Zoogeography Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

- by
- •
- Cartography, Earth Sciences, Environmental Science, Remote Sensing
- by Hendrik Segers
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- Taxonomy, Ecology, Hydrobiology, Zoogeography
- by Chris Wilson
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- Molecular Ecology, Biological Sciences, Mitochondrial DNA, Selection
- by Janine Deakin
- •
- Genetics, Parasitology, Physiology, Zoology
- by Dermeval Aparecido Do Carmo
- •
- Evolutionary Biology, Geology, Ecology, Marine

Поширення птахів на Земній кулі підпорядковане поділу її поверхні на зоогео-графічні суші та області, для яких характерні специфічні риси, котрі виділяють за присутністю так званих показових видів. У статті представлено аналіз орнітофауни Нотогеї та Неогеї, значні відмінності й унікальність видового багатства цих зоогео-графічних суш, подано уявлення про сучасний стан поширення показових видів птахів на планеті. Запропоновано змінити назву Папуаської зоогеографічної підоб-ласті на Папуанську, щоб узгодити її походження від назви країни, як це зроблено для всіх інших підобластей, а не від назви корінного населення. Запропоновано також ввести до складу Нотогеї Антарктичну зоогеографічну область, яка є специ-фічною територією, з оригінальною фауною та наявністю ендеміків і водночас із цілою низкою видів птахів, які поширені також у Новозеландській, Австралійській та Полінезійській областях цієї ж суші. Ключові слова: зоогеографія, зоогеографічні суші та області, Нотогея, Нео-гея, показові види, поширення птахів, ендеміки. Поширення птахів на Земній кулі підпорядковане поділу її поверхні на зоогео-графічні суші та області, для яких, у свою чергу, характерні специфічні риси, котрі виділяють за присутністю так званих показових видів. Особливості зоогеографіч-ного районування зумовлені значним впливом клімату, рельєфу, рослинності та інших чинників природного середовища, а також історичним процесом, протягом якого відбувалися зміни земної поверхні, що сприяли формуванню характеру по-ширення представників тваринного світу. Дослідженням поширення тварин на Землі займається зоогеографія, а дещо ширшим колом питань – біогеографія, подібна до зоогеографії наука. Власне, основні завдання цих наук, у зоологічному плані – з'ясувати особливості форму-вання фаун і поширення окремих видів на Землі й охарактеризувати різні регіони суші та водного простору за складом їх тваринного світу.

- by Ihor Shydlovsky
- •
- Ornithology, Zoogeography

The fern genus Dryopteris (Dryopteridaceae) is represented in the Hawaiian Islands by 18 endemic taxa and one non-endemic, native species. The goals of this study were to determine whether Dryopteris in Hawai’i is monophyletic and to infer the biogeographical origins of Hawaiian Dryopteris by determining the geographical distributions of their closest living relatives. We sequenced two chloroplast DNA fragments, rbcL and the trnL-F intergenic spacer (IGS), for 18 Hawaiian taxa, 45 non-Hawaiian taxa, and two outgroup species. For individual fragments, we estimated phylogenetic relationships using Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony. We performed a combined analysis of both cpDNA fragments employing Bayesian inference, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood. These analyses indicate that Hawaiian Dryopteris is not monophyletic, and that there were at least five separate colonizations of the Hawaiian Islands by different species of dryopteroid ferns, with most of the five groups having closest relatives in SE Asia. The results suggest that one colonizing ancestor, perhaps from SE Asia, gave rise to eight endemic taxa (the glabra group). Another colonizing ancestor, also possibly from SE Asia, gave rise to a group of five endemic taxa (the exindusiate group). Dryopteris fusco-atra and its two varieties, which are endemic to Hawai’i, most likely diversified from a SE Asian ancestor. The Hawaiian endemic Nothoperanema rubiginosum has its closest relatives in SE Asia, and while the remaining two species, D. wallichiana and D. subbipinnata, are sister species, their biogeographical origins could not be determined from these analyses due to the widespread distributions of D. wallichiana and its closest non-Hawaiian relative.

- by Tom Ranker
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- Information Systems, Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, Marine Biology
- by Sergio R . Floeter
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- Macroecology, Ecology, Zoogeography, Species Composition

To test the hypothesis that the marine fish fauna of Trinidad is the same as that of Tobago, 494 lots of specimens from Trinidad and Tobago, housed in the Fish Collection of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), were examined for capture locations and to verify species identification 3. Additional data from four research cruises done by the R/V Dr. Fridtjof Nansen around Trinidad and Tobago in 1988 supplemented the collection-based data. These data supported spatial analyses of occurrence by species, families and higher taxa around both islands. The findings indicate significant differences in the fish species composition around both islands thus rejecting the null hypothesis; however, no conclusive statements can be made due to unequal attempts to document the marine fishes of both islands in terms of sampling methods and intensity. Tobago has been subjected to serious systematic inventory, most recently through the efforts of Dave Hardy and NMNH personnel, resulting in over 1300 lots of Tobago specimens compared to 200 for Trinidad in the NMNH Fish Collection. Trinidad has neither been subjected to similar rigorous research nor have the specimens been collected via similar, comparable sampling techniques. Despite this caveat, these results have implications for marine resource management, in terms of necessitating different strategies based on the dominant groups around each island, and provide direction for future research. This research suggests that the marine fish fauna of Trinidad is not the same as that of Tobago.

- by David D Ramjohn
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- Marine Biology, Fisheries, Fishes, Trinidad and Tobago
- by STEPHEN FERRARI
- •
- Genetics, Zoology, Primatology, Conservation

The purpose of the African Chiroptera Report is to collate published information on, and collate specimen records of, African bats. The advent of the internet provides an opportunity for large amounts of information to be easily and economically updated and accessible, which is particularly important for taxonomic information. The electronic, web-based nature of the information is intended to allow information on African bats to be corrected/updated more frequently than a printed format allows, and to be available to users in an affordable form that can be manipulated to their specific requirements. It is hoped this tool will facilitate research and conservation planning, and possibly stimulate interactions across different areas of research. The report is generated from data collated in the African Chiroptera Database and will hopefully grow and develop with the addition of new and corrected information. The incorporation of information other than taxonomic (see the various section headings in the description of the layout below), is still patchy in its execution across the taxa. Information that may answer specific requirements of a user, i.e. more information about the voucher specimens, or specimen collectors, has been drawn from across the database and is presented in separate appendices. Published identification keys for African bat species, have, where necessary, been updated to include current names, and are presented in appendix 5. In appendix 6 images of type specimens are included as they become available.

- by Victor Van Cakenberghe and +1
- •
- Parasitology, Systematics (Taxonomy), Conservation, Morphology
- by Simone Fattorini
- •
- Zoology, Earth Sciences, Mediterranean, Biogeography

The primitive small-sized representatives of the "Cervus elaphus group" (Cervus nestii and Cervus abesalomi) appeared in Western Eurasia (Georgia and Italy) in Early Pleistocene. C. nestii already shows the basic primitive plane of antler morphology of the elaphus type and the peculiar elaphine cranial
morphology. C. abesalomi Kahlke 2001 from Dmanisi (Georgia) seems to be closely related to C. nestii, but some-what more primitive in morphology of dentition. The Villafranchian Cervus from Italy and Georgia may not represent the direct ancestral form of the “elaphus” group. Perhaps, the first expansion of Cervus s.s. in Europe took place during the middle-late Villafranchian. The first elaphine immigrant C. nestii could give a start for radiation of various forms in the Mediterranean area that characterised by antlers with a single brow tine and unusually branched or palmed distal portions. Those endemic
descent forms are C. elaphus aretinus Azzaroli with branched distal part of antler and very long braincase (Azzaroli, 1961; Di Stefano & Petronio, 1992) and C. elaphus palmidactyloceros with palmed antlers (Abbazzi, 1995). The Modern fauna of Western Mediterranean still contains a peculiar form of red deer both from morphological and from genetic points of view. This is a rather small-sized C. elaphus barbarus with primitive antlers similar to C. nestii and white spots on its body. Ludt et al. (2003) obtained a surprisingly high genetic differentiation of the Atlas stag together with the Corsican deer from the rest subgroups of the modern red deer with the time of divergence cca. 2.2 Ma
(since the Middle Villafranchian). Such a significant time of divergence was taken with caution as a possible overestimation (Ludt et al., 2003). However, the archaic morphology of Atlas and Corsican deer and their genetic segregation may be regarded as an evidence for a long-time isolation of primitive red deer in the Atlas refugia. Therefore, one can assume that the Atlas stag is a Villafranchian survivor derived from C. nestii.

- by Roman Croitor
- •
- Paleontology, Taxonomy, Evolution, Systematics

Review of data on all amphibian species from the territory of the former Soviet Union. The book is supplied with a CD with interactive maps of all localities for each species. Here the book is available for download. The CD may be... more

- by Sergius Kuzmin
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- Systematics (Taxonomy), Herpetology, Conservation Biology, Conservation Ecology

The lion-bull iconography during the Achaemenian period of ancient Persia has generated different theories of astronomical and seasonal events besides the suggestions that it could be the symbol of the time cycle of the day, with lion representing the sun and bull the night. However, the present paper draws the reader's attention to the hitherto unexplored angle of zoology to understand physiognomy of the lion-bull iconography in sculptural art of ancient Iran. The zoomorphology of lion and bull attempts at taxonomic identification based on iconography, which is also influenced by observations, imagination and collective psyche of sculptors. Notwithstanding this human bias involved in depiction of the animal, the present study demonstrates 'near-nature' precision in sculptural art, thereby allowing precise identification and shows how the artistic manifestations reflect a combination of animal morphology with myths and collective observations that might have passed down since generations. This is yet another form of faunal evidence that needs to be taken into account in addition to the skeletal record when confronted with presenting a holistic view of the animal world at the site. The paper is structured into three parts viz. Zoo-morphology of lion-bull motifs, Biogeography and Early History of lion and bull, and Faunal (skeletal) evidence of Lion and Bull in protohistoric and early historic Iran. This study highlights the significance of integrating skeletal record with other means of 'faunal evidence' in ancient literature, iconography, coins and ceramics that are helpful in understanding ancient subsistence, and socio-religious structure.

- by Iranian Journal Archaeological Studies
- •
- Iran, Persepolis, Zoogeography, Asiatic Lion

Hans Ditlev died 13th November 2013 and left a draft containing thousands of photos and many
pages of text. He had worked on a book but poor health prevented him from finishing the pages.
Jorgen Hylleberg, in association with Tomas Cedhagen, decided to continue the work after his death.
Hans Ditlev’s lifelong work with Indo-Pacific corals should be made available to all students of
stony corals. For the present book we selected illustrations and texts for 7 families with numerous
common and rare species, viz. ACROPORIDAE: the genera Acropora (199 spp.), Anacropora
(6 spp.), Astreopora (7 spp.) Enigmopora (1 sp.) Montipora (43 spp.). ASTROCOENIIDAE:
the genus Stylocoeniella (3 spp.). EUPHYLLIDAE: the genera Catalaphyllia (1 sp.), Ctenella
(1 sp.), Euphyllia (7 spp.) Nemenzophyllia (1 sp.), Physogyra (2 spp.) Plerogyra (6 sp.).
MEANDRINDAE: the genus Gyrosmilia (1 sp.) OCULINIDAE: the genus Galaxea (7 spp.).
POCILLOPORIIDAE: the genera Madrachis (2 spp.), Palauastrea (1 sp.), Pocillopora (5 spp.),
Seriatopora (5 spp.), Stylophora (3 spp.). PORITIDAE: the genera Alveopora (5 spp.), Goniopora (22 spp.), Porites (22 spp.). In total 270 species.

- by Jørgen Hylleberg
- •
- Taxonomy, Corals, Zoogeography
- by Sandun J. Perera
- •
- Endemism, Southern Africa, Biogeography, Zoogeography

The purpose of the African Chiroptera Report is to collate published information on, and collate specimen records of, African bats. The advent of the internet provides an opportunity for large amounts of information to be easily and economically updated and accessible, which is particularly important for taxonomic information. The electronic, web-based nature of the information is intended to allow information on African bats to be corrected/updated more frequently than a printed format allows, and to be available to users in an affordable form that can be manipulated to their specific requirements. It is hoped this tool will facilitate research and conservation planning, and possibly stimulate interactions across different areas of research. The report is generated from data collated in the African Chiroptera Database and will hopefully grow and develop with the addition of new and corrected information.
The incorporation of information other than taxonomic (see the various section headings in the description of the layout below), is still patchy in its execution across the taxa. Information that may answer specific requirements of a user, i.e. more information about the voucher specimens, or specimen collectors, has been drawn from across the database and is presented in separate appendices. Published identification keys for African bat species, have, where necessary, been updated to include current names, and are presented in appendix 5. In appendix 6 images of type specimens are included as they become available.

- by Victor Van Cakenberghe
- •
- Africa, Taxonomy, Bats (Mammalogy), Chiroptera

Sexual segregation is best known in sexually dimorphic ungulates. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolution of sexual segregation in ungulates, but all are reducible to the influence of two factors: body size and sex-specific reproductive strategy. Definitive tests of these hypotheses are lacking in ungulates because these factors are confounded, all males being somewhat larger than females. Kangaroos represent a parallel radiation of terrestrial herbivores, but their populations are composed of a spectrum of adult body sizes, ranging from small males the same size as females to large males more than twice the size. We exploited this heteromorphism to assess the independent influences of size and sex in these ungulate analogues. We conducted a preliminary study of western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) in north-western Victoria, Australia. Adult males predominately occupied grassland habitat, whereas females occurred mostly in lakebed, woodland and shrubland...

- by G. Coulson
- •
- Genetics, Parasitology, Physiology, Developmental Biology
- by Victor Van Cakenberghe and +1
- •
- Systematics (Taxonomy), Africa, Bats (Mammalogy), Chiroptera

A checklist of spiders from the state of Tamil Nadu based on published records, World Spider Catalogue (2016) and collections of the Records of Zoological Survey of India has been presented. Till date 226 species are recorded from this state, representing 33 families and 120 genera. Spider diversity in Salticids was dominated followed by Araneids, Lycosids, Thomisids and Sparassids.

- by John Caleb
- •
- Invertebrate Zoology, Arthropoda, Spiders, Checklist
- by Fernanda P Werneck
- •
- Earth Sciences, Biogeography, Seasonality, History and archaeology

Aims This study aimed to document and describe the current range expansion of the great-tailed grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus Gmelin) into the USA. By examining the habitat associations and pattern of spread of this species, I intended to determine the factors responsible for this remarkable expansion by a tropical species into a temperate environment.Location This study focused on the spread of the great-tailed grackle in the continental USA, Canada and Baja California.Methods I used published records, museum specimens, and egg collections to document this range expansion from 1880 through 2002. In addition I surveyed large portions of Arizona, Nevada, southern Utah and southern California for great-tailed grackles during 2000 and 2001. The data gathered was used to create maps in order to quantify the rate of spread of this species.Results Between 1880 and 2000 the great-tailed grackle expanded its breeding range in the USA from c. 64,000 km2 to more than 3,561,000 km2, an increase of 5530%. The average annual rate of increase is 3.4%, but has lessened during the past 20 years. Northward movement in the eastern portion of the range has slowed down, reflecting this decrease. However, in the central and western portion of the species range, the rate of northward movement is still accelerating. During this expansion, the average time between first sighting in a state and first breeding was 5.8 years. The species has become less migratory during its range expansion, wintering in 17 of the 20 states where it breeds.Main conclusions This range expansion has been marked by great-tailed grackles preferring human-modified environments as breeding grounds, especially in the western states. This association appears to benefit the species in two ways; nest predation is lessened in such areas compared with natural conditions, whereas human activities tend to generate an abundant and consistent food supply for feeding offspring. Wintering birds are often associated with cattle feed lots and large-scale dairies, where abundant waste grain provides them with a reliable food supply. Given the continued human population increase throughout large areas of the western USA, the great-tailed grackle will continue its range expansion.Objetivo Este estudio tiene como objetivo documentar y describir la extención de su expansión actual del Zanate Mayor (Quiscalus mexicanus Gmelin) dentro de Estados Unidos (USA). Examinando las asociaciones de hábitat y patrones de desplazamiento de la especie, se intento determinar los factores responsables de la extraordinaria expansión de una especie subtropical dentro de un ambiente templado.Localización Este estudio se concentro en la expansión del Zanate Mayor en Estados Unidos continental, Canadá y Baja California.Métodos Se uso registros publicados, especímenes de museo, y colecciones de huevos para documentar esta expansión en su distribución desde 1880 hasta el 2000. Además durante el 2000 y 2001 se hicieron censos de una gran extensión en Arizona, Nevada, el sur de Utah y el sur de California para ubicar individuos de Zanate Mayor. La información obtenida se uso para crear mapas para así cuantificar el índice de expansión de la especie.Resultados Desde 1880, el Zanate Mayor ha expandido su extención de nidificación en USA desde aproximadamente 64,0000 Km2 a mas de 3,561,000 Km2 un crecimiento de 5,530%. El índice de promedio anual de crecimiento es 3.4% pero ha disminuido en los últimos 20 años. Hacia el norte y en la porción este de su distribución ha disminuido lo que se reflecta en esta disminución. Si embargo en el centro y la parte oeste de su distribución su movimiento hacia el norte sigue en crecimiento. Durante esta expansión en algún Estado, el promedio de tiempo entre el primer avistamiento y nidificación fue 5.8 años. La especie se a puesto mas sedentaria durante su expansión de rango, invernando en 17 de los 20 Estados donde nidifica.Conclusiones principales Esta expansión de distribución del Zanate Mayor ha sido marcada por la preferencia de ambientes modificados por humanos como lugares de nidificación especialmente en los estados del oeste. Esta asociación aparentemente beneficia la especie en dos formas: la depredación de nidos es menor en esas áreas comparado con condiciones naturales, y además las diferentes actividades humanas tienden a producir una abundante y consistente fuente de alimento para alimentar a los pichones. Consistentemente en invierno los individuos están asociados con corrales de vacuno y lecherías de gran envergadura, donde hay una abundante perdida de granos lo cual les permite una alimentación segura y continua. Debido al gran crecimiento de la población humana en grandes áreas de los estados del oeste de USA, el Zanate Mayor probablemente continuara su expansión de distribución.

- by Walter Wehtje
- •
- Earth Sciences, Biogeography, Biological Sciences, Environmental Sciences

Fırat ve Dicle nehirlerinin hayat verdiği topraklar çoğu alanda olduğu gibi zoocoğrafya açısından da özel bir sahadır. Nitekim bölge Asya, Afrika ve Avrupa‘nın kabaca kesişme noktasında yer almakta olup Ortadoğu‘nun iki önemli akarsuyu tarafından sulanan özel bir ekolojik yapıya sahiptir. Bu açıdandır ki gerek bitki gerekse hayvan türleri açısından dünyanın başka yerlerinde rastlanamayacak canlı türlerine ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Bunlardan bir tanesi de başta Şanlıurfa olmak üzere Türkiye ve Ortadoğu açısından da simgesel bir özellik taşıyan kelaynak (Geronticus eremita)‘tır. Yaşam alanının daralması, avcılık ve de en önemlisi zirai ilaçlar nedeniyle nesilleri tükenme noktasına gelen kelaynak varlığında Türkiye‘deki başarılı girişimlerle bugün kayda değer bir popülasyon artışı yaşanmıştır. Ancak girişimlerin yeterli ve de uzun vadede sağlıklı olduğunu söylemek pek mümkün değildir. Kelaynakların korunması ve yaşam alanlarının iyileştirilmesi Coğrafya, Zooloji, Çevre Mühendisliği ve Ziraat alanlarından araştırmacıların müşterek çalışmaları ile mümkün olabilecektir. Bu noktada kelaynakların kentsel bir imge haline getirilerek farkındalığın artırılması da büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada da zoocoğrafya odağında kelaynak gibi önemli bir gen kaynağının korunması açısından neler yapılması gerektiği üzerinde durularak önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

- by Güven Şahin
- •
- Zoology, Wildlife Ecology And Management, Wildlife Conservation, Birds (Ecology)

In 1966, Robert William Hayman, Xavier Misonne and Walter Verheyen published their listing of the Congolese, Rwandan and Burundian bat specimens in the collections in the museums of Tervuren, Brussels, Geneva, London and New York. In the fifty years that have passed since, some major changes have been introduced in the taxonomy of the Chiroptera: new species have been discovered, species have been split off, species have been moved to other genera, and additional material has been collected. We re-evaluated the data presented by Hayman et al., and supplemented this with specimen records found in the literature and in online catalogs. This resulted in 136 species, represented by 20 231 specimens (compared to 113 species and 8567 specimens originally). When available, we also recorded additional information such as locality, sex and age, collector, collection date and preservation type of the voucher specimen. The distribution maps of the Congolese taxa are revised to represent the current taxonomy, and are presented in perspective against the taxon's Species Distribution Model to assess species distribution on the African continent. Additionally, an updated key to the various taxa is presented.

- by Victor Van Cakenberghe
- •
- Systematics (Taxonomy), Africa, Bats (Mammalogy), Rwanda
- by Marco Masseti
- •
- Zoology, Mammalogy, History of the Mediterranean, Mammals
- by amit kumar sah
- •
- Entomology, Behavior, Taxonomy, Hybridization
- by muhammad S khan and +1
- •
- Zoogeography
- by Frank-Thorsten Krell
- •
- Endemism, Biogeography, Scarabaeoidea, New Caledonia

The
present
paper
is
based
on
the
preliminary
studies
on
the
spider
fauna
of
Singhori
Wildlife
Sanctuary,
District
Raisen,
Madhya
Pradesh,
India.
Faunis.c
surveys
were
undertaken
during
2009-‐2011
and
collected
over
100
specimens
of
spider
along
with
other
faunal
groups
which
revealed
29
species
belonging
to
18
genera
under
10
families
from
various
locali.es
in
and
around
the
sanctuary,
of
which,
the
members
of
family
Araneidae
are
outnumbering
the
other
spider
families
and
all
the
species
have
been
recorded
for
the
first
.me
from
this
sanctuary.
Oxyopes
chi2rae
Tikader,
PeuceBa
viridana
(Stoliczka),
Heteropoda
venatoria
(Linnaeus),
Telamonia
dimidiata
(Simon),
Tetragnatha
mandibulata
Walckenaer
and
Thomisus
pooneus
Tikader
are
recorded
for
the
first
.me
from
the
state
of
Madhya
Pradesh.

- by sachin patil and +2
- •
- Zoogeography

A new suprageneric classification of the Foraminifera is here presented based on fundamentally new concepts of their evolution and classification. The predominant significance is given to the shell morphology as the most conservative feature, while the wall composition and shell wall ultrastructure are considered as having important but nevertheless subordinate meaning. Foraminifera are regarded as a phylum that includes five classes: Astrorhizata Saidova 1981, Spirillinata Mikhalevich 1992, Miliolata Saidova 1981, Nodosariata Mikhalevich 1992 and Rotaliata Mikhalevich 1980. Each of the five classes unite forms that can be characterized by a complex of common features of their shell morphology reflecting the building plan of the organism (number of chambers, their form, the predominant mode of coiling, position and character of the aperture and its inner structures, the presence or absence of additional apertures , the presence or absence of integrative systems and their peculiarities, and some other features – all of them having evolutionary significance). Each of these classes represents independent and well-outlined phyletic lines. Some characters of the cell structure and nuclear apparatus are also used as taxonomic features of some higher-ranking taxa where the accumulated data permit. Isomorphic agglutinated forms differing from their calacareous analogues in their shell wall composition are separated as subclasses within the appropriate classes: the subclasses Ammodiscana Mikhalevich 1980, Miliamminana Mikhalevich 1980, Hormosinana Mikhalevich 1992, Textulariana Mikhalevich 1980 within the Spirillinata, Miliolata, Nodosariata and Rotaliata correspondingly (the latter also includes two calcareous subclasses – the Rotaliana Mikhalevich 1980 and Globigerinana Mikhalevich 1980). Within the class Astrorhizata, sub-classes with organic (Lagynana Mikhalevich 1980) and agglutinated (Astrorhizana Saidova 1981) shell walls are included. In total, the phylum Foraminifera embraces 73 orders, 27 suborders, 98 superfamilies, 499 families and 368 subfamilies among which 2 orders (Cymbaloporida, Cassigerinellida), one suborder Duostominina, two families (Cymbaloporettidae, Haynesinidae), and two subfamilies (Cushmanellinae and Tristixinae) are described as new. The composition of the classes and subclasses is also partially revised. The largest changes were made within the classes Spirillinata, Miliolata and Nodosariata: thus the Fusulinids were included into the Miliolata, the Chapmaninids-into the Spirillinata, the Stilostomellids, Pleurostomellids and Paleozoic Nodosariids – into the Nodosariata. The former suborder Textulariina (= Textulariacea Ehrenberg 1838 sensu lata Loeblich and Tappan 1987) was shown to be heterogenous and its representatives are split out into several subclasses of the different classes according to their shell morphology. The composition of the subclasses is here given up to the family level; most of the subclasses need further revision at the family and generic level. Under the new approach the morphologically similar agglutinated and calcareous shells within each class could be regarded as closely related rather than convergent forms. The rise and development of the classes took place independently and in parallel in each of the phylogenetic lines examined.

- by Mikhalevich Valeria
- •
- Taxonomy, Ecology, Zoogeography, Social life

The arealographic data from the literature for the species Trichodes quadriguttatus Adams, 1816 indicate a range limit that encompasses all the South of Romania in its northern limit. The presence of the species in Muntenia (South of Romania) North to the Danube as some considerations concerning the distribution of the species outside of Dobrogea are based on the collecting records of 218 specimens conserved in several Romanian collections. The results can be regarded as an argument for the range limits
presented in the specialised literature for this species and also as a possible expansion of its North-western Romanian range limits. Some habitat preferences and species’ biology data are listed according to the material and literature studied and also based on the author’s personal observations.

- by Daniel Kazimir Kurzeluk
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- Zoogeography, Cleridae
- by Janine Deakin
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- Genetics, Parasitology, Physiology, Zoology

The animal fauna of the Socotra Archipelago is influenced by three
biogeographical regions, the Afrotropical, the Oriental and the
Palaearctic. Consequently, the Archipelago shares faunal elements
of these three regions in addition to unique endemic taxa. The ant
fauna of Socotra Island was studied and is reviewed based on
literature and newly collected material. In total, 28 species,
belonging to 10 genera and four subfamilies, were collected
from the main island. Eighteen of these (64%) are successful
invasive species, seven are native (25%), and three are considered
endemic (11%), Cardiocondyla longiceps Seifert, Monomorium
elghazalyi sp. nov. and Monomorium nimihil Collingwood et al.
Two genera are recorded for the first time from the island,
Hypoponera Santschi, and Syllophopsis Santschi. Ten species are
recorded for the first time, Cardiocondyla mauritanica Forel,
Cardiocondyla minutior Forel, Monomorium atomum Forel,
Monomorium dichroum Forel, Monomorium exiguum Forel,
Pheidole pallidula (Nylander), Syllophopsis cryptobia (Santschi),
Tetramorium pauper Forel, Tetramorium transformans Santschi
and Hypoponera punctatissima (Roger). Ten invasive species are
recorded from Socotra, reflecting human impacts on the
Archipelago. These species are Tapinoma melanocephalum
(Fabricius), Cardiocondyla emeryi Forel, Monomorium exiguum
Forel, Pheidole indica Mayr, Syllophopsis cryptobia (Santschi),
Tetramorium lanuginosum Mayr, Tetramorium simillimum (Smith),
Tetramorium caldarium (Roger), Trichomyrmex destructor (Jerdon)
and Trichomyrmex mayri (Forel). Our survey indicated a mixture of
Afrotropical faunal elements (10 species, 36%), followed by cosmopolitan
(nine species, 32%), Palaearctic (five species, 18%) and
Oriental (four species, 14%) taxa. Two new synonyms of
Monomorium exiguum Forel are proposed: Monomorium exiguum
Forel = Monomorium baushare Collingwood & Agosti syn.
nov. = Monomorium qarahe Collingwood & Agosti syn. nov.

- by Mostafa Sharaf
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- Faunal Analysis, Zoogeography, Fauna of Insects
- by Joan Garcia-Porta
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- Information Systems, Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, Marine Biology

Results of the search of the fi rst use of nominal family-group names of extant fi shes and
fish-like vertebrates of the World (superclasses Myxinomorphi and Petromyzontomorphi, grades Chondrichthiomorphi and Teleostomi) are presented. Only additions, corrections, and commentary on published names and to the version 2 of “Family Group Names of Fishes” on the site “Catalog of Fishes” (W.N. Eschmeyer et al., Oct. 2, 2012) are provided. They concern 1135 names. The present paper contains 402 additionally uncovered names and 418 earlier publications of names. Availability or unavailability is demonstrated for 1068 names. Homonymy of 29 names, objective synonymy of 41 names, and objective invalidity of 83 names are established. Authorship, date and/or source for 314 names are defined more precisely. The grammatically correct stem for all mentioned available and potentially available family-group names is established. The version of the structure of the account of nominal family-group name is proposed.

- by Boris Sheyko
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- Marine Ecology, Taxonomy, Zoogeography, Zoological nomenclature

El perdurar en el tiempo del esquema de regiones zoogeográficas de Wallace, sin recibir una actualización con datos modernos mas que de distribución de especies, llevó a Holt y sus colaboradores a hacer una revisión de este mapa tan utilizado agregando información filogenética, los resultados arrojados señalan algunos cambios de importancia como la aparición de nuevas regiones y reinos que no se tenían contemplados.

- by Alex García
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- Biology, Biogeography, Zoogeography

The Tipulidae s.l.—craneflies—are one of the largest groups of the Diptera containing over 15,270 valid species and subspecies. The immatures of the majority of species live in aquatic or semiaquatic habitats. Some aquatic species live entirely submerged and lack functional spiracles, others come to the surface to take oxygen by using spiracles positioned at the end of the abdomen. Semiaquatic species occur in a wide range of habitats. The semiterrestrial and terrestrial larvae live in environments that are moist or at least humous. All adult craneflies are terrestrial. Conflicting hypotheses on the phylogenetic position of the Tipuloidea within the Diptera continue to exist: some authors consider them to represent one of the oldest lineages of the Diptera, others suppose a close relationship to the Brachycera, the true flies. Current systematic knowledge of the Tipuloidea indicates that the Palaearctic region contains the highest number of genus-group taxa, while the Neotropical region has the highest number of species and subspecies. The Afrotropical and Australasian regions are relatively poor respectively in genera and subgenera and in species and subspecies. The oldest fossils that represent the Tipuloidea date back to the Lower Triassic at about 240 million years. Present-day general distribution patterns of many higher taxa of Tipuloidea probably have a Pangean or Gondwanan origin.

- by Jon Gelhaus
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- Earth Sciences, Hydrobiology, Biogeography, Biodiversity

The complex of Pacific lizards (Squamata: Anguimorpha: Varanidae)
colloquially known as mangrove monitors is reviewed from a morphological
perspective to clarify intraspecific variation and interspecific evolution and
relationships. The study used a total of 350 museum specimens and 120 live
animals, to construct a data matrix for a preliminary set of 77 characters (later
reduced to 27). From these, a set of 12 meristic characters were subjected to
statistical analysis (principal coordinates and multidimensional scaling), while 27
binary and multistate characters were run using the phylogenetics programme
Hennig86 in a novel test of intraspecific and interspecies-group relationships.
Individuals, rather than "species", were used as terminal taxa to see how
individual-based analysis compares with contemporary species allocations.
Morphological data were used to distinguish species from a clade of at least
five sister taxa, Varanus doreanus Meyer 1874, Varanus jobiensis Ahl 1932,
Varanus spinulosus Mertens 1941, and Varanus finschi Bohme, Hom and Ziegler
1994, plus Varanus indicus*. The apparently well-defined V. indicus (Daudin,
1802) is shown to be composed of widely morphologically divergent individuals
that do not clearly segregate into geographical populations. Furthermore, some of
these individuals emerge as more closely related to other mangrove monitor
species than to members of their "own species". For these reasons, V. indicus is
here recognised as a metaspecies (V. indicus*).
Further resolution may be possible by analysis of internal anatomy or
molecular evolution (e.g., to reveal the presence of cryptic species), although the
probable recency of cladogenetic events would make such analyses of limited use.

- by Robert Sprackland
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- Evolutionary Biology, Systematics (Taxonomy), Herpetology, History of Science

Molluscs are important shellfish resources and can be effectively used as bioindicators
besides they are economically important as pests to agricultural crops and ornamental
plants (Mavinkurve e t . a l . , 2004).Mollusca is the second largest phylum next to Arthropoda.
Their diversity may reach up to 135000 species, out of which 14000 to 35000 species are
land forms and about 5000 species are living in freshwater (Mavinkurve e t . a l . , 2004). India
represents as many as 1129 species of land molluscs (Ramakrishna e t . a l . , 2010), belonging
to the only class Gastropoda and nearly 200 species of freshwater molluscs (Ramakrishna
and Dey, 2007), belonging to both the classes Gastropoda and Bivalvia. Western Ghats is
the one of the biodiversity hotspots of the World; rich in molluscan fauna with 257 land
forms and 57 freshwater species and showing a high level of endemism (Mavinkurve e t .
a l . , 2004).Even though information on molluscs of Western Ghats is quite sufficient that of
protected areas is always wanting. Hence, preliminary survey of malacofauna of
Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary was done and a total of 6 molluscs including two
unidentified species of terrestrial forms in addition to 8 aquatic species are reported.
Identification was done following Mitra e t . a l . , (2005) and Ramakrishna and Dey (2007)
and classification according to Vaught (1989).

- by sachin patil
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- Zoogeography

The late Quatermary native mammalian fauna of Tilos (Dodecanese, Greece) was not characterised by continental but differed considerably from contemporary continental wildlife. This study aims to investigate, for the first time, the present composition of non-volant terristrial mammals, also to determine any possible relationship with species previously reported from the island for the Late Pleistocene-Holocene chronology. Through direct observation, pellet analysis and trapping, the present research documents the pr sence of the following six species: Erinaceus concolor,
Crocidura suaveolens, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Apodemus mystacinus, Rattus rattus, Mus domesticus. The occurrence of these continental mammals on the island seems to be linked essentially to the introduction by man during the Holocene.

- by Marco Masseti
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- Zoology, Mediterranean Studies, Mammalian Paleontology, Mammals
- by Sergius Kuzmin
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- Herpetology, Anurans, Amphibian Conservation, FROGS
- by Rod Wells
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- Genetics, Parasitology, Physiology, Zoology
- by Camille Parmesan
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- Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Bioinformatics, Evolutionary Biology
- by Caroline Chaboo
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- Entomology, Ecology, Costa Rica, Zoogeography
- by Robert Sprackland
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- Science Education, Species Distribution Models, Lizards, Zoogeography
- by Marco Masseti
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- Genetics, Systematics (Taxonomy), Mammalogy, Palaeontology
- by Groza Marius-Ioan
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- Conservation Biology, Migration, Ecology, Zoogeography

Turkey constitutes an biogeographical bridge that connects Europe, Asia and
Africa. Publications on its insect fauna began almost 180 years ago. To date, no studies have summarized the data in the massive body of publications compiled on its insect diversity.
The current research addressed that situation by throroughly analyzing published notes, catalogues, databases and systematic revisions and other work on the insect fauna of Turkey. This study reports that the insect fauna of Turkey as of end-2019 is composed of 33820 known species and subspecies in 562 families and 25 orders. The number of species and subspecies of the dominant orders and their percentages are given in descending order, as follows: Coleoptera (11910 / 35.22%), Hymenoptera (6641 / 19.64%), Lepidoptera (5580 / 16.50%), Diptera (3742 / 11.06%), Hemiptera (3424 / 10.13%) and Orthoptera (734 / 2.17%). For these six orders, the total number of species and subspecies is 32031, which is 94.71% of the total.
The extraordinary biogeographic diversity of Turkey, which includes Mediterranean, Irano-Anatolian and Caucasian biodiversity hotspots, is reflected in the chorotype analyses which showed that Mediterranean, European and Asiatic chorotypes are
prominent. Moreover, there is a high proportion of endemic species and subspecies (3785 / 11.20% of total), with the numbers and percentages varying widely across the taxa.
Furthermore, the number of reported endemics has increased by 49% since 2008. The data compiled in this study highlights the urgent need for protection of the extraordinarily diverse insect fauna of Turkey and their habitats.

- by Serdar Tezcan
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- Entomology, Turkey, Biodiversity, Lepidoptera