Spectrum Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

An adequate level of foreign exchange reserves has become an important parameter for determining a country’s ability to absorb external shocks. An attempt has been made in this paper to study the trends, composition and assess the... more

An adequate level of foreign exchange reserves has become an important parameter for determining a country’s ability to absorb external shocks. An attempt has been made in this paper to study the trends, composition and assess the adequacy of India’ reserves. The trend in India’s forex reserves revealed that despite liberalization of the economy and adoption of current account convertibility since the early 1990s, reserve level remained low during the 1990s.The pace of reserve buildup accelerated since 2000 due to various factors and increased manyfold during the study period from a meagre amount of US$ 5.8 billion in1991 to US$ 561 billion as of February,2023. A good amount of reserves also accumulated during the pandemic period. The analysis of composition of reserves indicated that the share of gold in total forex reserves has fallen drastically and consequently the share of foreign currency assets increased substantially as compared to the period prior to liberalization of the Indian economy.
Different researchers have applied various methods to ascertain the adequate level of foreign exchange reserves. However, no one measure can fully capture the range of factors that bear on a country’s resilience against shocks. The different measures of estimating adequacy level of reserves applied in this study showed that the country holds reserves more than the adequate level. If any particular shock affects the economy, then it has a greater capacity to absorb the shock. In more extreme situations, even if the entire economy goes into depression and there is a sudden stop of foreign capital inflow, then also the country has sufficient reserves to endure the shock for certain periods. Moreover, reserves are only one part of a country’s defense against shocks.

We show how VEV's and condensates can be read off from the Schrödinger wave-functional without further calculation. This allows us to study non-perturbative physics by solving the Schrödinger equation. To illustrate the method we... more

We show how VEV's and condensates can be read off from the Schrödinger wave-functional without further calculation. This allows us to study non-perturbative physics by solving the Schrödinger equation. To illustrate the method we calculate fermion condensates from the exact solution of the Schwinger model, and other (1+1) dimensional models. The chiral condensate is seen to be a large-distance effect due to propagators reflecting off the space-time boundary.

Allgrove syndrome or triple-A syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by adrenal insufficiency, achalasia and alacrima. Affected patients may also present with a constellation of central and peripheral nervous system... more

Allgrove syndrome or triple-A syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by adrenal insufficiency, achalasia and alacrima. Affected patients may also present with a constellation of central and peripheral nervous system manifestations. The ...

Channel waveguides of Rb 1 exchanged single-crystal KTiOPO 4 were studied by micro-Raman spectroscopy. Rb 1 exchange causes a disruption of the long-range translational ~crystal ! symmetry of the lattice and a tilting of the TiO 6... more

Channel waveguides of Rb 1 exchanged single-crystal KTiOPO 4 were studied by micro-Raman spectroscopy. Rb 1 exchange causes a disruption of the long-range translational ~crystal ! symmetry of the lattice and a tilting of the TiO 6 octahedra. The ability to nondestructively map the chemical and physical structure related to the optical properties of channel waveguides is demonstrated. ©1995 American Institute of Physics.

The purpose of this article is to examine trends in ‘middle class welfare’ in Australia, defined as the extent of cash transfers going to working age families with incomes above the second decile in the distribution of family incomes, net... more

The purpose of this article is to examine trends in ‘middle class welfare’ in Australia, defined as the extent of cash transfers going to working age families with incomes above the second decile in the distribution of family incomes, net of the income taxes that these families pay. We use nationally representative income survey data for selected years between 1982 and 2007-08. We find that while according to this definition there was an increase in ‘middle class welfare’ between 1982 and 2007-08, this was relatively modest, and was focused on families not far above the second decile. We conclude that difficulties associated with tighter targeting of mean tested payments in an already tightly targeted system would achieve little in terms of increased efficiency and would likely cause considerable pain.

Brain abscess is a serious life-threatening infection of the brain parenchyma. We are reporting a rare case of brain abscess caused by Group G Streptococcus in a 12 year-old female child who presented with neurological symptoms. She was... more

Brain abscess is a serious life-threatening infection of the brain parenchyma. We are reporting a rare case of brain abscess caused by Group G Streptococcus in a 12 year-old female child who presented with neurological symptoms. She was diagnosed with congenital anomalies of the heart at birth. She was treated with amoxyclav and ciprofloxacin. The child recovered and was discharged uneventfully.

Gold mineralization in the Gilt Edge deposit was closely associated with magmatic differentiation and the formation of a Tertiary alkaline intrusive complex within the Lead–Deadwood dome. Fluid inclusions and trace element geochemistry... more

Gold mineralization in the Gilt Edge deposit was closely associated with magmatic differentiation and the formation of a Tertiary alkaline intrusive complex within the Lead–Deadwood dome. Fluid inclusions and trace element geochemistry were used to study fluid evolution and determine sources. Quartz disseminated in unaltered trachyte porphyry hosts two populations of primary inclusions: 1) hypersaline S–L–V ± a red hematite crystal and 2) mixtures of L–V and V– L that record phase separation at ~700oC. Whereas samples of hydrothermal quartz collected from ore zones within and beyond structures (e.g., fault and breccia zones) contain dominant populations of V–L and L–V inclusions, respectively. Mineralization in structures formed from complex fluids of magmatic origin based on inclusions containing five transparent salt crystals and opaque crystals with cubic and round habits that have homogenization temperatures (Th) ≤ 650oC and salinities ≤ 63 wt.% NaCl equiv. In contrast, broader areas of disseminated mineralization in argillized and propylitized rocks contain hydrothermal quartz hosting large populations of L–V inclusions with Th of 200o–360oC and salinities of 10–30 wt.% NaCl equiv., which reflect fluid mixing. Trace element concentrations are significantly higher in samples from structures and define zones of near surface Ag–As–Zn–Pb and deep Au–W–Mo–Cu. Whereas low trace element concentrations characterize propylitized quartz trachyte porphyry, except for high concentrations of Sb and Hg that occur at depth and likely track the retreat of isotherms as the hydrothermal system collapsed. These data show that during differentiation in a deep magma chamber, volatile-rich low-density fluids were periodically degassed into preexisting structures that were reactivated. Gold deposition during four stages of mineralization likely occurred due to boiling, changes in oxygen fugacity, and fluid mixing.

We determine the fine spectrum of the generalized difference operatorB(r,s)defined by a band matrix over the sequence spacesc0andc, and derive a Mercerian theorem. This generalizes our earlier work (2004) for the difference operatorΔ, and... more

We determine the fine spectrum of the generalized difference operatorB(r,s)defined by a band matrix over the sequence spacesc0andc, and derive a Mercerian theorem. This generalizes our earlier work (2004) for the difference operatorΔ, and includes as other special cases the right shift and the Zweier matrices.

A table lists all relevant and active parties of the radical left with membership numbers for 2010, 2017 and 2023, as well as links to the English Wikipedia pages and to their own homepages.

Various compounds may be entrapped into the sol–gel materials, including the photosensitive agents. The nanostructure of the final material depends on the matrix itself, as well as on the structural properties of doped compound. In this... more

Various compounds may be entrapped into the sol–gel materials, including the photosensitive agents. The nanostructure of the final material depends on the matrix itself, as well as on the structural properties of doped compound. In this work, sol–gel matrices were produced ...