological phenomenon in the Caucasus and Near East. Over the course of a millennium, this culture spread from its origins in Eastern Anatolia, the Transcaucasia and northwest Iran to Southeastern Anatolia, northern Syria, Palestine
and Israel. Named after the settlement mound Karaz near Erzurum, the Karaz culture is a widely established Turkish term for the Kura-Araxes culture. In Palestine and Israel, this culture is called Khirbet-Kerak. Apart from the striking small finds and special architectural features, it has a special pottery with characteristics that remained almost uniform in its area of distribution. Situated in the Altınova plain in Eastern Anatolia, Tepecik was also home for this significant culture. Today, this settlement
mound lies under the waters of the Keban Dam in Elazıg. Yet its strategic location on a tributary of the Euphrates enabled the emergence and development of various cultures. At this settlement,
archaeologists documented the Karaz culture that occurred in an almost unbroken cultural sequence from the Late Chalcolithic up to the beginnings of the Middle Bronze Age. Thus, Tepecik is one of the most significant prehistoric settlements within the distribution area of the Kura-Araxes/Karaz/ Khirbet Kerak culture in the Near East. This paper presents the Karaz pottery from Tepecik as well as the possible development of the Karaz culture in the course of the Early Bronze Age at this settlement.

- by stephen jones
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- Political Economy, Political Science, Politics, Nationalism
- by Giorgi Urchukhishvili
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Es un paper hecho como parte de una evaluación del doctorado en Ciencias Polìticas de la UCV. Se emplea la visión sistémica de Kaplan y de Juan Carlos Rey sobre teoría de los juegos.
Se considera importante, señalar el mapa de camino que permitirá el abordaje de esta provocación académica, por lo cual se hace necesario en vista de las dos partes de la misma, en primera instancia, formular las preguntas lógicas para orientar este ensayo, estas son: ¿qué tipo de transformaciones ha sufrido la OTAN? en caso de que existieran, señalar parámetros tales como el incremento en el número de miembros, la razón de ser de su creación, y si se ha mantenido en el tiempo o ha evolucionado de acuerdo a los desafíos internacionales, siendo una alianza político-militar, ¿a quién denominan como principal rival o amenaza?. Con respecto a la segunda parte, explorar en la historia, que acontecimiento, desarrolló una escalada de conflicto o está desarrollando una escalada que pueda desencadenar un daño que se produzca por obstinación del amenazado, se estima que el de Rusia-Ucrania, es el ideal para desarrollar los argumentos.

- by Manuel Skias
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- Teoría de las relaciones internacionales

Kemalizm’in küresel arenadaki imkanını sorgulayabilmek için çeşitli zaman dilleri içerisinde, Türkiye’nin dış politikada izlediği yolun incelenmesi, başlangıç noktası olmalıdır. Türkiye, yeni düzende yer almak için uzun süre AB’ye katılım... more

- by Baran Dural
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- Game Theory, Sosyoloji, Dış Politika, Oyun Teorisi
- by Andrea Ricci
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The article examines the system and structure of education
management based on Azerbaijani materials. It has been determined that
treating education as a strategically important field in Azerbaijan,
implementing the concept of continuous, national education and adapting
it to world standards by achieving the national human integration of
education is the main essence of the education policy of the Republic of
Azerbaijan. These impose new demands on education management.
It is important to take into account the specific laws of education
in all aspects of education, including when managing the school,
pedagogical process, events and facilities. Pedagogical leadership,
education management is important.
In modern conditions, education in Azerbaijan is, first of all, a
field that serves the strategic-ideological policy of the state and is
therefore considered superior. The main feature that characterizes it is its
connection with a specific country, its full consideration of all
educational opportunities and the systematic regulation of
communication between these institutions. Continuous national
education implies citizens of the same country, does not deny the
possibility of moving from one educational opportunity to another, and
finally considers it necessary to ensure the lifelong improvement of the
citizens of the country.

This Study Group Information booklet represents the proceedings of the 27th workshop of the Regional Stability in the South Caucasus Study Group (RSSC SG) entitled “Does the EU need a Strategy for the South Caucasus?” held in Chisinau, Moldova, from 11 to 14 April 2024. The papers collected herein deal with the evolving geopolitical structures that may affect the orientation of South Caucasus states individually or as a group. The papers also deal with the European Union’s general policy orientation regarding the South Caucasus and, in some cases, on policy decisions that have had a lasting impact on regional security. In some cases, the papers explore the history of relations between Europe and the South Caucasus and the growing role of Türkiye and Iran in the strategic equation. It concludes with actionable recommendations extracted from the interactive discussions moderated by the co-chairs.

- by Fuad Shahbazov
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- Peace and Conflict Studies, Caucasus, European Union Politics
- by Lynn Lubamersky
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- History, Political Science, Cosmopolitan
- by Mehmet Ogutcu
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- Geography, Political Science, China, Georgia

The Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict has been a visible constant on the international stage since 1988. On the Armenian side, the commemoration of the genocide of 1915 and the Soviet decision to attach Nagorno-Karabakh to Azerbaijan in 1921 appeared to be the main drivers to produce and reproduce “groupness”. Whereas Armenian nationalist narratives had first been silenced and then mitigated during the Soviet era, they have become decisive since the dissolution of the USSR. Armenian ethnopolitical entrepreneurs exploited them to establish a new political legitimacy. With the wars in 2020 and 2023, the tide turned in favour of Azerbaijan, as it managed to reconquer Nagorno-Karabakh and expel its Armenian population. Now, Azerbaijan appears as the main driver of the conflict when it utters claims for a corridor to Nakhchivan through the Armenian territory.

China and Russia are the main driving forces of the transformation of the international order, new forms of globalisation, and anti-hegemonic policies at the global level. Cooperation between both countries has reached an unprecedented level and laid the foundation for a new type of great-power relations, manifesting itself in the conclusion and development of the comprehensive partnership and strategic coordination. Although avoiding the establishment of an alliance, both sides set no limits on mutual interactions, creating a huge potential for building mutual ties. The Sino-Russian strategic relationship is the crucial stabilising element of international relations amid growing volatility and protectionist, unilateral, and hegemonic practices largely advocated by liberal democracies. In the paper, a discourse analysis of the joint declarations adopted by Xi Jinping and Vladimir Putin in 2022-2024 is conducted to identify the fundamental elements of the Sino-Russian vision of mutual relations, international affairs, and a reform of global governance. Russia has been a long-term advocate for a multipolar order and the democratisation of international relations, which coincides with China’s concept of an equal and orderly multipolar world and multiple initiatives that aim to make global governance more equitable. Both countries have introduced a civilisational perspective to the official discourse, thus affirming the relevance of the idea of multiple modernities and a plurality of modernisation and development paths. The article also addresses certain differences in the strategies of both countries. However, it concludes that the close relationship and strategic trust between China and Russia create conditions for both countries to go in the same direction, strengthening synergies and opening the door to inclusive economic globalisation, universal and indivisible security, democracy in international relations, a multipolar world order, and the community of a shared future for mankind.

- by Ladislav Zemánek
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- Global Governance, China, Russia, Sino-Russian Relations

The scope of the surveys carried out during the last week of July and the first ten days of August 2023 was to improve our knowledge of the presence of knapped obsidian artefacts in the high-altitude stone-walled Bronze Age villages and kurgans located within a radius of some 50 km from the obsidian mines located on the Eastern slopes of Mt. Chikiani, and to improve our knowledge of the circulation and trade of this important knappable raw material. During the 2023 season a Garmin GPS and a non-professional drone (DJI Mini 2) were systematically employed to locate and photograph the archaeological structures. Among them are dozens of kurgans, some of which were discovered on the Western slopes of Mt. Paravani at c. 2500 m a.s.l. Artefacts knapped from obsidian obtained from both Mt. Chikiani and the Armenian source of Ashotsk were found in this area.

- by Paolo Biagi
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- High altitude environments, Obsidian, Kurgans, Lesser Caucasus
- by Sadık Arpacı
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- by davit chitanava
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- by davit chitanava
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- by Bartosz Wieczorek
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- Art

The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, de facto recognized by the Supreme Council of Versailles in January 1920, was invaded by Soviet Russia on April 28, 1920, followed by the declaration of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR). Since then Azerbaijan gradually began to be isolated from the international relations, what resulted in the loss of the foreign policy, which is an important attribute of the republic’s independence. After the April invasion, the first step towards the cancellation of Azerbaijan’s independent foreign policy was the dismission of the diplomatic missions in Azerbaijan.

- by sevinc mammedova
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- History of Iran, Political History of Azerbaijan

With Georgia being an official EU candidate since December 2023,
Armenia voicing its interest in deepening relations with the EU and
Azerbaijan being open for pragmatic relations short of further EU
enlargement in the South Caucasus, future policy decisions taken
in Brussels will not only manifest their effects in bilateral relations
with the three South Caucasus republics but in the region as a
whole. The contributions in this volume evaluate the EU’s role in the
South Caucasus integrative processes and its traditional soft power
approach, with an additional closer look at other external actors
active in the region.

- by FREDERIC LABARRE, PhD and +1
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- European Studies, Russian Studies, Peace and Conflict Studies, European integration

The present article covers the subject of terrorism, nowadays seriously affecting world countries, and its consequences. Studying the causes of terrorism, the use of the religious factor is emphasized as an instrument in the violation of stability and occurrence of confrontations in most world countries. The article as well contains information about the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people, the destruction of many residential buildings, schools and historical monuments as a result of terrorist attacks in different countries. This article provides information on the events taking place in Azerbaijan in the religious sphere during the early years of its independence, it is stressed that Azerbaijan was one of the countries most affected by terrorism. In the conclusion, the article tells in detail about the work done by Azerbaijan in the field of counter-terrorism, and the changes and additions made to the legislation.

- by Jeyhun Mammadov
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- Religion

The root causes of the ongoing war in Ukraine remain a contested issue, with advocates of major schools of thought in international relations adamantly disagreeing. This paper examines the merits and bases of the theories or explanations provided by each major IR school. It explores the dominant arguments concerning the nature and trajectory of the ongoing war, the prospects for its resolution, and its strategic effects on the international system with a particular emphasis on China. We argue that scholars’ views on these topics are significantly influenced by their theoretical orientations within international relations. Furthermore, strategic thinkers and policymakers, identified as homines theoretici or feminae theoreticae, are themselves deeply influenced by their theoretical understandings of the world, which in turn shape their normative engagement with world affairs. However, the interplay between theoretical perspectives and practical realities hinges on the dynamics of power and objective material conditions on the ground.

- by Vasilis Trigkas
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- Strategy (Military Science), Geopolitics, War Studies, Liberalism

Transcaucasia’s Chalcolithic emergence and development in the 5th millennium BCE was relatively obscure for a long time. However, the Neolithic Shomutepe Shulaveri culture and the Late Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age transitions appeared more clear on both the chronological and cultural edges. The concept of the Sioni complex/culture/group in particular remained fuzzy. Detailed excavation results and data now show how closely the development of an agropastoral economy and the gradual appropriation of the montane spaces stimulated cultural and social development. This also became the basis for the tumultuous development of the 4th millennium BCE. The article focuses on the updated research results of a long-standing German-Georgian project around the settlement site of Dzedzvebi in Kvemo Kartli. They clearly reveal the practices and resource strategies of opening up mountain spaces via the valleys. In addition, they reveal the newly established social networks that thus extended over the mountain ridges towards the North Caucasus and the Southern and Southeastern plateaus and Lowlands

The question of how societies have appropriated the resource-rich
montane landscapes of the South Caucasus since the 5th millennium
BCE and in which temporal rhythms this development took place
is linked with regional mobility as well as the social and economic
negotiation of the participating communities. Intermontane settlement
areas like the large Dzedzvebi Plateau near Kazreti in southeast
Georgia probably played an important role as intermediate centres
of exchange within the South Caucasian mountain corridors.
That role is illuminated here, based on the findings of archaeological
investigations that started in 2007. In the valley area of Kazreti, this
function was closely linked with the exploitation of ore and the processing
of metals, especially the gold of Sakdrisi. The establishment
of permanent settlements on the Dzedzvebi Plateau exemplifies the
social and economic developments that led to the settlement and
integration of mountain corridors, connecting valleys and plateaus
to the cultural activities of Kura-Araxes-period communities in the
South Caucasus in the period around 3000 BCE.

- by Thomas Stoellner and +3
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- Prehistoric Archaeology, Archaeobotany, Archaeozoology, Archaeogenetics

The site of Bavra-Ablari is a Mesolithic-Chalcolithic rock shelter, located on the Javakheti plateau in the valley of a tributary of the Kura River, in southern Georgia. Excavations have been carried out by a Georgian-French team since 2012 and have shed light on processes that took place during the Early Holocene. The Mesolithic layer of the site shows an occupation, not yet fully excavated, which will provide important chrono-cultural information about the exploitation of the mountainous areas during the ninth millennium BCE. The Neolithic occupation chronologically matches the first evidence of agricultural society in the Near East during the sixth millennium BCE, and is characterised by a combination of Neolithic and Mesolithic features. The Chalcolithic layer produced a significant collection of material that supports a re-occupation of the highlands during the fifth millennium, as well as the development of subsistence strategies adapted to this environment.

- by Jwana Chahoud
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- Geography, Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Neolithic Archaeology
- by Gunel Shikhaliyeva
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- by davit chitanava
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- by Agnieszka Weinar
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- Engineering, Political Science

The 2020 Autumn War between Armenia and Azerbaijan has brought to light a series of doctrinal truths. Among them, the most important one is that a state, to wit Armenia, can`t be sovereign if it does not control its territorial and human resources. Such a failed sovereignty in turn is due to the fact that Armenia has been exposed to the expansion of pagan oligarchic clans for almost 30 years, thus being virtually swayed by the destructive antinational formations with no strict religio-political identity in place. This pattern of a stray culture has ineluctably brought Armenia to its logical climax: the inverted conquest by local tribal clans (Babasyan T., 2018) for the purposes of a subsequent trade-off with the adversary, i.e. Azerbaijan. The Armenian defeat is certainly conducive to the regional integration, for all the great powerhouses, inclusive of Russia, are interested in the united Transcaucasian region. As regards Armenia`s political mission in this integration, it is beyond any doubt that of a sacrifice. And that`s for good reason: with no due holistic concept of the raison d`etat (Ephesians 3:14-16) the state forfeits its sovereignty and yields it to another more relevant etatist organization.

- by Tigran Babasyan
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The present study investigates the effect of rotational speed and dwell time on the strength of Al-5083/St-12 friction stir spot joints. The welds were made using a newly developed FSSW process in which the tool pin did not penetrate into the lower steel sheet. Rotational speeds of 900 and 1100 rpm were applied in association with the dwell times in the range of 5-15 s. Results showed that the strength was first improved and then declined with increasing the dwell time. Furthermore, stronger joints were achieved at 900 rpm compared to the rotational speed of 1100 rpm.

- by Pavel Angelov
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As a result of archaeological research conducted in the Southern Caucasus, including Azerbaijan, a number of
settlements belonging to the Late Chalcolithic period were discovered. A research has shown that the Late Chalcolithic
culture in Azerbaijan has its own characteristics, and the “Ovçular Tepe culture” and “Leyla Tepe culture” were
formed here. But despite this, many of Caucasian scholar’s studies generally named the Late Chalcolithic culture
of the Southern Caucasus sometimes the Sioni Culture, sometimes Sioni-Tsopi Culture, sometimes Sioni ceramics,
and sometimes Sioni-type monuments in textbooks. Recently, this culture has been named the Sioni-Tsopi-Ginchi
Culture. According to all these facts it can be said that the Sioni Culture has become the synonym of the Late
Chalcolithic culture of the Southern Caucasus. The investigation of Late Chalcolithic monuments located in the
Southern Caucasus shows that they differ from each other in terms of their architecture and ceramics. The period
and characteristic features of the Sioni Culture also are not fully defined. Ceramics belonging to the second group in
the Tumbul Tepe settlement are similar to Sioni ceramics in some of their characteristics. However, researches show
that this type of ceramics was not a separate culture, but a part of the Late Chalcolithic culture. We believe that the
reason for such diversity of ceramics is related to their functional purpose. Even if it is possible to call a group of Late
Chalcolithic monuments in the Southern Caucasus the Sioni-Tsopi-Ginchi Culture, it is not correct, in our opinion, to
attribute this to all the monuments of the Southern Caucasus. It should be noted that this type of ceramics, distributed
in different periods and monuments of different characteristics, differs from each other due to local characteristics.
This shows that they do not spread from one center.

35-Iranahay Patmutyun-Cover-Contents-1
Comprehensive History of Armenians in Iran- 10 Volumes, vol. 1
in Armenian

- by Edic B Baghdasarian
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