English country house (original) (raw)

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English country house (anglicky „anglický venkovský dům“) je rozměrný dům, usedlost, panské sídlo, či zámeček na anglickém venkově.

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dbo:abstract Una English country house és una gran casa o una mansió situada en la zona rural d'Anglaterra. Sovint aquestes cases eren propietat d'individus que també eren propietaris d'una mansió urbana (Townhouse). El terme de country house també englobava la residència continuada dels landed gentry, els quals governaven la Gran bretanya rural fins a la promulgació de la llei . Les country houses van ser llocs importants de contractació de mà d'obra en moltes comunitats rurals. Pels grans canvis en l'economia, a partir de la primera guerra mundial van ser demolides centenars d'elles i les que van restar es van haver d'adaptar per tal de sobreviure. Mentre que en el cas dels château o els schloss poden ser edificis fortificats o no, una country house normalment no està fortificada. Si ho està, s'anomena un castle; tanmateix, no totes les que s'anomenen d'aquesta manera estan fortificades, per exemple aquest és el cas de . A Anglaterra, els termes "country house" i "stately home" de vegades es fan servir vagament com intercanviables; tanmateix, moltes country houses com a Buckinghamshire deliberadament es designen com no ser stately, i altres grans cases com i van ser construïdes com "power houses" per dominar el paisatge. (ca) English country house (anglicky „anglický venkovský dům“) je rozměrný dům, usedlost, panské sídlo, či zámeček na anglickém venkově. (cs) Als English country house wird ein repräsentativer englischer Landsitz für eine Familie der Landed Gentry bezeichnet. Das Pendant sind die Stadthäuser. Beispiele sind Blenheim Palace, Burghley House, Chatsworth House, Hatfield House, Highclere Castle, Longleat House, Montacute House, Shugborough Hall. Vergleiche auch Treasure Houses of England. (de) An English country house is a large house or mansion in the English countryside. Such houses were often owned by individuals who also owned a town house. This allowed them to spend time in the country and in the city—hence, for these people, the term distinguished between town and country. However, the term also encompasses houses that were, and often still are, the full-time residence for the landed gentry who ruled rural Britain until the Reform Act 1832. Frequently, the formal business of the counties was transacted in these country houses, having functional antecedents in manor houses. With large numbers of indoor and outdoor staff, country houses were important as places of employment for many rural communities. In turn, until the agricultural depressions of the 1870s, the estates, of which country houses were the hub, provided their owners with incomes. However, the late 19th and early 20th centuries were the swansong of the traditional English country house lifestyle. Increased taxation and the effects of World War I led to the demolition of hundreds of houses; those that remained had to adapt to survive. While a château or a Schloss can be a fortified or unfortified building, a country house, similar to an Ansitz, is usually unfortified. If fortified, it is called a castle, but not all buildings with the name "castle" are fortified (for example Highclere Castle in Hampshire). (en) Country house es una tipología de palacio británico, la correspondiente a la aristocracia en un entorno rural. Su traducción literal al castellano como "casa de campo" es inexacta, ya que no se trata de una vivienda secundaria o vacacional, sino de la residencia principal de una familia importante, por lo general perteneciente a la nobleza. Hasta principios del siglo XX, los nobles europeos (y en especial los británicos) rehusaban residir de manera habitual en núcleos urbanos, entonces insalubres y masificados, por lo cual residían la mayor parte del año en sus mansiones rurales, y siguiendo un calendario anual acudían de vez en cuando a sus casas en la capital (llamadas en francés petit hôtel). La country house más bien puede asociarse al concepto Italiano de Villa, el gallego de pazo o al concepto francés de chateau. En el ámbito de las country houses son especialmente destacables las propiedades construidas por la nobleza inglesa en la campiña de Gran Bretaña, durante el período de desarrollo y crecimiento del imperio británico (siglos XVIII y XIX). Estas casas son también denominadas estately home: son mansiones solariegas, vinculadas a un título hereditario y que generalmente se preservaban para su transmisión de padres a hijos. La country house es la culminación de una evolución que comenzó con los castillos medievales, se continuó en la mansión fortificada y derivó hacia un tipo de vivienda más amable, con ventanas más amplias y un mayor énfasis de su aspecto exterior. Generalmente estas mansiones modernas se inspiraban en estilos clásicos, de la antigua Roma, y más directamente de las villas palladianas del siglo XVI. En sus comienzos las country houses eran la residencia de un propietario latifundista que obtenía sus ingresos a partir de explotaciones agrícolas y/o arrendamientos en sus terrenos. Por lo común, estos terratenientes contaban con títulos de la nobleza y eran próximos a la monarquía. En el antiguo régimen las familias de la nobleza británica dedicaban no poco de su tiempo a la vida social, la cual requería cultivar una imagen pública y relaciones de alto nivel mediante lujosas fiestas, cacerías y demás diversiones para las cuales las mansiones debían contar con numerosos empleados e infraestructura apropiada: múltiples salones, jardines, caballerizas... El énfasis dado al protocolo y a la ostentación era tal, que los palacios de la alta aristocracia eran sometidos a carísimas reformas en previsión de una visita de la Familia Real que no siempre se hacía realidad. Para poder solventar los costos de construir y mantener una country house amplia y con la sofisticación que requería la pertenencia a la aristocracia, era menester que la actividad económica del campo tuviera un volumen mínimo. Típicamente la propiedad debía contar con una superficie de por lo menos 4 km². Dado que la riqueza de los propietarios podía fluctuar entre el valor mínimo y unas cien veces el mínimo es que este hecho se refleja en el tamaño, comodidades y sofisticación de las casa de campo construidas. El declive de las country houses británicas a finales del siglo XIX se produjo en paralelo al de su principal fuente de ingresos, las explotaciones agrarias, mayormente por dos razones: el advenimiento de la revolución industrial atrajo mucha mano de obra a las ciudades, despoblando aldeas y granjas; y una grave crisis afectó al sector agrario a partir de la década de 1870, debido a la competencia de cereales y demás productos importados del extranjero. Muchas mansiones fueron abandonadas y demolidas, reaprovechándose sus enseres y materiales para otros domicilios, y las restantes tuvieron que adaptarse a un nuevo contexto económico y social. Otras actividades comerciales en el siglo XX, como las inversiones en bolsa y bienes inmobiliarios, fueron restando protagonismo a la actividad agrícola como condición necesaria para poseer una casa de campo; y con ello, el requerimiento sobre el tamaño de tierra necesario para mantener una propiedad. Pero los reveses económicos, y el cambio de los usos sociales, han ido dificultando el sostenimiento de mansiones tan grandes, que generan gastos anuales muy elevados. En el Reino Unido, muchas de las country houses se han ido desprendiendo de sus bienes más preciados, como obras de arte, y/o han recurrido a enfoques más modernos, explotando sus atractivos en el turismo y el alquiler de espacios. (es) Le terme français « château anglais » traduit improprement le terme générique anglais country house (littéralement : maison de campagne). Il s'agit de demeures plus ou moins vastes, entourées d'un parc d'agrément, propriétés ancestrales de grandes familles (titrées ou non) qui possédaient aussi en général un hôtel particulier à Londres ( (en)). Ces résidences, principales ou secondaires, lieux de pouvoir d'aristocrates ou de grands propriétaires terriens (landed gentry) qui, jusqu'au premier tiers du XIXe siècle, tiraient leurs revenus de leurs terres et régentaient l'Angleterre rurale, sont qualifiées en français, de manoirs, châteaux, gentilhommières. (fr) カントリー・ハウス(English country house)とは、ブリテン島の農村において貴族およびジェントリの住居として建設された邸宅。多くのカントリー・ハウスは16世紀から1914年までの期間に建設されており、2度の世界大戦による荒廃の危機を乗り越えた邸宅が現在1500から2000棟あまり残存し一般に公開されている。「カントリー・シート (country seat)」、「グレイト・ハウス (great house)」「ステイトリー・ホーム」(後述)などとも呼称される。 (ja) 컨트리 하우스(country house)는 브리튼섬의 농촌 귀족 및 젠트리의 거주지로 건설된 저택을 말한다. 대부분의 컨트리 하우스는 16세기부터 1914년까지 건설되었으며 두 차례의 세계 대전 이후에 남아있는 저택 가운데 현재 1,500 ~ 2,000채가 공개되어 있다. 컨트리 시트(country seat)라고 불리기도 한다. (ko) Con il termine casa di campagna inglese (English country house in inglese) si intendono edifici di considerevoli dimensioni, che possono essere case o mansion di proprietà di un singolo che possiede le terre attorno alla casa e, solitamente, anche una dimora in città. Alcune case di campagna, come ad esempio Kedleston Hall, Blenheim Palace e Holkham Hall sono state edificate come abitazioni simbolo del potere delle famiglie aristocratiche che le possedevano. Con la costruzione di queste maestose residenze si andava a modificare il territorio circostante con la creazione di laghetti artificiali, parchi, riserve di caccia. Al contrario altre, come , nel Buckinghamshire, vennero intese come residenze di campagna senza impronte di grandezza o esibizione di potere ma esclusivamente come luogo di ritiro. (it) Uma casa de campo é uma casa ou solar, cujas dimensões podem variar, que está situada em uma área rural. (pt) Ett engelskt country house är ett stort hus, herrgård eller slott på Englands landsbygd. Många av dessa ägdes ofta av personer som normalt bodde i London. Vissa av dem var dock åretruntbostäder för landed gentry-klassen. Dessa personer var viktiga inom Landed gentry-klassen i landsbygds-Storbritannien fram till Reform Act 1832. Från dessa hus sköttes även affärerna i . Eftersom personalantalet ofta var stort, var dessa ställen ofta stora arbetsgivare på landsbygden. Fram till 1870-talets jordbrukskris var det ofta deras ägor som gav inkomster till ägarna. Under slutet av 1800-talet och 1900-talet började systemet falla. Höjda skatter och första världskriget ledde till tusentals rivningar; de som kvarstod tvingades anpassa sig för att klara sig. Medan en så kallad "château" eller ett "schloss" kan vara befäst eller obefäst, är ett country house vanligtvis obefäst. Om det är befäst benämns det ofta som castle. (sv) 英格蘭鄉村別墅(English country house,也稱country seat、great house、stately home)是指位於英格蘭鄉村地區的貴族和紳士階級的宅第。大多數鄉村別墅都建設於16世紀至1914年期間。亨利八世時,由於國王下令解散修道院,許多修道院被賜給國王的家臣。之後在伊麗莎白一世時期,隨著別墅文化開始興盛,不僅修道院被改建為鄉村別墅,許多貴族也開始修建自己的鄉村別墅。有約1500至2000棟別墅度過了兩次世界大戰的危機保留至今,部分對一般公眾開放。英格蘭鄉村別墅也成為英格蘭文化及建築的重要象徵。 (zh)
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rdfs:comment English country house (anglicky „anglický venkovský dům“) je rozměrný dům, usedlost, panské sídlo, či zámeček na anglickém venkově. (cs) Als English country house wird ein repräsentativer englischer Landsitz für eine Familie der Landed Gentry bezeichnet. Das Pendant sind die Stadthäuser. Beispiele sind Blenheim Palace, Burghley House, Chatsworth House, Hatfield House, Highclere Castle, Longleat House, Montacute House, Shugborough Hall. Vergleiche auch Treasure Houses of England. (de) Le terme français « château anglais » traduit improprement le terme générique anglais country house (littéralement : maison de campagne). Il s'agit de demeures plus ou moins vastes, entourées d'un parc d'agrément, propriétés ancestrales de grandes familles (titrées ou non) qui possédaient aussi en général un hôtel particulier à Londres ( (en)). Ces résidences, principales ou secondaires, lieux de pouvoir d'aristocrates ou de grands propriétaires terriens (landed gentry) qui, jusqu'au premier tiers du XIXe siècle, tiraient leurs revenus de leurs terres et régentaient l'Angleterre rurale, sont qualifiées en français, de manoirs, châteaux, gentilhommières. (fr) カントリー・ハウス(English country house)とは、ブリテン島の農村において貴族およびジェントリの住居として建設された邸宅。多くのカントリー・ハウスは16世紀から1914年までの期間に建設されており、2度の世界大戦による荒廃の危機を乗り越えた邸宅が現在1500から2000棟あまり残存し一般に公開されている。「カントリー・シート (country seat)」、「グレイト・ハウス (great house)」「ステイトリー・ホーム」(後述)などとも呼称される。 (ja) 컨트리 하우스(country house)는 브리튼섬의 농촌 귀족 및 젠트리의 거주지로 건설된 저택을 말한다. 대부분의 컨트리 하우스는 16세기부터 1914년까지 건설되었으며 두 차례의 세계 대전 이후에 남아있는 저택 가운데 현재 1,500 ~ 2,000채가 공개되어 있다. 컨트리 시트(country seat)라고 불리기도 한다. (ko) Uma casa de campo é uma casa ou solar, cujas dimensões podem variar, que está situada em uma área rural. (pt) 英格蘭鄉村別墅(English country house,也稱country seat、great house、stately home)是指位於英格蘭鄉村地區的貴族和紳士階級的宅第。大多數鄉村別墅都建設於16世紀至1914年期間。亨利八世時,由於國王下令解散修道院,許多修道院被賜給國王的家臣。之後在伊麗莎白一世時期,隨著別墅文化開始興盛,不僅修道院被改建為鄉村別墅,許多貴族也開始修建自己的鄉村別墅。有約1500至2000棟別墅度過了兩次世界大戰的危機保留至今,部分對一般公眾開放。英格蘭鄉村別墅也成為英格蘭文化及建築的重要象徵。 (zh) Una English country house és una gran casa o una mansió situada en la zona rural d'Anglaterra. Sovint aquestes cases eren propietat d'individus que també eren propietaris d'una mansió urbana (Townhouse). El terme de country house també englobava la residència continuada dels landed gentry, els quals governaven la Gran bretanya rural fins a la promulgació de la llei . (ca) An English country house is a large house or mansion in the English countryside. Such houses were often owned by individuals who also owned a town house. This allowed them to spend time in the country and in the city—hence, for these people, the term distinguished between town and country. However, the term also encompasses houses that were, and often still are, the full-time residence for the landed gentry who ruled rural Britain until the Reform Act 1832. Frequently, the formal business of the counties was transacted in these country houses, having functional antecedents in manor houses. (en) Country house es una tipología de palacio británico, la correspondiente a la aristocracia en un entorno rural. Su traducción literal al castellano como "casa de campo" es inexacta, ya que no se trata de una vivienda secundaria o vacacional, sino de la residencia principal de una familia importante, por lo general perteneciente a la nobleza. Hasta principios del siglo XX, los nobles europeos (y en especial los británicos) rehusaban residir de manera habitual en núcleos urbanos, entonces insalubres y masificados, por lo cual residían la mayor parte del año en sus mansiones rurales, y siguiendo un calendario anual acudían de vez en cuando a sus casas en la capital (llamadas en francés petit hôtel). La country house más bien puede asociarse al concepto Italiano de Villa, el gallego de pazo o a (es) Con il termine casa di campagna inglese (English country house in inglese) si intendono edifici di considerevoli dimensioni, che possono essere case o mansion di proprietà di un singolo che possiede le terre attorno alla casa e, solitamente, anche una dimora in città. (it) Ett engelskt country house är ett stort hus, herrgård eller slott på Englands landsbygd. Många av dessa ägdes ofta av personer som normalt bodde i London. Vissa av dem var dock åretruntbostäder för landed gentry-klassen. Dessa personer var viktiga inom Landed gentry-klassen i landsbygds-Storbritannien fram till Reform Act 1832. Från dessa hus sköttes även affärerna i . Medan en så kallad "château" eller ett "schloss" kan vara befäst eller obefäst, är ett country house vanligtvis obefäst. Om det är befäst benämns det ofta som castle. (sv)
rdfs:label Country house (ca) English country house (cs) English country house (de) English country house (en) Country house (es) Château anglais (fr) Casa di campagna inglese (it) カントリー・ハウス (ja) 컨트리 하우스 (ko) Casa de campo (pt) Engelskt country house (sv) 英格蘭鄉村別墅 (zh)
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