Tool use by animals (original) (raw)

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Als Werkzeuggebrauch bei Tieren gilt nach einer Definition von Jane Goodall die Anwendung von nicht zum Körper gehörenden Objekten, mit deren Hilfe die Funktionen des eigenen Körpers erweitert werden, um auf diese Weise ein unmittelbares Ziel zu erreichen. Eine weitere Definition beschreibt den Werkzeuggebrauch bei Tieren als die Handhabung eines unbelebten Objektes, mit dessen Hilfe die Position oder Form eines weiteren Objektes verändert wird. Beispielsweise gilt bei Vögeln das Zerhacken eines Schneckenhauses mit dem Schnabel – der Teil ihres Körpers ist – oder das Errichten eines Nests durch das Heranschaffen von Zweigen und Gräsern diesen Definitionen zufolge nicht als Gebrauch eines Werkzeugs. (de)
Algunos animales utilizan herramientas para realizar actividades que incluyen procurarse alimento y agua, aseo personal, defensa, recreación o construcción. Durante tiempo se pensó que esta era una habilidad exclusiva de los humanos, dado que el uso de herramientas requiere un nivel sofisticado de cognición. Ahora ya es innegable que hay animales, sobre todo entre las aves y los primates, que no sólo utilizan sino incluso fabrican herramientas, por ejemplo arrancando hojas de una ramita, dándole a un tallo forma de lazo o afilando una rama para usarla como arma. Se considera que una gran gama de animales utiliza herramientas, incluyendo mamíferos, pájaros, peces, cefalópodos e insectos. (es)
L'utilisation d'outils chez les animaux est un comportement identifié chez certains animaux susceptibles d'employer des objets à des fins de recherche de nourriture et d'eau, de toilettage, de défense ou d'agression, de jeu ou de construction. Longtemps considérée comme une faculté spécifique de l'Homme, l'utilisation délibérée d'outils par les autres animaux est apparue dans la littérature éthologique essentiellement depuis les années 1960, ces découvertes ayant révolutionné le regard humain sur la cognition animale. L'utilisation d'outils chez les animaux non-humains se révèle n'être pas seulement une faculté acquise mais est parfois génétiquement pré-programmée. (fr)
Penggunaan alat pada hewan adalah perilaku yang dapat ditemui pada beberapa hewan ketika mereka menggunakan alat untuk mencari makan atau air, membersihkan diri, mempertahankan diri atau menyerang, bermain, atau . Penggunaan alat sebelumnya dianggap sebagai perilaku yang terbatas pada manusia, tetapi contoh-contoh penggunaan alat oleh hewan mulai diterbitkan dalam buku-buku etologi pada tahun 1960an dan mengubah pemahaman mengenai kecerdasan hewan. Penggunaan alat pada hewan tidak hanya menunjukkan kemampuan yang dipelajari oleh hewan itu sendiri, tetapi kadang-kadang juga merupakan perilaku yang diprogram secara genetik. Menurut biolog Benjamin B. Beck, terdapat tiga kondisi yang harus dipenuhi untuk menentukan apakah suatu hewan dapat menggunakan alat: 1. * Objek tersebut harus terlepas dari substratnya dan harus berada di luar tubuh si pengguna 2. * Pengguna alat harus memegang atau mengenakan alat tersebut pada saat penggunaan atau tepat sebelumnya dan alat tersebut harus digunakan dengan benar untuk mencapai suatu tujuan 3. * Penggunaan alat harus memicu perubahan bentuk, posisi dan kondisi objek lain, organisme lain, atau si pengguna itu sendiri. Ahli-ahli etologi membedakan alat dengan "proto-alat" yang didefinisikan sebagai suatu instrumen yang tidak terlepas dari lingkungannya atau tidak dimanipulasi secara fisik oleh hewan (seperti batu raksasa atau permukaan tanah yang keras). Contoh dari proto-alat adalah burung-burung yang menjatuhkan kacang atau tulang ke batu (seperti hering berjanggut dan hering mesir). Beberapa hewan (terutama yang tinggal di penangkaran dan telah menjadi subjek percobaan) menggunakan "meta-alat", yaitu alat yang digunakan untuk membuat atau memperoleh alat lain. Contohnya, simpanse dapat membuat suatu tongkat menjadi runcing untuk mengejar buruannya. (in)
Tool use by animals is a phenomenon in which an animal uses any kind of tool in order to achieve a goal such as acquiring food and water, grooming, defence, communication, recreation or construction. Originally thought to be a skill possessed only by humans, some tool use requires a sophisticated level of cognition. There is considerable discussion about the definition of what constitutes a tool and therefore which behaviours can be considered true examples of tool use. A wide range of animals, including mammals, birds, fish, cephalopods, and insects, are considered to use tools. Primates are well known for using tools for hunting or gathering food and water, cover for rain, and self-defence. Chimpanzees have often been the object of study in regard to their usage of tools, most famously by Jane Goodall, since these animals are frequently kept in captivity and are closely related to humans. Wild tool use in other primates, especially among apes and monkeys, is considered relatively common, though its full extent remains poorly documented, as many primates in the wild are mainly only observed distantly or briefly when in their natural environments and living without human influence. Some novel tool-use by primates may arise in a localised or isolated manner within certain unique primate cultures, being transmitted and practised among socially connected primates through cultural learning. Many famous researchers, such as Charles Darwin in his book The Descent of Man, mentioned tool use in monkeys (such as baboons). Among other mammals, both wild and captive elephants are known to create tools using their trunks and feet, mainly for swatting flies, scratching, plugging up waterholes that they have dug (to close them up again so the water does not evaporate), and reaching food that is out of reach. In addition to primates and elephants, many other social mammals particularly have been observed engaging in tool use. A group of dolphins in Shark Bay uses sea sponges to protect their beaks while foraging. Sea otters will use rocks or other hard objects to dislodge food (such as abalone) and break open shellfish. Many or most mammals of the order Carnivora have been observed using tools, often to trap or break open the shells of prey, as well as for scratching. Corvids (such as crows, ravens and rooks) are well known for their large brains (among birds) and tool use. New Caledonian crows are among the only animals that create their own tools. They mainly manufacture probes out of twigs and wood (and sometimes metal wire) to catch or impale larvae. Tool use in some birds may be best exemplified in nest intricacy. Tailorbirds manufacture 'pouches' to make their nests in. Some birds, such as weaver birds, build complex nests utilising a diverse array of objects and materials, many of which are specifically chosen by certain birds for their unique qualities. Woodpecker finches insert twigs into trees in order to catch or impale larvae. Parrots may use tools to wedge nuts so that they can crack open the outer shell of nuts without launching away the inner contents. Some birds take advantage of human activity, such as carrion crows in Japan, which drop nuts in front of cars to crack them open. Several species of fish use tools to hunt and crack open shellfish, extract food that is out of reach, or clear an area for nesting. Among cephalopods (and perhaps uniquely or to an extent unobserved among invertebrates), octopuses are known to utilise tools relatively frequently, such as gathering coconut shells to create a shelter or using rocks to create barriers. (en)
O uso de ferramentas por animais é um comportamento vastamente observado em inúmeras espécies e uma característica que surgiu independente em diversos grupos, como primatas, aves, polvos, cetáceos, ouriços-do-mar e até insetos. Apesar de raro em animais aquáticos, esse comportamento, assim como em animais terrestres, é taxonomicamente diverso. A definição exata de uso de ferramentas por animais e até mesmo do próprio conceito de ferramenta é um tema de debate que se estende por décadas entre estudiosos. Por ter sido considerada por muito tempo uma característica exclusiva de seres humanos, muitas das definições de uso de ferramentas tem uma ótica antropocêntrica, que vêm sendo desconstruída com o passar do tempo. Atualmente, o conceito de uso de ferramentas varia de acordo com o objetivo do estudo em questão. Devido a essa ótica antropocêntrica, por muito tempo foi pensado que o uso de ferramentas estava associado diretamente ao tamanho maior do encéfalo e a um nível de cognição elevado. Atualmente, sabe-se que o uso de ferramentas depende não só do tamanho do encéfalo, como também da presença de características e condições que permitam ou favoreçam tal atividade, da capacidade de aprendizado e, consequentemente, do nível de convívio social da espécie em questão, além do comportamento instintivo do animal. Essas características podem, exclusivamente, influenciar o uso de ferramentas ou agir de forma conjunta para a manifestação desse comportamento. Por exemplo, foram observados caranguejos que tiveram seus cérebros removidos e continuaram executando tarefas de ornamentação através do uso de ferramentas. Os tipos de uso de ferramentas também são incrivelmente diversos e variam de espécie para espécie, sendo observados usos para a alimentação, defesa, manutenção corporal e até como iscas. Existem várias hipóteses para a evolução do comportamento de exploração do ambiente através de ferramentas, as quais incluem desde abordagens mais gerais que abrangem todos os táxons, até abordagens específicas para cada táxon. (pt)

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Relatively simple nest of a great black-backed gull (en)
Emperor penguins do not build a nest (en)
Intricate nests of weaver birds (en)

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A bonobo fishing for termites (en)
Bird nests show a great diversity in complexity (en)

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Als Werkzeuggebrauch bei Tieren gilt nach einer Definition von Jane Goodall die Anwendung von nicht zum Körper gehörenden Objekten, mit deren Hilfe die Funktionen des eigenen Körpers erweitert werden, um auf diese Weise ein unmittelbares Ziel zu erreichen. Eine weitere Definition beschreibt den Werkzeuggebrauch bei Tieren als die Handhabung eines unbelebten Objektes, mit dessen Hilfe die Position oder Form eines weiteren Objektes verändert wird. Beispielsweise gilt bei Vögeln das Zerhacken eines Schneckenhauses mit dem Schnabel – der Teil ihres Körpers ist – oder das Errichten eines Nests durch das Heranschaffen von Zweigen und Gräsern diesen Definitionen zufolge nicht als Gebrauch eines Werkzeugs. (de)
Algunos animales utilizan herramientas para realizar actividades que incluyen procurarse alimento y agua, aseo personal, defensa, recreación o construcción. Durante tiempo se pensó que esta era una habilidad exclusiva de los humanos, dado que el uso de herramientas requiere un nivel sofisticado de cognición. Ahora ya es innegable que hay animales, sobre todo entre las aves y los primates, que no sólo utilizan sino incluso fabrican herramientas, por ejemplo arrancando hojas de una ramita, dándole a un tallo forma de lazo o afilando una rama para usarla como arma. Se considera que una gran gama de animales utiliza herramientas, incluyendo mamíferos, pájaros, peces, cefalópodos e insectos. (es)
L'utilisation d'outils chez les animaux est un comportement identifié chez certains animaux susceptibles d'employer des objets à des fins de recherche de nourriture et d'eau, de toilettage, de défense ou d'agression, de jeu ou de construction. (fr)
Penggunaan alat pada hewan adalah perilaku yang dapat ditemui pada beberapa hewan ketika mereka menggunakan alat untuk mencari makan atau air, membersihkan diri, mempertahankan diri atau menyerang, bermain, atau . Menurut biolog Benjamin B. Beck, terdapat tiga kondisi yang harus dipenuhi untuk menentukan apakah suatu hewan dapat menggunakan alat: (in)
Tool use by animals is a phenomenon in which an animal uses any kind of tool in order to achieve a goal such as acquiring food and water, grooming, defence, communication, recreation or construction. Originally thought to be a skill possessed only by humans, some tool use requires a sophisticated level of cognition. There is considerable discussion about the definition of what constitutes a tool and therefore which behaviours can be considered true examples of tool use. A wide range of animals, including mammals, birds, fish, cephalopods, and insects, are considered to use tools. (en)
O uso de ferramentas por animais é um comportamento vastamente observado em inúmeras espécies e uma característica que surgiu independente em diversos grupos, como primatas, aves, polvos, cetáceos, ouriços-do-mar e até insetos. Apesar de raro em animais aquáticos, esse comportamento, assim como em animais terrestres, é taxonomicamente diverso. (pt)

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