Wellington Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

• Green space is needed in central city areas to provide health and wellbeing benefits for current and future residents, commuters and visitors, and increased amenity, liveability and economic benefits. Green spaces also provide ecosystem and resilience benefits that will help mitigate and adapt the city to climate change and other environmental shocks.
• We report here on a detailed study of the provision of public green space in central Wellington City in relation to current and projected future population levels.
• The study focused on the three Census Area Units (CAU) of central Wellington City. These CAUs contain a total of 41.19 ha of public green space. More than half of the central city’s public green space is located not in City parks and gardens but in road reserves or in other non-council areas, and some is of relatively low quality and poorly accessible.
• The amount of green space per capita in each CAU is highest at 41m2 in Thorndon-Tinakori Road CAU, 23m2 in Lambton CAU, and lowest at 6m2 in Willis St-Cambridge Terrace CAU. There is a very significant lack of greenspace within 300m of the population-weighted centre of the Willis St– Cambridge Terrace CAU.
• Green space amount per capita in central Wellington City declines substantially - by half on average - when projected population growth to 2043 for the three CAUs is considered.
• Increasing the total amount, accessibility and quality of green space in the central city will need to be achieved in order to accommodate future population growth and fulfil a vision of “central city green spaces that enhance community and ecosystem health”.
• A central city green space policy that achieves the maximum possible protection and optimal use of current green space, augmented by purchase of additional land in population growth areas, is most likely to meet the needs of residents and visitors, now and in the future.

- by and +1
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- Green Infrastructure, Density, Public Space, Wellington

Resumen: Este artículo estudia los orígenes y la evolución de la propaganda centrada en Juan Martín Díez, " el Empecinado " , durante la guerra de la Independencia (1808-1814). Durante la invasión francesa de España, el Empecinado pasó de ser un simple campesino a convertirse en uno de los jefes guerrilleros más importantes. Esta evolución se debió al talento del Empecinado para hacer la guerra irregular, pero también al uso masivo y permanente de la propaganda. Palabras clave: Propaganda, imagen, guerra de guerrillas, guerra de la Independencia, prensa periódica. Abstract: This paper studies the genesis and evolution of propaganda about Juan Martín Díez, called the " Empecinado " , during the Peninsular War (1808-1814). During the French invasion of Spain, the " Empecinado " went from being a simple peasant to become one of the most important guerrilla leaders. This development is largely due to the talent of the " Empecinado " to make the irregular war, but also because of a massive and permanent use of propaganda.

- by Alberto Ausín Ciruelos
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- Journalism, Propaganda, War Studies, National Heroes
- by Adrienne van As
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- Education, Rural education, Wellington, Multigrade Education
- by Huw Davies
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- Military History, Wellington, Clausewitz, Waterloo

Feted as one of the decisive battles in history, Waterloo is seen as a turning point in national and international affairs. In academic literature on British military history, if not in wider academic literature, Waterloo is a turning point, an imaginary line in the sand. Authors tend to focus on events leading up to 1815, or they tend to discuss events beginning in 1815. And there are valid reasons for this. Funding for the army was drastically cut; the victor of the battle, Wellington, attained an unassailable position in the country’s political and military establishments, and ushered in an era of conservatism that stymied effective innovation and intellectual growth; and an era of peace on the European continent allowed Britain to direct her attention at imperial expansion in the subcontinent and elsewhere, where small armies, supplemented by indigenous troops and the private army of the EIC could exert and expand authority at minimal cost to the crown. As a result, from the height of success and efficiency at the climax of the Peninsular War and Waterloo, the British Army within thirty years faced an unmitigated disaster in Afghanistan, bloody and expensive victory in the Punjab, embarrassment in the Crimea, and rebellion in India. The men who fought and won in the Peninsula and at Waterloo were the men who fought and lost in Eastern Europe, Central and South Asia.

- by Huw Davies
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- Military History, Eighteenth-Century British Army, Wellington, Waterloo
- by Andrea Nacher
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- Guitar, 18th Century, Wellington, 19th Century

The COVID-19 pandemic generated a number of changes in the functioning of urban areas all over the world and had a visible impact on the use of green infrastructure, including city parks. The study discusses and compares operation and use of two such parks located in Wellington, New Zealand and Warsaw, Poland by adopting ʺpandemic urban ethnographyʺ, an approach that includes autoethnography, interviews with users, non-participant observation, and analysis of social media content. As indicated by the findings of the study, the importance of less rigidly designed, multifunctional spaces that give their users freedom of ʺtacticalʺ adjustments, significantly grows during times of lockdown and ʺsocial distancingʺ. During such a crisis, the management and everyday use of urban parks are highly related to urban policies. The article provides insight into how those policies impact the functional values of green infrastructure confronting it with user-generated adaptations and the landscape design itself. The global health emergency showed how access to green areas becomes a crucial determinant on environmental justice while proving the significance of ʺtactical pandemic urbanismʺ as both a design and management method.

- by Krzysztof Herman and +1
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- Green Infrastructure, Wellington, Warsaw, Tactical Urbanism

The COVID-19 pandemic generated a number of changes in the functioning of urban areas all over the world and had a visible impact on the use of green infrastructure, including city parks. The study discusses and compares operation and use of two such parks located in Wellington, New Zealand and Warsaw, Poland by adopting “pandemic urban ethnography”, an approach that includes autoethnography, interviews with users, non-participant observation, and analysis of social media content. As indicated by the findings of the study, the importance of less rigidly designed, multifunctional spaces that give their users freedom of “tactical” adjustments, significantly grows during times of lockdown and “social distancing”. During such a crisis, the management and everyday use of urban parks are highly related to urban policies. The article provides insight into how those policies impact the functional values of green infrastructure confronting it with user-generated adaptations and the landscape...

- by Łukasz Drozda
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- Green Infrastructure, Political Science, Wellington, Warsaw

Eighteenth-century military personnel were among the most travelled of the British Empire. Historiographical analysis has obviously tended to focus on their military exploits, while disregarding their often extensive cultural and scientific interests. Although frequently tinged with racial prejudices that were prevalent in eighteenth century militarism, many officers made extensive observations of the cultures and peoples they encountered. This knowledge was used in a variety of ways, ranging from altruistic individual-improvement, through to militaristic collective-improvement. In 2004, Natasha Glaisyer argued that if empire could be ‘thought of as a set of networks of exchange then ... the scientific, cultural, social, political, and intellectual histories of empire’ were inextricably linked. It is curious that the military dimension is not considered by Glaisyer in her analysis, given that unlike the scientific, mercantile and political classes, those in the military travelled all over the world, forging connections and networks between and within continents and across time. This paper will analyse first the construction of military knowledge networks by utilising archival sources, including military diaries and travel journals, from America, Europe and Asia. It will then analyse the interaction of military personnel within networks of knowledge exchange and examine how knowledge and ideas were transmitted within and between different parts of Britain’s expanding eighteenth-century empire. It will suggest that these networks facilitated understanding within the military of unfamiliar cultures, and that ultimately this knowledge was frequently helpful in facilitating, whether for good or ill, Britain’s imperial expansion and control.

- by Huw Davies
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- Military History, Napoleonic Wars, Eighteenth-Century British Army, Wellington

Este artículo estudia los dos eventos principales relacionados con el castillo de la ciudad de Burgos durante la Guerra de Independencia española (1808-1814), que el asedio por parte de lord Wellington en el otoño de 1812 y su voladura... more

- by Alberto Ausín Ciruelos
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- War Studies, Napoleonic Wars, Contemporary History of Spain, Wellington

This paper employs a unique ecosystem services analysis methodology to evaluate how cities could support or generate ecosystem services. Ecosystem services analysis can provide quantifiable goals for urban ecological regeneration that are determined by the site-specific ecology and climate of an urban area. In this research, the ecosystem service of habitat provision is the key focus. The role of urban green space and urban forests is crucial within this. Setting ambitious targets for urban ecological performance and ecosystem services provision is of great importance due to the large negative environmental impact that cities currently have on ecosystems and, therefore, ecosystem service provision, and because healthier ecosystems enable humans to better adapt to climate change through creating potentials for increased resilience. A comparative case study analysing the ecosystem service of habitat provision in two existing urban environments with similar climates (Cfb according to the Köppen Climate Classification System) but in different parts of the world, namely Wellington, New Zealand and Curitiba, Brazil, was conducted to examine how the ecosystem services analysis concept can used to devise urban habitat provision goals. The paper concludes that, although achieving habitat provision goals derived from ecosystem services analysis in urban areas is likely to be difficult, determining quantitative site-and climate-specific staged goals could enable urban design professionals to increase the effectiveness of conservation and regeneration efforts in terms of ecosystem service provision from urban green and blue spaces.

- by Tupe Crawley
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- Globalization, Colonialism, Wellington, Cultural Globalization

Globally, large cities are implementing guidelines to ensure that environment, economics and sociality are at the forefront of urban design. Promotion of healthier streets has created new opportunities for social and commercial interaction and more inclusive outcomes. However, while most megacity streets share commonalities, the streets in mediumdensity urban centres do not always share the same problems and opportunities. Following the London Healthy Street programme, interviews were conducted on four inner-suburban Wellington, Aotearoa-New Zealand streets. Findings highlight the impacts of changing demographics and street functionality and indicate that urban scale can be a factor in opportunity for innovative and user-friendly street design.

- by Bruno Marques
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- Inclusive Design, Urban Health, Wellington, Healthy Cities

The second part of this 2-part monograph opens with its subject returning to London and taking up a new post as Secretary of Sir Charles Stuart’s Extraordinary Embassy to Lisbon and Rio de Janeiro. In later life, we see Marcus, the married man, an MP, a clubbable gourmet, father of ten children, and eventually as succeeding his brother in the Sandys of Ombersley peerage.

- by Martin Davis
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- Wellington, Rio de Janeiro, Lisbon, Worcester
- by Robert Myers
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- Conservation Biology, Fisheries, Indonesia, Ecology
- by Edward Williams
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- Wellington, Pregnancy, Hospital, Sonography

Compiled principally from the resources of the Sandys Ombersley Collection, the first part of this 2-part monograph reveals an affectionate brother and son, mainly through the medium of his entertaining letters from abroad on diplomatic postings held in the early part of his career. This part 1 takes us to the year 1824, just after Marcus suffers a blow to his marriage plans, and before his departure from Florence.

- by Martin Davis
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- Wellington, Florence, Madrid, Congress of Vienna

This book is about the preparation, planning and execution of the invasion of Portugal in 1810 by the British, Portuguese and Spanish allies and by the French Armée de Portugal under Marshal Massena. It also covers the practice of all armies involved during this campaign, working from original sources. The work focusses on the strategic, operational and tactical planning undertaken by both sides in preparation for the invasion, and the actual progress of the campaign. A narrative of the battles and sieges, with a more focussed analysis at the tactical-level (such as the question of line versus column) will also bring out the necessity of adequate planning and intelligence.
The 1810 campaign can be seen as a turning point in the Peninsular War, but has attracted few authors to investigate it fully, many focussing on particular aspects of the campaign such as the sieges, the Battle of Buçaco or the Lines of Torres Vedras. The campaign is significant for one prominent reason, that this was the last time that Portugal was invaded by the French during the Peninsular War. It is also marked by the differing ways in which the two forces were prepared for, and handled during, the campaign. The strategies of both sides showed marked contrasts which directly affected the outcome of the campaign.

- by Kenton White
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- Napoleonic Wars, Wellington, Peninsular War, Victor Masséna prince d'Essling

Wellington and the British Army's Indian Campaigns 1798 - 1805--Why publish highly inaccurate maps in a lavishly illustrated , well published book November 2021 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.17453.82402 Projects: How History Moves-Mans Role in... more

Wellington and the British Army's Indian Campaigns 1798 - 1805--Why publish highly inaccurate maps in a lavishly illustrated , well published book
November 2021
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.17453.82402
Projects: How History Moves-Mans Role in History
MILITARY HISTORY
Agha H Amin

- by Agha H Amin
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- Military History, Leadership, Wellington, Maratha History
- by Brenda Vale
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- Geography, Human Geography, Computer Science, Place-Identity (Architecture)

A personal account of the Battle of Waterloo Bicentennial Re-enactment event held in Belgium in June 2015. From Military History Monthly (September 2015) 60, pp. 72-73.

The paper summarises the results of an archaeo-geophysical investigation, carried out by Souterrain Archaeological Services Ltd, on the Cerro del Castillo, Burgos, Spain.
During September and October 1812 a French garrison at the fortress of Burgos was besieged by the Army of Portugal, led by Marquis Wellington. Heavily outnumbered, the garrison held out for 33 days - until the sight of French reinforcements forced Wellington’s withdrawal. A particular scene of relentless struggle took place at the medieval church of San Román, which the French had converted to an outpost, on the south west slope of the Cerro del Castillo. The church was destroyed in the fight, with Portugese, Spanish, British and French soldiers perishing in the ruin.
Today, little of the Napoleonic defences are readily apparent, particularly as the hillside is thickly planted with trees and shrubs. But so great has been the transformation of the landscape over the past two centuries, that the precise location of the ruined church has become a subject of debate.
In 2011, El Foro para el Estudio de la Historia Militar de España and el Instituto Municipal de Cultura y Turismo de la Ciudad de Burgos requested Souterrain to attempt to locate the church of San Román.

- by Martin D. Wilson and +1
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- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology, Cultural Heritage, Archaeological Science
- by Andreas Muljadi
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- Conservation Biology, Fisheries, Coral Reefs, Indonesia
- by Shinta Pardede
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- Conservation Biology, Fisheries, Coral Reefs, Indonesia
- by Angel Carlos Perez Aguayo
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- War Studies, Napoleonic Wars, Napoleonic Europe, Wellington

Estamos en un año que es aniversario en números redondos de grandes acontecimientos: el final de la guerra civil norteamericana o de secesión, el de la segunda guerra mundial, el de la de Vietnam (incluso, para España, el del fallecimiento de Franco). Pero, para alguien que vive en Bélgica, Waterloo es esencial. La batalla se libró a veinte kilómetros de Bruselas y muchos de los turistas que visitan la capital no desdeñan una excursión a un pueblo que es ya casi una prolongación del extrarradio.

- by Angel Viñas
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- History, European History, Napoleonic Wars, Wellington
- by Roger Moffat
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- Wellington

A vila e o concelho de Santarém sob a invasão francesa de 1810-1811: Impactos materiais is a qualitative study about the human and material consequences of the third French invasion in the municipality of Santarém. The author begins analyzing 83 unpublished manuscripts, which contextualizes, to characterize, then, the municipality of Santarém in 1810-1811. After, he studies the human impacts of this invasion, namely the population exodus, the multiple acts of violence committed, including death, which had also other causes such as famine and epidemics. Thereafter, he continues studying the material impacts arising from acts of theft, destruction and fire, as well as the loss of oxen with the armies, ending with a brief analysis of British aid in each parish of Santarém. Key-words: Peninsular War, French Invasions, Third French Invasion, Portugal, Santarém (Municipality), 18101811. A vila e o concelho de Santarém sob a invasão francesa de 1810-1811 Impactos materiais e humanos 3 Nos ...

Ontem vi-me, de novo, no olho da História. Assisti a um filme, português, de excelente elenco, que retrata um momento traumático da nossa existência lusa: as invasões francesas. Mais concretamente, a última, protagonizada por Masséna, em 1811, há precisamente duzentos e um anos! Não foi assim há tanto tempo, e este episódio da nossa história está marcadado no código genético da nossa consciência colectiva. No livro biográfico do Professor Adriano Moreira, " A Espuma do Tempo. Memórias do Tempo de Vésperas", o digníssimo político relata que nas aldeias transmontanas, no percurso da sua meninice, ouvia, naqueles locais ainda pejados de vida, na voz popular, o quão estava impregnado o horror naquela mente colectiva, pela última invasão militar sobre o nosso país continental. As populações aldeãs, há meio século atrás, ainda registavam, com dor, as entradas dos exércitos napoleónicos no nosso solo. De norte a sul!

- by Ernesto Ribeiro
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- Wellington, Portugues Cinema, História, Invasões Francesas
- by Ilya Berkovich
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- Military History, Spanish History, Conflict Archaeology, War and society