Vehicular Communication Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

In this work, we present a framework analysis of millimeter waves (mmWaves) vehicular communications systems. Communications between vehicles take place through a cooperative relay which acts as an intermediary base station (BS). The relay is equipped with multiple transmit and receive antennas and it employs decode-and-forward (DF) to process the signal. Also, the relay applies maximal ratio combining (MRC), and maximal ratio transmission (MRT), respectively, to receive and forward the signal. As the vehicles' speeds are relatively high, the channel experiences a fast fading and this time variation is modeled following the Jakes' autocorrelation model. We also assume narrowband fading channel. Closed-form expressions of the reliability metrics such as the outage probability, the probability of error and the channel capacity are derived. Capitalizing on these performances, we derive the low and high power regimes for the capacity, and the high signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) asymptotes for the outage and error probability to get full insights into the system gains such as the diversity and coding gains.

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- Diversity, Millimeter Waves, Fading Channel, Cellular

In VANET clustering, the cluster construction is dependent on the stable node list that combines the node within the coverage zone of the subject node. Higher size of stable nodes implies bigger clusters and more stable ones. On the other side, lower size of stable nodes implies small and sparse clustering performance. The size of the stable node list is related to various parameters within the traffic model. In the literature, few of the research work have concentrated on the relation between the traffic model parameters and the size of stable node list of a subject node. In this article, we aim at exploring the interrelation between various parameters and variables in the traffic model of VANET network in the highway and its impact on the coverage node list and stable node list. Furthermore, we aim at characterizing this relation to predict the cluster size and lifetime based on the provided parameters.

- by Mohammed Saad Talib
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- Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, Stability, Clustering, VANETs
- by Angélica Reyes-Muñoz
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- Automotive Industry, Safety, Ad Hoc Networks, Quality of Service

The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has recently published its Release 16 that includes the first Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) standard based on the 5G New Radio (NR) air interface. 5G NR V2X introduces advanced functionalities on top of the 5G NR air interface to support connected and automated driving use cases with stringent requirements. This article presents an in-depth tutorial of the 3GPP Release 16 5G NR V2X standard for V2X communications, with a particular focus on the sidelink, since it is the most significant part of 5G NR V2X. The main part of the paper is an in-depth treatment of the key aspects of 5G NR V2X: the physical layer, the resource allocation, the quality of service management, the enhancements introduced to the Uu interface and the mobility management for V2N (Vehicle to Network) communications, as well as the coexistence mechanisms between 5G NR V2X and LTE V2X. We also review the use cases, the system architecture, and describe the evaluation methodology and simulation assumptions for 5G NR V2X. Finally, we provide an outlook on possible 5G NR V2X enhancements, including those identified within Release 17.

- by Baldomero Coll-Perales
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- Vehicular Communication, V2X, 5G Mobile Communications, 5G NR

Vehicular networks and the recent Internet of Vehicles (IoV) are continuously developing, aiming to solve the current and novel challenging needs in the domain of transportation systems. Edge computing offers a natural support for Internet of Vehicles, supporting fast response, context awareness, and minimization of the data transfer to the centralized data centers-all these being allowed by the edge computing availability close to mobile vehicles. Multi-access (Mobile) Edge Computing, fog computing, cloudlets, etc., are such candidates to support IoV; their architectures and technologies have overlapping characteristics but also differences in approach. A full convergence between them has not yet been achieved. Also, it is still not completely clarified which solution could be the best trade-off to be adopted in the Internet of vehicles context and for which use cases. This paper is not a complete survey, but attempts a preliminary evaluation of some of the currently proposed Mobile Edge Computing and fog computing solutions for vehicular networks.

- by Carlos Calafate and +2
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- Road safety, Quality of life, Intelligent Transport System, Intelligent

With the rising interest in autonomous vehicles, developing radio access technologies (RATs) that enable reliable and low latency vehicular communications has become of paramount importance. Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) and Cellular V2X (C-V2X) are two present-day technologies that are capable of supporting day-1 vehicular applications. However, these RATs fall short of supporting communication requirements of many advanced vehicular applications, which are believed to be critical in enabling fully autonomous vehicles. Both DSRC and C-V2X are undergoing extensive enhancements in order to support advanced vehicular applications that are characterized by high reliability, low latency, and high throughput requirements. These RAT evolutions-IEEE 802.11bd for DSRC and NR V2X for C-V2X-can supplement today's vehicular sensors in enabling autonomous driving. In this paper, we survey the latest developments in the standardization of 802.11bd and NR V2X. We begin with a brief description of the two present-day vehicular RATs. In doing so, we highlight their inability to guarantee the quality of service requirements of many advanced vehicular applications. We then look at the two RAT evolutions, i.e., IEEE 802.11bd and NR V2X and outline their objectives, describe their salient features and provide an in-depth description of key mechanisms that enable these features. While both, IEEE 802.11bd and NR V2X, are in their initial stages of development, we shed light on their preliminary performance projections and compare and contrast the two evolutionary RATs with their respective predecessors.

- by Gaurang Naik and +1
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- Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, Vehicular Communication, IEEE 802.11p, c-v2x
- by Alessandro Cidronali
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- Low Power, Vehicular Communication
- by R. Stanica
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- Engineering, Technology, Computer Networks, Simulation
- by Earth Entertainment channel
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- Engineering, Technology, Computer Networks, Localization

Fifth generation (5G) Vehicular Cloud Computing (VCC) systems use heterogeneous network access technologies to fulfill the requirements of modern services. Multiple services with different Quality of Service (QoS) constraints could be available in each vehicle, while at the same time, user requirements and provider policies must be addressed. Therefore, the design of efficient Vertical Handover (VHO) management schemes for 5G-VCC infrastructures is needed. In this paper, a novel VHO management scheme for 5G-VCC systems is proposed. Whenever the user satisfaction grade becomes less than a predefined threshold, VHO is initiated and network selection is performed, considering the velocity of the vehicle, network characteristic criteria such as throughput, delay, jitter and packet loss, as well as provider policy criteria such as service reliability, security and price. The proposed scheme uses linguistic values for VHO criteria attributes represented by Interval Valued Pentagonal Fuzzy Numbers (IVPFNs) to express the information using membership intervals. The VHO scheme is applied to a 5G-VCC system which includes 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and IEEE 802.16 Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) Macrocells and Femtocells, as well as IEEE 802.11p Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE) Road Side Units (RSUs). Performance evaluation shows that the suggested method ensures the Always Best Connection (ABC) principle, while at the same time outperforms existing VHO management schemes.

- by Emmanouil Skondras
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- Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, Cloud Computing, Handover, Mobility Management

Traffic management, road safety, and environmental impact are important issues in the modern world. These challenges are addressed by the application of sensing, control and communication methods of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). A part of ITS is a vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) which means a wireless network of vehicles. However, communication among vehicles in a VANET exposes several security threats which need to be studied and addressed. In this review, firstly, the basic flow of VANET is illustrated focusing on its communication methods, architecture, characteristics, standards, and security facilities. Next, the attacks and threats for VANET are discussed. Moreover, the authentication systems are described by which vehicular networks can be protected from fake messages and malicious nodes. Security threats and counter measures are discussed for different remote vehicle communication methods namely, remote keyless entry system, dedicated short range communication, ...

- by Md Robiul Alam Robel
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- Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science, Intercultural Communication

In this paper, we present the design, implementation and evaluation of non-line-of-sight (NLOS) perception to achieve a virtual see-through functionality for road vehicles. In this system, a safety event, such as pedestrian crossing or traffic list status or vehicle merge, that are occluded to a driver due to another vehicle on the driving lane, are perceived and communicated by the occluding vehicle. Each vehicle is equipped with a camera, placed on the dashboard, that perceives the scene in a drivers view. This scene is analyzed and mapped into specific warning codes that are specific to a safety event, and communicated as short packets using visible light communication. The camera in the following vehicle captures this information and generates a recommendation for safety action to the driver by comparing the warning from the packet and from its own scene perception. Through experimental evaluations of a proof-of-concept implementation, we show that our system is able to achieve up to 90% accuracy in identifying nine occluded safety events, which correspond to traffic light statuses (red, green, yellow), other vehicles' lane change behaviors (merge/leave lane left/right), and pedestrian detection.

This paper studies the feasibility of using low-power wireless technologies such as Bluetooth, IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee in high-speed railway scenarios that involve bidirectional land-to-train communication. The presented results have been obtained through experimental tests conducted at the high-speed railway line connecting Madrid to Barcelona. A multiplatform communication system has been installed in a high-speed train, circulating at velocities up to 300 km/h, whereas autonomous devices have been disseminated along of the railway path to communicate with the onboard devices. The conclusions drawn from this work will be used as guidelines for the future implementation of autonomous communication platforms for high-speed rail connectivity.

A two-level cooperative network scheme for vehicular communications is proposed in this paper. The network architecture consists on a set of deployed RoadSide Units (RSU) based on the expected density of nodes in the network whereas these nodes are organized as a vehicular ad- hoc network. The position of the RSUs is obtained using the k- means algorithm along with the gap statistic to obtain the optimal number of base stations. The nodes are clustered using spectral clustering based on the geographical position and dynamics of each node, subject to their predictable and highly correlated behavior with the environment. The head-cluster is chosen using concepts of coalitional games in order to extend the stability of the cluster. Additionally, using the beacons sent by the head-cluster to the RSU, a prediction in the dynamic behavior of the clustered nodes is achieved. The RSUs are interconnected using LTE links to provide a cooperative scheme, granting an optimal selection of the head-cluster, and prolonging its lifetime. Finally, the proposed two-level network scheme along with the clustering prediction method are analyzed and compared with the commonly used clustering techniques in a real scenario. The simulation results show the positive impact of the cooperative scheme developed predicting the movement of the clusters.

- by Jose Leon
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- Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, Autonomous Vehicles, Vehicular Communication

In this paper, we illustrate a Mobile Wireless Vehicular Environment Simulation (MoVES) framework for the parallel and distributed simulation of vehicular wireless ad hoc networks (VANETs). The proposed framework supports extensible, module-based and layered modeling, and scalable, accurate and efficient simulation of vehicular scenarios integrated with wireless communication and mobile services/applications. The vehicular layer includes models for vehicles, synthetic and trace-driven mobility, driver behavior, GPS-based street maps, intersection policies and traffic lights. The wireless communication layer currently includes models for physical propagation, and a network protocol stack including IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control, up to the Application layer. MoVES provides a platform for microscopic modeling and simulation-based analysis of wireless vehicular scenarios and communication-based services and applications, like Intelligent Transportation Systems, communication-based monitoring/control and info-mobility services. The framework includes design solutions for scalable, accurate and efficient parallel and distributed simulation of complex, vehicular communication scenarios executed over cost-effective, commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) simulation architectures. Dynamic model partition and adaptation-based load balancing solutions have been designed by exploiting common assumptions and model characteristics, in a user-transparent way. Test-bed performance evaluation for realistic scenarios has shown the effectiveness of MoVES in terms of simulation efficiency, scalability, adaptation and simulation accuracy.

- by Gabriele D'Angelo
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- Engineering, Technology, Computer Networks, Intelligent Transportation Systems
- by Luca Delgrossi
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- Architectural Design, Wireless Technology, IEEE, Vehicular Communication

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) technology has turned out as a vital research field throughout the most recent couple of years. VANETs are the likely an impacting way to deal with giving security of driver and different applications for the activity conditions and additionally travelers. Being dynamic in nature, it created the network, according to the condition and requirement of the users and provides consistent communication between the vehicles. Due to its excessive advantages, it is highly susceptible to numerous attacks and security in VANET should be taken into consideration. This paper presented the security issues such as authenticity, integrity, availability, confidentiality, anonymity and non-repudiation to provide the secure communication between Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I). Numerous research works have been done to recover the performance and security of this network. The fundamental point of this paper is the several security challenges and the applications of VANETs.

- by Pallavi Agarwal
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- Security, Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, VANETs, Vehicular Communication
- by Antonio Kung
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- Distributed Computing, Privacy, Cryptography, Security and Privacy
- by Aisha Hassan
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- Computer Science, Intelligent Transport System, Performance Analysis, MAC Layer

This work investigates vehicular mobility and the main factors that impact Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) connectivity using Basic Safety Message (BSM). MATLAB simulation used for Vehicular mobility and connectivity characterization under specific road traffic conditions. The simulation covers connectivity between traveling vehicles and a selected target vehicle to monitor communication interaction and establish an envelope within which reliable communication and BSM messages can occur. Another objective of this work is to use BSM exchanges to indicate the level of connectivity used to estimate traffic density, thus enabling congestion prediction. The obtained data contain information describing many vehicles, distance, connectivity time, and traffic density. The simulation results indicate an increase in the number of connected vehicles (connectivity level) as a function of both traffic density and communication range. Extending communication over fixed duration showed increased connectivity levels, allowing more vehicles to interact and exchange BSMs. The rate of change of connectivity per communication range is an indication of the state of traffic. Continuous connectivity proved to be less than general connectivity as vehicles exits through ramps and move from one cluster of vehicles to another. Varying duration per fixed communication range produced evidence of spatial domain change, and cluster variation as threshold values separate vehicles clusters in time and space. This work presented a model to help analyze the impact of vehicular mobility as a function of BSM communication range variation and connectivity duration variation correlated to traffic density.

Given the increasing vehicular pollution and emission of ultrafine particles (UFP) from it, there is growing concern regarding environmental and health effects worldwide. Although research has been done to examine such effects but a composite literature review of such studies is lacking. It is intended to review the historical developments, present position and forthcoming trends of such research. The scope of this review encompasses formation, release, health effects and control of traffic generated UFPs and re-suspended from the roads and emanating from road tyre abrasion. PRISMA approach for reviewing literature has been followed. A database literature search examining such effects was carried out at Google scholar, PubMed, circulation and web of science etc. The criterion selected was peer-reviewed, empirical, original articles, research and review papers up to July 2017. Overall 279 research and review papers, conference papers, reports, book chapters and lectures were studied and 206 ultimately incorporated in this review article. The developments in this field are discussed and recommendations suggested. This paper analyses the status of UFP related pollution during vehicular motion and reviews the current literature of the research done in this field. More scientific research pertaining to health and environmental effects of vehicular UFPs is needed, especially in developing countries, to support the policy framings.

- by Fortune Journals
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- Vehicular Communication

—In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), efficient use of the control channel affects both safety applications that use the control channel and other applications that use the service channels. Its efficiency deteriorates due the collisions on accessing to the control channel or due to the merging collisions which happen when fast moving vehicles use the same allocated channels. In this paper, we propose an algorithm which predicts the possible merging collisions due to the overtaking of fast vehicles. It predicts the collisions within 2-hops neighborhood and recommends the vehicle to acquire a new time slot in the control channel. Through simulations, it is shown that proposed approach reduces the merging collisions.

- by Mujdat Soyturk and +1
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- Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, VANETs, Vehicular Communication, Vanet

—VANETs are an emerging infrastructure that makes use of vehicles as the main objects within a network. These networks use either peer-to-peer communications to communicate with other vehicle objects directly or a more centralized client/server approach to communicate with its road side infrastructures to either authenticate, send or receive information. With this added ability implemented into modern and upcoming vehicles, the transportation infrastructure would greatly improve in terms of efficiency, safety and user-friendliness. Although communication introduces better ways of traveling, adding a network infrastructure to vehicles and their environments also introduces the possibility of security breaches inside the vehicles and respective surroundings through internal and external components embedded in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. It has been shown that multiple attack surfaces exist and proper defence mechanism must be implemented to properly secure and deploy this type of network. This survey will present an overview of VANETs and synthesize related works to demonstrate new security mechanisms and how much this type of network and in-house components of vehicles are exposed.

- by Jesse Lacroix
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- Information Security, Privacy, VANETs, Vehicular Communication

The concept of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) is considered to be a highly promising area of research due to its diversity of unique features. It is based mainly on the wireless vehicular network (WVN), where vehicles can perform sophisticated services such as sharing real-time safety information. To ensure high-quality service, WVN needs to solve the security challenges like eavesdropping, where malicious entities try to intercept the confidential transmitted signal. In this paper, we are going to provide a security scheme under the Double kappa-mu Shadowed fading. Our solution is based on the use of a friendly jammer that will transmit an artificial noise (AN) to jam the attacker's link and decrease its eavesdropping performances. To evaluate the efficiency of our solution, we investigated the outage probability for two special cases: Nakagami-m and Rician shadowed while taking into consideration the density of the blockage and the shadowing effects. We also studied the average secrecy capacity via deriving closed-form expressions of the ergodic capacity at the legitimate receiver and the attacker for the special case: Nakagami-m fading distribution.

- by Elyes Balti and +1
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- Vehicular Communication, Physical layer security, Eavesdropping, artificial noise
- by Giovanni Pau
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- Computer Science, Hurricane Katrina, Emergency, Remotely Operated Vehicles
- by Siuli Roy
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- Cars, Ad Hoc Networks, Directional Antenna, Decode-And-Forward

- by alam robel
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- Engineering, Mathematics, Computer Science, Intercultural Communication

Many safety and non-safety related applications have been envisioned in VANETs. However, efficient data dissemination considering the mobility of vehicle is must for the success of these applications. Although the Road Side Unit (RSU) is a stationary unit, both RSU and vehicle have
limited transmission range that restricts to shorter connection time. This endures a higher request drop rate specially at the overloaded RSUs. A cooperative load balancing (CLB) among the RSUs to use their residual bandwidth can be an effective solution to reduce the request drop rate.
In this paper, we investigate that considering the remaining delay tolerance of submitted requests and the knowledge of fixed road layout, the performance of the cooperative load balancing system can be further improved significantly. We show that this performance gain comes from serving the requests based on the urgency and the efficient load balancing among the junction-RSUs and edge-RSUs. Based on the observations, we propose an Enhanced CLB (ECLB) approach in this
paper. To demonstrate the efficiency of the ECLB approach a number of well-known scheduling algorithms are integrated and an extensive simulation experiments are conducted in the vehicular communication environment that supports the superiority of ECLB over the existing approaches.

Navigation assistance systems are aiming to improve safety and provide traffic optimization, and have become more and more popular in modern vehicular technology. The reason is given by the significant traffic increase and numerous congestion events in large cities, large complexity of road infrastructure and unexpected or hazardous conditions that can be found on roads. This paper proposes an innovative navigation system solution which intelligently gathers traffic data provided by integrated car sensors and/or onboard security systems and uses it to warn other participants. System concepts, architecture, design, implementation and performance evaluation aspects are presented, and also tasks organization for an embedded cost-effective implementation using a real-time kernel is illustrated.

The emerging adoption of wireless communications on surface transportation systems has generated extensive interest among researchers over the last several years. Innovative inter-vehicular communications and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications achieve road traffic safety, ecstatic driving and delightful travelling experiences. Multi-hop information dissemination in vehicular ad hoc networks is challenged by high mobility and frequent disconnections of wireless nodes. This paper presents a new routing scheme for Highway/Freeway VANETs, which consists of a unicast destination discovery process, a robust forward node selection mechanism and a positional hello mechanism. In this paper, no dedicated path is framed in order to prevent frequent path maintenance. In addition, the avoidance of flooding and location services substantially reduces the control overhead. Positional hello scheme ensures connectivity and diminishes control overhead concurrently. Simulation results signify the benefits of the proposed routing strategy (i.e. DDOR) has higher packet delivery ratio, reduced routing overhead and shorter delay compared with previous works.

- by Ahmad Bahai
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- Bit Error Rate, Vehicular Communication
- by Javier Gozalvez
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- Road safety, Traffic Safety, Vehicular Communication, System Simulation

Accessing Internet by the mobile nodes in a vehicle on
the move, give rise network mobility (NEMO) for which IETF
has standardized NEMO Basic Support Protocol (NBSP).
However, NBSP suffers from sub-optimal route problem for both data and signaling packets, and as the nesting level increases, the problem worsens, resulting high handoff delay. High handoff delay also reduces bandwidth utilization per unit time. NBSP also suffers from late movement detection which disrupts the continuous service to the applications. To solve these issues, this paper proposes SLNEMO protocol that also reduces the cost of location update and remains mobility transparent to the nodes in the mobile network. Making the protocol mobility transparent also solves the problem of binding update storm. We utilize the hierarchical topology of a mobile network to reduce the cost of location update, and use buffering scheme to provide seamless handoff. Numerical results show that SLNEMO performs better
than ROTIO in terms of average handoff delay and packet loss
duration.

- by Avik Mitra
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- Vehicular Communication, nested NEMO, network mobility NEMO, Handoff Delay
- by George Zaggoulos
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- Mobile Application, Directional Antenna, Vehicular Communication, Power Spectrum
- by Ghassan Abdalla
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- Ubiquitous Computing, Routing algorithm, Vehicular Network, Internet Access

Recent research studies prove that contention-based forwarding (CBF) algorithms are preferable in highly- dynamic vehicular environments. CBF algorithms are beaconless, whereas position-based algorithms rely on periodic beacon information to make forwarding decisions. Considering the store-carry-forward paradigm of delay-tolerant networks, which relies on mobility of vehicles to deliver packets when next forwarding vehicle is unreachable, we proposed a new recovery strategy and enhanced the CBF algorithm to tackle the network disconnection problem that frequently occurs in vehicular wireless networks. This enhanced CBF with a store-carry-forward capability is referred to as CBF-SCF algorithm. The algorithm was simulated, and the results indicate that CBF-SCF outperforms normal CBF in terms of packet delivery ratio and routing overhead.

- by Habib Rostami
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- Wireless Communications, Accident, VANETs, Vehicular Communication

In this paper, we propose a two purpose structure that can do vehicle navigating and packet routing simultaneously in an efficient way. The algorithm suggests the shortest travel time path to the drivers and finds reliable routes for traffic information messages. In order to reduce traveling time, vehicles are directed to the paths with lower car congestion. Because such paths have a higher risk of radio
coverage partitioning, it is more desired to disseminate traffic information packets from routes that have more probability of radio connectivity, to increase successful ratio on delivering messages. For this purposes, it is necessary to assess vehicles distribution on city roads periodically to evaluate real-time car congestion and radio connectivity of roads. The peer-to-peer layer is constructed in a fast and simple way, without any overhead or extra message exchanging between nodes. The system can optimally save the limited bandwidth of vehicular network as well as reducing the travel time of vehicles. Due to completely cooperative characteristic of this system, there is no
need to install any infrastructure at road network.

- by mahamat abakar
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- Computer Science, Intelligent Transport System, Performance Analysis, MAC Layer

Millimeter wave offers high bandwidth for air-to-air (A2A) communication. In this paper, we evaluate the rate performance of a multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) configuration where several aircraft communicate with a central hub. We consider a hybrid subarray architecture, single path channels, and realistic atmospheric attenuation effects. We propose a mathematical framework for the analysis of millimeter wave (mmWave) MU-MIMO networks. Via Monte Carlo simulation, we demonstrate that mmWave is a promising technology for delivering gigabit connectivity in next-generation aerial networks.