Utopia/dystopia Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

- by
- •
- Utopian Studies, Utopian Literature, Utopia/dystopia

Sede di civiltà tecnologicamente avanzatissime e illuminate oppure luogo di provenienza di minacciosi estranei invasori, Marte rappresenta, da oltre un secolo, una alternativa alla Terra, un altro mondo sul quale proiettare le nostre speranze e le nostre paure. Da quando, nel Diciannovesimo secolo, gli astronomi Giovanni Schiaparelli e Percivall Lowell osservarono sulla superficie marziana quelli che ritennero essere una rete di canali artificiali, i sogni e gli incubi degli esseri umani sembrano aver conservato una speciale connessione con il Pianeta Rosso. "L’altra Terra" è la storia di questa connessione, la vicenda di un vero e proprio mito moderno capace di raccontare, nella letteratura e nel cinema, nella ricerca e nella scienza, i timori e le aspettative della nostra specie, piena di entusiasmo all’arrivo delle macchine, terrorizzata dall’incombenza della guerra nucleare o minacciata dalla natura che non sembra più obbedirle. Dai romanzi di Wells e Asimov ai primi film di fantascienza, dall’osservazione astronomica al progetto SpaceX con il quale Elon Musk prevede di fondare entro pochi anni la prima colonia umana su Marte, la storia raccontata in questo libro è, in fondo, la nostra stessa storia - quella, cioè, di un’umanità affascinata dal sogno di fuggire altrove, un sogno che oggi sembra finalmente prossimo a divenire realtà.

- by Daniele Porretta
- •
- Science Fiction, Utopian Literature, Astronomy, Utopia/dystopia
- by Radoslaw Skrycki
- •
- Utopian Studies, History of Cartography, Utopia, Thomas more, Utopia, Humanism

Utopija počinje zamišlju svijeta koji je drugačiji a onda i bolji od našega. Vizije boljih svjetova okupiraju čovjeka već tisućljećima, neovisno o tome imaju li one pritom religijski ili sekularni, politički ili književni oblik zbog čega su mnogi teoretičari, čijem se mišljenju ovdje priklanjam,
spekulirali o postojanju utopijskog mišljenja ili utopijske svijesti kao esencijalne oznake ljudskosti.

- by Ana Maskalan
- •
- Sustainable Development, Utopianism, Utopia, Utopia/dystopia

Intellectual Property, Omics, Biotechnology and the Indigenous

" The Matrix Trilogy " , which was scripted and directed by Lana Wachowski and Lilly Wachowski, is one of the most important science fiction films. " The problem of reality " , which has been present, in various forms, ever since Plato's " allegory of the cave " , is once again being evaluated in " The Matrix Trilogy " through the medium of cinema. Moreover, there are various opinions regarding exactly what the main natures of human are in " The Matrix Trilogy ". Furthermore, " The Matrix Trilogy " provides a striking view on the relationship between the " basic natures of human " and the " system " in which humans live. The system explored, and the human insights examined in " The Matrix Trilogy " have a distinctly philosophical feel. As such, this article analyses " The Matrix Trilogy " , viewing it as a work of art which presents philosophical problems. Therefore, the dialogues in " The Matrix Trilogy " and the context of the dialogues shall be taken as the basic reference resource for the analysis. This article studies the nature of the understanding of system and human in the " The Matrix Trilogy " , with particular emphasis on analysing the content of dialogues. The article concludes that the basic human characteristics which distinguish " Neo " from other living beings in " The Matrix Trilogy " are " the ability to know " and " the will of change. " Keywords: The Matrix Trilogy, science fiction films, the will of change, the ability to know, the problem of reality, knowledge, system.

- by Devrim Özkan
- •
- Film Studies, Film Analysis, Philosophy of Film, Science Fiction Film

Book Review of one of the most controversial dystopian novels.

- by Kunal Bahuguna
- •
- Comparative Literature, Dystopian Literature, Utopia/dystopia, Full Length Movies

Aunque política y ciencia constituyen hoy en día ramas casi antagónicas del conocimiento humano-acaso com-binables en ámbitos ficcionales como el cine y la litera-tura-, la relación entre filosofía política y astronomía es una constante histórica que alcanza especial fuerza en el pensamiento emancipatorio del siglo xix. El presente artículo sitúa en ese marco La eternidad por los astros (1872) y, asimismo, somete a contraste la peculiaridad retórica e ideológica de una obra en la que Louis-Auguste Blanqui propone una contigüidad entre orbe celeste y sociedad humana fundada, según él, en su análogo funcionamiento y su común atavismo.

- by Revista Co-herencia
- •
- Political Sociology, Political Philosophy, Political Theory, Literature
- by Christian Rivoletti
- •
- German Studies, Comparative Literature, German Literature, Reception Studies

Written in 1974, the American writer Ursula K. Le Guin's The Dispossessed revolves around the central character Shevek's self-appointed mission to improve the relationship between two planets, Anarres and Urras, by breaking down the walls that are separating these ideological enemies. The novel, in that sense, can be read as one man's search for an ideal state, rather than a description of a utopian/anti-utopian state. Literary scholars generally focus on various aspects of The Dispossessed in terms of its anarchist politics, ecological politics, and revolutionary politics. This article; however, aims to approach the novel from a Lacanian perspective by addressing the protagonist's psyche and his relation to the socio-symbolic orders in the novel. By focusing on the characterization of the relations between the subject and the other in an anarchist (as well as a capitalist culture) in The Dispossessed, this article aims to analyze how the novel provides a path towards an ideal state.

- by Murat Kabak
- •
- Dystopian Literature, Utopian Studies, Literary Theory, Jacques Lacan

The article Worlds of Lords of Logos. Dystopian Narratives in Literary Fiction revisits fundamental terminological discrepancies functioning within utopian studies in order to propose a world-centered model for analyzing (e)u-/dystopian narratives. First and foremost, the text proposes to focus on utopian storyworlds rather than storylines and to determine their axiolog-ical attribution (i.e. whether they are ideal, eutopian, or non-ideal, dystopian) not by follow-ing a specific genre pattern, but by interacting with them as if they were not separated from the empirical reality. Utopia would, therefore, become eutopia or dystopia only when judged as such by the reader or focalizer, in their hermeneutic meeting with the text. Secondly, it will be argued that utopias and dystopias prove striking similarity from the world-building per-spective, as they either utilize a travel narrative to guide the protagonist from empirical to counterempirical world, or shape an equivalent heterotopia, translating this dual-world opposi-tion into a topography of the walled off asylum and a surrounding wasteland. Since there is nothing positive nor negative in such a way of world-building, any axiological valorization (and, thereby, a recognition of either eu-, or dystopia) would appear only when provided by the character narrator, who can either come from within (in an inclusive type of utopian narra-tive), or from without (in an adaptative type of utopian narrative) the (e)u-/dystopian world. Consequently, the paper will provide tools for interpreting utopias as eutopias or dystopias, along with a selection of world-building and philosophical categories potentially helpful at describing the imagery of dystopian storyworlds comprising the artificial paradise, “todetitis”, conjuration of reality, the fouding lie, anamorphotic illusion of ideal reality, or the eponymous lordship of logos.

- by Krzysztof M Maj
- •
- Dystopian Literature, Deconstruction, Jacques Derrida, Dystopian Fiction

Utopía salvaje (1982) es la tercera novela del antropólogo, político y escritor brasileño Darcy Ribeiro (1922-1997). En este capítulo me propongo calibrar el papel desempeñado por dicha novela en el procesamiento por parte de Ribeiro de la “crisis del tiempo” o “cambio de régimen de historicidad” (Hartog), cuyo inicio parece posible ubicar a mediados de la década de 1970. No es ajena a los acentos de la indagación la puesta de relieve de la cuestión de la forma, en este caso artística, del texto escogido. La literatura puede ser considerada como un “laboratorio de variaciones imaginativas” (Ricoeur) o un “espacio de juego” (Safranski) con la temporalidad. Calibrar presupone localizar, por lo que en la primera sección revisito las futuriciones ribeirianas previas a Utopía salvaje. Seguidamente, introduzco la hipótesis según la cual, contra lo que pudiera pensarse a priori, Utopía salvaje no propone una vuelta al pasado, sino que perfila, más bien, una distopía catártica, asociada, en parte, a la imagen de la “utopía burguesa multinacional”. Se plantea, también, que componentes de dicha distopía habían sido en parte anticipados por Ribeiro en “Venutopías 2003”, de 1973, en tanto que serían retomados, en clave más sistemática, en el ensayo “La civilización emergente”, de 1984, su ejercicio de futurición más recordado.

The New Babylon and Plug-in city fictions, which marked the same period and were the beginning of some discussions, created two very different atmospheres for their users. Architects, who interpret the effects and movements of the period through different contexts, are among the fictions that have attracted attention with some similarities as well as their contrasts. Plug-in City can be given as a completely capitalist example, while New Babylon has a more socialist approach. The common aspects arising from these contrasts are the factors that made the two constructs strong. In this context, you can find the effect of the movements of the 60s on fiction, the social and structural consequences of these effects and other detail sub-topics in this article.

- by Ayşe Nur Çelik
- •
- Utopian Studies, Utopian Literature, Utopianism, Utopias

In the book Woman’s Future: A Philosophical Treatise on Utopia and Feminism concepts of utopia and utopian thinking are brought into connection with feminist theories about the necessity of social transformation of gender relations and roles to create just societies. Utopian thinking as inherently human rests on the idea of a quest for freedom and happiness and, starting from the criticism of reality, builds mental constructs of better/ideal spatially or temporally distant societies. Speaking of utopian thinking we identified its three fundamental aspects: utopian critique, utopian hope and utopian imagination. Utopian critique is a form of criticism which finds the causes of societal problems in the flaws of social structure, i.e. social roles, relationships, systems and institutions. Utopian critique is closely related to the experience of injustice and discontent with the existing situation. Utopian hope is the hope that the existing situation can be changed and that the outcome of these changes will be good i.e. it will represent the abolition of existing social injustices and problems. The utopian imagination, in turn, refers to the ability to imagine the contours of these changes and their outcomes. Although we hold that the ability of utopian thinking is inherently human, and therefore independent of the historical moment, culture and civilization, its strength and manifestations however depend on the spirit of the times, they are subject to the processes of development as well as stagnation and suppression. In this regard, we discussed the contemporary crisis of utopia associating it with the notions of ideology and utopianism and finding that the potential of its reconstruction is incorporated into the formulation of the active i.e. critical utopia that is present in many social and political theories and movements.
Utopia was historically manifested through art, intentional communities, and political and social theory. In this book we were largely oriented towards utopian literature. Utopia’s content was primarily analysed from the perspective of the ways in which utopian author discusses the social position of women. Key issues were raised: did the creators of imaginary worlds build their qualitative difference with respect to existing situation by reflecting and changing social position of women and how did they achieve these changes? We have shown that in the classical utopias social position of women was often determined as non-problematic and therefore significant changes to it were not proposed. Moreover, it was argued that women were already living in their own utopia. Although the first major feminist ideas were observed in the works of utopian socialists, utopias that transcend existing reality by imagining a better one founded on equal social status of men and women were found only in works of feminist writers and theoreticians of the late 20th century. Feminist utopias as the only utopias in which the improvement of women's lives represents the most important (although not the only) criterion of achieving a better world and society are important in order to acquire insight into the historical development of feminist thought and to comprehend the development, reconstruction and transformation of utopian thought.

- by Ana Maskalan
- •
- Social Movements, Political Philosophy, Social Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy

Student Learning Outcomes
Students will be able to—
1. Demonstrate familiarity with Plato’s concepts of the ideal society as described in his Republic
2. Demonstrate familiarity with the Socratic method of inquiry
3. Argue whether or not the society portrayed in Genesis is “ideal” (why or why not)
4. Construct a definition of what it means to be “human” and argue whether or not animal life or artificial intelligence can ever approach that definition (why or why not)

- by Kris Swank
- •
- Dystopian Literature, Dystopian Fiction, Science Fiction and Fantasy, Lesson Plans
- by Laurence Davies
- •
- History, Walter Benjamin, Utopia/dystopia

This paper focuses on the Guadalhorce Valley, Málaga Province, Spain, where a rich farmer-managed irrigation tradition has flourished since Arab times.
Local communities diverted water from the river, managing numerous small-scale systems. These systems have now been destroyed. We trace the causes back to the profound impact that early twentieth century discourse about water control had on Spain’s socio-natural landscape: an impact that extended far beyond water management. The idealistic Política Hidráulica discourse, linked with ‘regenerationism’, glorified small-farmer irrigation and promoted
hydraulic works and the expansion of irrigation as a socio-economic and cultural-political solution for Spain’s bankrupt and ‘degenerated’ condition in the mid-19th Century. We follow the thinking and accomplishments of Rafael Benjumea, Count of Guadalhorce, Minister of Public Works and devoted follower of regenerationist leader Joaquin Costa. Benjumea was founding father of the widely acclaimed River Basin Confederations and one of Spain’s
chief ‘hydraulic heroes’.
We analyse the irony of the water policy discourse, the political paradoxes and conceptual contradictions of hydraulic utopianism. This politicalideological
current aspired to install decentralized watershed management and defend local collectives’ autonomy. Yet the policies, institutions and hydraulic works it established destroyed much of the local autonomy that did exist. The pursuit of the utopian project involved an iron-fisted, surgical policy of expertocracy, designed to restore ‘natural order’, which entailed overturning existing local water users’ institutions, rights frameworks and knowledge systems. Analysing historical material and empirical data gathered during long-term field research on the Guadalhorce, we examine four bitter ironies of ‘utopian hydraulism’.

- by Rutgerd Boelens
- •
- History, Cultural History, Water, Irrigation

Student Learning Outcomes
At end of this class students will be able to…
1. Identify & Discuss some of the classical mythology & history that inspired Suzanne Collins’ novels.
2. Discuss the major themes and ideas in the novel, such as dystopias, totalitarianism, oppression, scapegoating, death games, PTSD and reality television
3. Identify and discuss parallels in the students’ own and other world cultures.

- by Kris Swank
- •
- Ancient History, Dystopian Literature, Dystopian Fiction, Science Fiction and Fantasy

Slightly reworked version of an article published in «Il Foglio», 8 January 2022, pag. 2.

- by Giuseppe Perconte Licatese
- •
- C.S. Lewis, Utopia/dystopia, Robert Hugh Benson, The Dawn of All

Cet article propose une analyse du discours consacré par le roman Les Furtifs et les nouvelles « C@PTCH@ » et « Hyphe…? », de l’écrivain de science-fiction français Alain Damasio, à la question de l’habiter ; un discours partagé entre l’eutopie (ou utopie positive) et la dystopie (ou utopie négative). Nous verrons que ces œuvres, caractéristiques de la dystopie critique, ne se contentent pas de porter une appréciation négative de la conjoncture actuelle en la matière ni de proposer une vision alternative de ce qu’habiter le monde doit – ou pourrait – signifier, mais qu’elles interrogent également les limites de l’utopie classique pensée en tant que programme, ceci afin de proposer, par le biais d’un discours méta-utopique (ou discours sur le discours utopique), cette fois, une conception de l’utopie comme aspiration et comme jeu sur les possibles latéraux à la réalité.

- by Quêtes littéraires and +1
- •
- Utopian Studies, Dystopia, Utopia/dystopia, Alain Damasio

Mark Fisher, prendendo come esempio la produzione disneyana Wall-E, parlava dell’impossibilità di immaginare il mondo al di là del capitalismo e di come le critiche al sistema finissero inevitabilmente per esserne riassorbite. Ma è davvero più facile immaginare la fine del mondo che la fine del capitalismo? Nel volume, attraverso l’analisi di cinque narrazioni catastrofiste di lingue, culture ed epoche diverse – La peste scarlatta di Jack London (1912), Sfacelo di René Barjavel (1943), Seconda origine di Manuel De Pedrolo (1974), Lacrime nella pioggia di Rosa Montero (2011) e Anna di Niccolò Ammaniti (2015) – ci si concentrerà sulle modalità di ricostruzione dell’umanità, mettendone in luce gli aspetti più suggestivi, ma anche quelli più ambigui e problematici. Si tracceranno dunque le ipotesi di ricostruzione del mondo proposte: in maniera implicita o più evidente, vedremo come un’alternativa al mondo capitalista, almeno a livello immaginativo, rimanga possibile.

- by Evanir Pavloski
- •
- Utopian Studies, Utopian Literature, Utopia/dystopia
- by Paulo Butti de Lima
- •
- Democratic Theory, Utopian Studies, Athenian Democracy, Sir Moses Finley

This study seeks to investigate the work titled "Do The Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?" a cult science fiction work written by Philip K. Dick in 1968, in terms of Ulrich Beck's "Risk Society" theory. Although the overall aim is to analyse the work based on the relevant theory, another aim of the study is to interpret and evaluate the elements that have the characteristics of "Dystopia", the events and concepts in this context. In the study, the events and phenomena caused by the global disasters that occurred in the Postmodern era during the post third Terminus World War were discussed within the scope of Risk Society theory along with examination of the damages caused by the risks that emerged after the mentioned war in the natural environment, fears, uneasiness and future concerns reflected in the social sphere. The dystopian characteristics of the work and whether the author's imagination and fiction is an expected fiction in the future were examined. The findings were interpreted sociologically, and the elements reflected in the science-fiction genre were evaluated in terms of dystopian fiction and literature. This study includes comparative analyzes of the findings in terms of dystopian fiction and Ulrich Beck's Risk Society theory.

- by Halil Özdemir
- •
- Ulrich Beck, Anthony Giddens, Risk society, Utopia/dystopia

Reviews, interviews and quotes of the book Utopías artísticas de revuelta.

- by Julia Ramírez-Blanco
- •
- Social Movements, Art History, Performing Arts, Art
- by Nicole Castro
- •
- Sociology, Utopia/dystopia, Hunger Games

È il 1602. Tommaso Campanella è rinchiuso nel carcere di Castel Nuovo, a Napoli, dove si sta riprendendo da torture durate sei mesi, durante i quali è riuscito a fingersi pazzo per sfuggire la pena capitale. Rimarrà in carcere per 27 anni, ed è proprio in questo periodo che scriverà La Città del Sole: ma si tratta di un'utopia o di una distopia?

- by Sara Montanari
- •
- Tommaso Campanella, Utopia/dystopia, La città del sole

Dystopian fiction is evolving in one of the most interesting literary genres for youth. Education in "Divergent" constitutes a domain of the society which affects directly the citizens and turns to be a catalyst for the establishment of the regime. This article focuses on the role and aspects of education and portrays some representations of the educational system in force in "Divergent", making possible associations with our social and educational worlds. Using the method of quantitative content analysis, we found that "ranking" and "training" have the most powerful presence in the novel. In this dystopian society, the concept and institution of education has a very different role of the one we would imagine in another more friendly and warless society. Based on our findings, we propose ways in which students can actually learn from dystopian fiction and make steps towards the change of their own educational system and society.

- by Christos Kechagias and +2
- •
- Philosophy, Dystopian Literature, Philosophy of Education, Learning and Teaching

This paper broadly traces developing attitudes towards in-vitro and other alternative meats within science fiction, from their utopian origins in the nineteenth century to their overwhelmingly dystopian and “neocarnist” depictions in... more

Eisenstein invites us to expand radically the timescale of our thought about humanity's current crises. The separation which is central to his analysis occurred remarkably long ago, some hundreds of thousands of years, when humans first... more

- by Alan Cottey
- •
- Spirituality, Utopian Literature, Environmental Sustainability, Utopia/dystopia

The paper inquires, from a philosophical point of view, the Italian writer Guido Morselli’s last novel (1973): Dissipatio H. G. Its main question is if a philosophically understanding of the relation between utopia and dystopia may be obtained working not directly on the two concepts (taken as separated), but working on their crossing, typical of literature domain.
In this quite original Italian novel, build on the absurd of a last-man schema, the anti-hero who is the unique survivor to a totally unexpected humanity disappearance. Living on without “the others” means from the one hand living with machines still working and, from the other hand, experimenting renewed relations with flora, animals and, generally speaking, nature.
The result is that subjectivity is completely redefined, but it is not clear the axiology of that alteration. The empty world shows, at the end, the constitutive ambiguity of every world and, at the same time, of every subject living-in-the-world: it reveals itself as an utopia as well as a dystopia.

- by Igor Pelgreffi
- •
- Psychoanalysis, Philosophy, Political Philosophy, Dystopian Literature

Fourierist utopianism really took root in nineteenth-century Spain. The original focal point in Cádiz had echoes in Cartagena, Granada, Madrid, and Valladolid. Apart from spreading Fourier's ideas, these Spanish Fourierists tried to set up several utopian communities (known as phalansteries) and published books and newspapers, in which—among other things—we find the first signs of feminism in the Spanish language. For all these reasons, Spanish Fourierism may be considered an important chapter in the history of utopian socialism. As it had to do with a drive for freedom and daring in thought, the movement could be very flexible and was capable of associating with other doctrines, such as romanticism, feminism, and spiritism. Whereas the most political branch of Spanish Fourierism is related to the Democratic Party, republicanism, and the roots of Marxist socialism (Partido Socialista Obrero Español, the Spanish Socialist Party, founded in 1879), the libertarian drive implicit in setting up utopian communities lived on in anarchism.

- by Juan Pro
- •
- Utopian Studies, Utopian Literature, Utopianism, Modern Spanish History
- by Kris Swank
- •
- Dystopian Literature, Harry Potter, Dystopian Fiction, Harry Potter studies

Ray Bradbury’s literary dystopia, Fahrenheit 451 has attracted international attention since its publication with its rich content, subject matter, characterization, and thematization. Relevant critical scholarship on the novella has increased in number radically over the years, but an article discussing the concept of happiness and its controversial nature does not exist yet. This article will therefore discuss how happiness and hedonism are perceived in Fahrenheit 451 and will argue that it is not possible to reach one fixed definition; instead, it will be claimed that there exist different versions of happiness in Bradbury’s narrative with specific references to the key figures: Montag, Clarisse, Mildred and Beatty.

- by Emrah Atasoy
- •
- Dystopian Literature, Speculative Literature, Dystopia, Utopia/dystopia

La littérature dystopique
Une analyse comparative de 1984 de George Orwell et 2084 de Boualem Sansal

- by I. Nedim Doğan
- •
- Dystopian Literature, Literature, George Orwell, Dystopian Fiction

W filmach gatunku science fiction z II poł. XX i początku XXI w. zawartych zostało wiele wizji przyszłości, które były jednocześnie refleksją nad osiągnięciami i mankamentami współczesności. W latach 60. XX w. w dziełach kinematografii dominował optymizm i wiara w możliwość nigdy nie kończącego się postępu. Przewidywano zanik podziałów politycznych między blokami państw i wspólną eksplorację kosmosu. Scenografowie podejmowali współpracę z naukowcami, która przejawiała się w ukazywaniu kosmicznych konstrukcji dalece przewyższających realne możliwości techniczne. Poczynając od lat 70. XX w. w filmach zaczął narastać pesymizm i przekonanie, że przyszłość przyniesie przede wszystkim nasilenie negatywnych zjawisk teraźniejszości. Obawy przed przyszłością nasycone były wskazaniem na różne możliwe defekty i nierozwiązywalne sprzeczności między nimi. Kiedy zatem pewna część dystopijnych wizji obrazowała zagrożenie wzrostem przestępczości, to inna przedstawia przyszłość jako nasyconą mechanizmami kontroli państwowej i powszechnością inwigilacji. Pokazywane na ekranach lęki wzbudzał także przez rozrost wielkich korporacji, zwłaszcza zaś zyskiwanie przez nie wpływów politycznych czy też pozostawanie poza systemem demokracji. Twórcy filmów przedstawiali też swoje przypuszczenia związane z tworzeniem przez korporacje nowych rodzajów broni, których stosowanie przekraczało aktualne normy prawne. Szczególne zastrzeżenia dotyczyły badań nad bronią biologiczną i możliwością rozprzestrzenienia się śmiercionośnych wirusów. Trwogę wzbudził ponadto rozwój robotyki i badań nad sztuczną inteligencją, której skutkiem musiało być pojawienie się androidów i nieuchronnych napięć w ich relacjach z ludźmi. Osobnym problemem stały się dla filmowców hybrydy będące połączeniem ludzi i części elektronicznych. Podobnie zastanawiał scenarzystów i reżyserów rozwój inżynierii genetycznej, który prowadził do tworzenia zmutowanych osobników ludzkich. Pewna część filmowych dystopii rozważała możliwość upadku systemów demokratycznych i rozwoju w ich miejsce reżimów autorytarnych, często w oparciu o szerokie poparcie społeczne. W obrębie tej odmiany dystopii mieszczą się także filmy przestawiające konsekwencje współczesnego hedonizmu i konsumpcjonizmu. Problemem jest jednak, iż dzieła krytyczne wobec wymienionych zjawisk same bywały reklamami atrakcyjnych produktów.

- by Cezary Wąs
- •
- Utopia, Utopia and Science Fiction, Dystopia, Utopia/dystopia

This thesis seeks to verify the hypothesis that: man has always tried to achieve the ideal in tangible, physical forms; (art, architecture etc) but consistently fails to do so due to the imperfect nature of material reality. The researcher proposes to look at this vicious cycle as a complete process, utopia as the initial thought and dystopia as the desired final result, to embrace the complete reality brought on by trying to achieve a utopia and leaving enough space in its physical representation for a dystopia to emerge. Utopias grow into dystopias.

- by Asim Salman
- •
- Architecture, Dystopian Literature, Dystopias, Dystopian Fiction