China and the United Nations (original) (raw)
- تُعد الصين أحد الدول الأعضاء في الأمم المتحدة، وواحدة من الدول الأعضاء الخمسة الدائمين في مجلس الأمن. انضمت جمهورية الصين، وهي إحدى الحلفاء المنتصرين في الحرب العالمية الثانية (المعروفة محليًا باسم الحرب الصينية اليابانية الثانية)، إلى الأمم المتحدة عند تأسيسها في عام 1945. أدى الاستئناف اللاحق للحرب الأهلية الصينية إلى تأسيس جمهورية الصين الشعبية في عام 1949. سرعان ما أصبح كل البر الرئيسي الصيني تقريبًا تحت سيطرتها، وتراجعت جمهورية الصين إلى ملجأ جزيرة تايوان. أدت سياسة الصين الواحدة التي دعت إليها الحكومتان إلى تفكيك حل التمثيل المزدوج، ولكن وسط الحرب الباردة والحرب الكورية، عارضت الولايات المتحدة وحلفاؤها استبدال جمهورية الصين في الأمم المتحدة حتى عام 1971، وذلك على الرغم من إقناعهم بالضغط على حكومة جمهورية الصين لقبول الاعتراف الدولي باستقلال منغوليا في عام 1961. حولت المملكة المتحدة وفرنسا وحلفاء آخرون للولايات المتحدة اعترافهم بالصين بشكل فردي إلى جمهورية الصين الشعبية؛ وأقامت ألبانيا تصويتات سنوية لاستبدال جمهورية الصين بجمهورية الصين الشعبية، ولكن فشلت هذه المحاولات، بعد قرار الجمعية العامة رقم 1668، منذ اشتراط قبول تغيير الاعتراف على ضم ثلثي الأصوات. دخل رئيس الولايات المتحدة ريتشارد نيكسون، وسط الانقسام الصيني السوفيتي وحرب فيتنام، في مفاوضات مع الرئيس الشيوعي ماو، وكان أولها خلال رحلة سرية في عام 1971 ذهب بها هنري كيسنجر لزيارة تشوان لاي. مُرِّر اقتراح ألبانيا بالاعتراف بجمهورية الصين الشعبية باعتبارها الصين الشرعية الوحيدة بموجب قرار الجمعية العامة رقم 2758 في 25 أكتوبر عام 1971. أيدته معظم الدول الشيوعية (بما في ذلك الاتحاد السوفيتي) ودول عدم الانحياز (مثل الهند)، ولكن أيضًا بعض الدول الأعضاء في حلف الناتو مثل المملكة المتحدة وفرنسا. زار نيكسون شخصيًا البر الرئيسي للصين في العام التالي من انضمام جمهورية الصين الشعبية في 15 نوفمبر عام 1971؛ وبدأ في تطبيع العلاقات بين جمهورية الصين الشعبية والولايات المتحدة. خففت جمهورية الصين منذ ذلك الوقت من سياسة الصين الواحدة الخاصة بها، وسعت إلى الحصول على اعتراف دولي. قوبلت هذه التحركات بمعارضة وحظر معظمها من قبل جمهورية الصين الشعبية، مما أجبر جمهورية الصين على الانضمام إلى المنظمات الدولية تحت أسماء أخرى، بما في ذلك «تايبيه الصينية» في اللجنة الأولمبية الدولية. رُفِض الطلب الأخير لجمهورية الصين للقبول في عام 2007، ولكن عددًا من الحكومات الأوروبية، بقيادة الولايات المتحدة، احتجت على مكتب الأمم المتحدة للشؤون القانونية لإجبار الهيئة العالمية وأمينها العام على التوقف عن استخدام العبارة «تايوان جزء من الصين». (ar)
- China is one of the charter members of the United Nations and is one of five permanent members of its Security Council. One of the victorious Allies of the Second World War (the Chinese theatre of which was the Second Sino-Japanese War), the Republic of China (ROC) joined the UN upon its founding in 1945. The subsequent resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. Nearly all of the Chinese mainland was soon under its control and the ROC retreated to the island of Taiwan. The One-China policy advocated by both governments dismantled the solution of dual representation but, amid the Cold War and Korean War, the United States and its allies opposed the replacement of the ROC at the United Nations until 1971, although they were persuaded to pressure the government of the ROC to accept international recognition of Mongolia's independence in 1961. The United Kingdom, France, and other allies of the United States individually shifted their recognitions of China to the PRC and Albania brought annual votes to replace the ROC with the PRC, but these were defeated since—after General Assembly Resolution 1668—a change in recognition required a two-thirds vote. Amid the Sino-Soviet split and Vietnam War, United States President Richard Nixon entered into negotiations with Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong, initially through a secret 1971 trip undertaken by Henry Kissinger to visit Zhou Enlai. On 25 October 1971, Albania's motion to recognize the People's Republic of China as the sole legal China was passed as General Assembly Resolution 2758. It was supported by most of the communist states (including the Soviet Union) and non-aligned countries (such as India), but also by some NATO countries such as the United Kingdom and France. After the PRC was seated on 15 November 1971, Nixon then personally visited mainland China the next year, beginning the normalization of PRC-US relations. Since that time, the Republic of China has softened its own One-China Policy and sought international recognition. These moves have been opposed and mostly blocked by the People's Republic of China, forcing the Republic of China to join international organizations under other names, including "Chinese Taipei" at the International Olympic Committee. The Republic of China's most recent request for admission was turned down in 2007, but a number of European governments—led by the United States—protested to the UN's Office of Legal Affairs to force the global body and its secretary-general to stop using the reference "Taiwan is a part of China". (en)
- Republik Tiongkok/Taiwan merupakan salah satu anggota pendiri Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB) dan merupakan salah satu dari lima anggota tetap dari Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Hak veto yang telah digunakannya merupakan yang paling sedikit dibandingkan anggota tetap lainnya. Sebagai salah satu Sekutu yang menang dalam Perang Dunia II (secara lokal dikenal sebagai Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Kedua), Republik Tiongkok (RT) bergabung dengan PBB pada pembentukannya pada tahun 1945. Dimulainya kembali Perang Saudara Tiongkok kemudian menyebabkan pembentukan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok (RRT) pada tahun 1949. Hampir semua Tiongkok daratan segera di bawah penguasaan dan RT melarikan diri ke Pulau Taiwan. Kebijakan Satu Tiongkok yang didukung oleh kedua pemerintah menghalangi perwakilan ganda, tetapi di tengah Perang Dingin dan Perang Korea, Amerika Serikat dan sekutunya menentang penggantian dari RT di PBB, meskipun mereka dibujuk untuk menekan pemerintah RT agar menerima pengakuan internasional kemerdekaan Mongolia pada tahun 1961. Britania Raya, Prancis, dan sekutu Amerika lainnya secara terpisah mengalihkan pengakuan mereka terhadap kepada RRT dan Albania mengajukan pemungutan suara tahunan untuk menggantikan RT dengan RRT, namun hal-hal ini dikalahkan sejak-setelah - suatu perubahan dalam pengakuan memerlukan dua per tiga suara. Di tengah Perpecahan Tiongkok-Soviet dan Perang Vietnam, Presiden Nixon Amerika mengadakan negosiasi dengan Komunis Ketua Mao, awalnya melalui sebuah perjalanan rahasia 1971 yang dilakukan oleh Henry Kissinger untuk mengunjungi Zhou Enlai. Pada tanggal 25 Oktober 1971, mosi Albania untuk mengakui Republik Rakyat Tiongkok sebagai satu-satunya wakil Tiongkok yang sah diluluskan oleh Resolusi Majelis Umum 2758. Resolusi ini didukung oleh sebagian besar negara-negara komunis (termasuk Uni Soviet) dan negara-negara nonblok (seperti India), tetapi juga oleh beberapa sekutu Amerika seperti Britania Raya dan Prancis. Nixon kemudian secara pribadi mengunjungi Tiongkok tahun berikutnya, mengawali normalisasi . Sejak saat itu, Republik Tiongkok telah memperlunak Kebijakan Satu Tiongkok-nya sendiri dan mencari pengakuan internasional. Langkah ini ditentang dan umumnya dihalangi oleh Republik Rakyat Tiongkok, memaksa Republik Tiongkok bergabung dengan organisasi-organisasi internasional di bawah nama lainya. Ini termasuk "Tionghoa Taipei" dalam Komite Olimpiade Internasional dan "", di Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Permohonan terbaru Republik Tiongkok untuk diterima kembali ditolak pada tahun 2007, namun sejumlah negara yang dipimpin Amerika Serikat melakukan protes terhadap untuk memaksa badan dunia tersebut dan sekretaris jenderalnya untuk berhenti menggunakan acuan "Taiwan sebagai bagian dari Tiongkok". (in)
- Il seggio della Cina alle Nazioni Unite è occupato dalla Repubblica Popolare Cinese fin dal 25 ottobre 1971. In precedenza era occupato dalla Repubblica di Cina. (it)
- 本項目では中国と国際連合の関係について述べる。中国は国際連合の設立メンバーであり、安全保障理事会の常任理事国5か国の1つである。ただし、設立当初は中華民国(国民党政府)が中国の議席を占めており、1949年に国共内戦で国民党が敗れて台湾に逃れた後も変わらなかったが、1971年のアルバニア決議(国際連合総会決議2758)により中華民国は国際連合から追放され、中華人民共和国(共産党政府)が中国の議席を占めることとなった。 (ja)
- A China é membro fundador da Organização das Nações Unidas e um dos cinco membros permanentes de seu Conselho de Segurança. Uma das nações vitoriosas na Segunda Guerra Mundial (mais precisamente na Segunda Guerra Sino-Japonesa), a República da China aderiu às Nações Unidas em sua fundação em 1945. Contudo, a subsequente eclosão da Guerra Civil Chinesa em 1949 deu origem à República Popular da China, que em pouco tempo assumiu o controle sobre grande parte da China continental, fazendo o governo anterior recuar para a Ilha Formosa (Taiwan). A política de "Uma China", adotada posteriormente pelos dois governos, passou a prescrever dupla representação diplomática. Porém, no cenário da Guerra Fria e da Coreia, os Estados Unidos opuseram-se radicalmente à substituição da República da China pelo governo comunista de Pequim, defendendo também que Taiwan reconhecesse a independência da Mongólia em 1961. Apesar dos protestos dos Estados Unidos, outros países como Reino Unido e França reconheceram a República Popular da China como representante do povo chinês perante as Nações Unidas, mas o voto seria derrubado pela "Resolução 1668" - que modificava o procedimento de eleição na organização. Em meio à Ruptura sino-soviética, Richard Nixon reabriu negociações com o Líder Comunista Mao Tsé-Tung através de uma visita confidencial de Henry Kissinger a Zhou Enlai. Em 25 de outubro de 1971, a Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas aprovou a moção da Albânia para o reconhecimento da República Popular da China, o que vinha sendo apoiado por diversas nações comunistas (incluindo a União Soviética) e países não alinhados (como a Índia). Após a entrada da China nas Nações Unidas, Nixon visitou o país dando início à chamada "Normalização" nas relações sino-americanas. Desde então, a República da China têm buscado maior reconhecimento em vários organismos internacionais, ainda que sob boicote da República Popular da China. (pt)
- 中國與聯合國的關係始於1945年聯合國籌建之初,中、美、英、蘇並稱第二次世界大戰戰勝國四巨頭,且是聯合國宣言最初簽署國。二戰後,中華民國國民政府以中國的席位参与联合国,並取得第一個簽署《聯合國憲章》的順位;中華民國是聯合國的創始會員國,而在《聯合國憲章》第23條中亦明載中華民國是五个聯合國安全理事會常任理事國之一。自1971年聯合國大會2758號決議後,中华人民共和国取代中華民國取得了在联合国當中代表「中国」的席位 。 (zh)
- http://www.un.org.cn/
- http://www.taiwandocuments.org/un1998.htm
- http://www.taiwandocuments.org/un2001.htm
- https://web.archive.org/web/20090109150722/http:/www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/4-oa/20050812/2005081201.html
- https://www.academia.edu/5475885/Blue_Berets_Under_the_Red_Flag_China_in_the_UN_Peacekeeping_System_2009_
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- Il seggio della Cina alle Nazioni Unite è occupato dalla Repubblica Popolare Cinese fin dal 25 ottobre 1971. In precedenza era occupato dalla Repubblica di Cina. (it)
- 本項目では中国と国際連合の関係について述べる。中国は国際連合の設立メンバーであり、安全保障理事会の常任理事国5か国の1つである。ただし、設立当初は中華民国(国民党政府)が中国の議席を占めており、1949年に国共内戦で国民党が敗れて台湾に逃れた後も変わらなかったが、1971年のアルバニア決議(国際連合総会決議2758)により中華民国は国際連合から追放され、中華人民共和国(共産党政府)が中国の議席を占めることとなった。 (ja)
- 中國與聯合國的關係始於1945年聯合國籌建之初,中、美、英、蘇並稱第二次世界大戰戰勝國四巨頭,且是聯合國宣言最初簽署國。二戰後,中華民國國民政府以中國的席位参与联合国,並取得第一個簽署《聯合國憲章》的順位;中華民國是聯合國的創始會員國,而在《聯合國憲章》第23條中亦明載中華民國是五个聯合國安全理事會常任理事國之一。自1971年聯合國大會2758號決議後,中华人民共和国取代中華民國取得了在联合国當中代表「中国」的席位 。 (zh)
- تُعد الصين أحد الدول الأعضاء في الأمم المتحدة، وواحدة من الدول الأعضاء الخمسة الدائمين في مجلس الأمن. انضمت جمهورية الصين، وهي إحدى الحلفاء المنتصرين في الحرب العالمية الثانية (المعروفة محليًا باسم الحرب الصينية اليابانية الثانية)، إلى الأمم المتحدة عند تأسيسها في عام 1945. أدى الاستئناف اللاحق للحرب الأهلية الصينية إلى تأسيس جمهورية الصين الشعبية في عام 1949. سرعان ما أصبح كل البر الرئيسي الصيني تقريبًا تحت سيطرتها، وتراجعت جمهورية الصين إلى ملجأ جزيرة تايوان. أدت سياسة الصين الواحدة التي دعت إليها الحكومتان إلى تفكيك حل التمثيل المزدوج، ولكن وسط الحرب الباردة والحرب الكورية، عارضت الولايات المتحدة وحلفاؤها استبدال جمهورية الصين في الأمم المتحدة حتى عام 1971، وذلك على الرغم من إقناعهم بالضغط على حكومة جمهورية الصين لقبول الاعتراف الدولي باستقلال منغوليا في عام 1961. حولت المملكة المتحدة و (ar)
- China is one of the charter members of the United Nations and is one of five permanent members of its Security Council. One of the victorious Allies of the Second World War (the Chinese theatre of which was the Second Sino-Japanese War), the Republic of China (ROC) joined the UN upon its founding in 1945. The subsequent resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. Nearly all of the Chinese mainland was soon under its control and the ROC retreated to the island of Taiwan. The One-China policy advocated by both governments dismantled the solution of dual representation but, amid the Cold War and Korean War, the United States and its allies opposed the replacement of the ROC at the United Nations until 1971, although they were p (en)
- Republik Tiongkok/Taiwan merupakan salah satu anggota pendiri Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB) dan merupakan salah satu dari lima anggota tetap dari Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Hak veto yang telah digunakannya merupakan yang paling sedikit dibandingkan anggota tetap lainnya. Permohonan terbaru Republik Tiongkok untuk diterima kembali ditolak pada tahun 2007, namun sejumlah negara yang dipimpin Amerika Serikat melakukan protes terhadap untuk memaksa badan dunia tersebut dan sekretaris jenderalnya untuk berhenti menggunakan acuan "Taiwan sebagai bagian dari Tiongkok". (in)
- A China é membro fundador da Organização das Nações Unidas e um dos cinco membros permanentes de seu Conselho de Segurança. Uma das nações vitoriosas na Segunda Guerra Mundial (mais precisamente na Segunda Guerra Sino-Japonesa), a República da China aderiu às Nações Unidas em sua fundação em 1945. Contudo, a subsequente eclosão da Guerra Civil Chinesa em 1949 deu origem à República Popular da China, que em pouco tempo assumiu o controle sobre grande parte da China continental, fazendo o governo anterior recuar para a Ilha Formosa (Taiwan). A política de "Uma China", adotada posteriormente pelos dois governos, passou a prescrever dupla representação diplomática. Porém, no cenário da Guerra Fria e da Coreia, os Estados Unidos opuseram-se radicalmente à substituição da República da China pelo (pt)
- China and the United Nations (en)
- الصين والأمم المتحدة (ar)
- Tiongkok dan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (in)
- Cina e Nazioni Unite (it)
- 中国と国際連合 (ja)
- China e as Nações Unidas (pt)
- 中國與聯合國 (zh)
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