Early European modern humans (original) (raw)
كان البشر الأوروبيون الحديثون الأوائل (EEMH) أو Cro-Magnons هم أول البشر المعاصرين الأوائل (Homo sapiens) الذين استقروا في أوروبا، وقد احتلوا القارة باستمرار منذ حوالي 48000 عام. لقد تفاعلوا وتزاوجوا مع إنسان نياندرتال الأصلي (H. neanderthalensis) ، الذي انقرض منذ 40 إلى 35 ألف سنة؛ ومنذ 37000 عام فصاعدًا، تنحدر كل EEMH من مجتمع مؤسس واحد يساهم في النسب للأوروبيين الحاليين. أنتجت EEMH ثقافات العصر الحجري القديم الأعلى، وكانت أولى الثقافات الرئيسية هي Aurignacian ، والتي خلفها Gravettian قبل 30000 عام. انقسم Gravettian إلى Epi-Gravettian في الشرق و Solutrean في الغرب، بسبب التدهور الكبير للمناخ خلال Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)، الذي بلغ ذروته منذ 21000 عام. مع ارتفاع درجة حرارة أوروبا، تطورت Solutrean إلى Magdalenian قبل 20000 عام، وأعادت هذه الشعوب استعمار أوروبا. أفسح العصر المجدلي و Epi-G
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| dbo:abstract | كان البشر الأوروبيون الحديثون الأوائل (EEMH) أو Cro-Magnons هم أول البشر المعاصرين الأوائل (Homo sapiens) الذين استقروا في أوروبا، وقد احتلوا القارة باستمرار منذ حوالي 48000 عام. لقد تفاعلوا وتزاوجوا مع إنسان نياندرتال الأصلي (H. neanderthalensis) ، الذي انقرض منذ 40 إلى 35 ألف سنة؛ ومنذ 37000 عام فصاعدًا، تنحدر كل EEMH من مجتمع مؤسس واحد يساهم في النسب للأوروبيين الحاليين. أنتجت EEMH ثقافات العصر الحجري القديم الأعلى، وكانت أولى الثقافات الرئيسية هي Aurignacian ، والتي خلفها Gravettian قبل 30000 عام. انقسم Gravettian إلى Epi-Gravettian في الشرق و Solutrean في الغرب، بسبب التدهور الكبير للمناخ خلال Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)، الذي بلغ ذروته منذ 21000 عام. مع ارتفاع درجة حرارة أوروبا، تطورت Solutrean إلى Magdalenian قبل 20000 عام، وأعادت هذه الشعوب استعمار أوروبا. أفسح العصر المجدلي و Epi-Gravettian الطريق لثقافات العصر الحجري الوسيط حيث كانت حيوانات اللعبة الكبيرة تنقرض وانتهت العصر الجليدي الأخير. * بوابة ما قبل التاريخ * بوابة أوروبا (ar) Early European modern humans (EEMH), or Cro-Magnons, were the first early modern humans (Homo sapiens) to settle in Europe, migrating from Western Asia, continuously occupying the continent possibly from as early as 56,800 years ago. They interacted and interbred with the indigenous Neanderthals (H. neanderthalensis) of Europe and Western Asia, who went extinct 40,000 to 35,000 years ago; and from 37,000 years ago onwards all EEMH descended from a single founder population which contributes ancestry to present-day Europeans. Early European modern humans (EEMH) produced Upper Palaeolithic cultures, the first major one being the Aurignacian, which was succeeded by the Gravettian by 30,000 years ago. The Gravettian split into the Epi-Gravettian in the east and Solutrean in the west, due to major climate degradation during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), peaking 21,000 years ago. As Europe warmed, the Solutrean evolved into the Magdalenian by 20,000 years ago, and these peoples recolonised Europe. The Magdalenian and Epi-Gravettian gave way to Mesolithic cultures as big game animals were dying out and the Last Glacial Period drew to a close. EEMH were anatomically similar to present-day Europeans, but were more robust, having broader faces, more prominent brow ridges, and bigger teeth. The earliest EEMH specimens also exhibit features that are reminiscent of those found in Neanderthals, as well as modern day African, European and aboriginal Australian populations. The first EEMH would have had darker skin; natural selection for lighter skin would not begin until 30,000 years ago. Before the LGM (Last Glacial Maximum), EEMH had overall low population density, tall stature similar to post-industrial humans, expansive trade routes stretching as long as 900 km (560 mi), and hunted big game animals. EEMH had much higher populations than the Neanderthals, possibly due to higher fertility rates; life expectancy for both species was typically under 40 years. Following the LGM, population density increased as communities travelled less frequently (though for longer distances), and the need to feed so many more people in tandem with the increasing scarcity of big game caused them to rely more heavily on small or aquatic game, and more frequently participate in game drive systems and slaughter whole herds at a time. The EEMH arsenal included spears, spear-throwers, harpoons, and possibly throwing sticks and Palaeolithic dogs. EEMH likely commonly constructed temporary huts while moving around, and Gravettian peoples notably made large huts on the East European Plain out of mammoth bones. EEMH are well renowned for creating a diverse array of artistic works, including cave paintings, Venus figurines, perforated batons, animal figurines, and geometric patterns. They may have decorated their bodies with ochre crayons and perhaps tattoos, scarification, and piercings. The exact symbolism of these works remains enigmatic, but EEMH are generally (though not universally) thought to have practiced shamanism, in which cave art — specifically of those depicting human/animal hybrids — played a central part. They also wore decorative beads, and plant-fibre clothes dyed with various plant-based dyes, which were possibly used as status symbols. For music, they produced bone flutes and whistles, and possibly also bullroarers, rasps, drums, idiophones, and other instruments. They buried their dead, though possibly only people which had achieved or were born into high status received burial. Remains of Palaeolithic cultures have been known for centuries, but they were initially interpreted in a creationist model, wherein they represented antediluvian peoples which were wiped out by the Great Flood. Following the conception and popularisation of evolution in the mid-to-late 19th century, EEMH became the subject of much scientific racism, with early race theories allying with Nordicism and Pan-Germanism. Such historical race concepts were overturned by the mid-20th century. During the first wave feminism movement, the Venus figurines were notably interpreted as evidence of some matriarchal religion, though such claims had mostly died down in academia by the 1970s. (en) Les premiers Hommes modernes en Europe sont les premières populations d'Homo sapiens ou humains anatomiquement modernes en Europe, au Paléolithique supérieur, désignées en anglais par le sigle EEMH, pour European early modern humans. Les fossiles de ces populations datent d'environ 48 000 à 15 000 ans (48–15 ka), intervalle qui couvre les périodes bohunicienne, aurignacienne, gravettienne, solutréenne et magdalénienne. L'expression « Hommes modernes » s'emploie par opposition à « humains archaïques », terme renvoyant à Homo heidelbergensis et Homo neanderthalensis qui ont vécu en Europe dans un intervalle compris entre 500 000 à 37 000 ans environ et qui, après l'arrivée d'Homo sapiens, ont disparu ou ont été absorbés dans sa lignée. Les premiers Hommes modernes en Europe étaient parfois désignés dans la littérature scientifique jusqu'à la fin des années 1990 par l'expression Hommes de Cro-Magnon, abandonnée depuis. Le nom commun de Cro-Magnon n'a pas de statut taxinomique formel, car « il ne fait référence ni à une espèce ou sous-espèce ni à une phase ou culture archéologique ». L'expression de « Cro-Magnon » renvoie de manière limitée aux périodes postérieures au début de l'Aurignacien proprement dit, il y a environ 37 à 35 ka. (fr) Europese vroege moderne mens (Engels: European early modern humans) is een algemene term voor vroege anatomisch moderne mensen (Homo sapiens sapiens) uit het Europese Laatpaleolithicum. De term komt deels overeen met wat in het algemeen spraakgebruik met cro-magnonmens wordt aanduid. Deze laatste benaming is onduidelijk gedefiniëerd, en wordt vaak gebruikt voor ofwel een specifiek type laatpaleolithische Europeanen, laatpaleolithische vondsten elders in de wereld, of latere mensen die lijken op de oorspronkelijke vondsten van Cro-Magnon. In wetenschappelijke literatuur wordt vaak de voorkeur gegeven aan de term European early modern humans. De term Europese vroege moderne mens wordt meestal beperkt tot vondsten van vóór het Mesolithicum (ca. 12.500 v.Chr.). Dit komt overeen met het einde van de laatste ijstijd en het verdwijnen van de daarin voorkomende megafauna. De mensen veranderden daarna van een cultuur van de jacht op grote prooien naar kleinere prooidieren en maakten een begin met het verzamelen van graszaden. Deze levenswijze berustte minder op brute kracht met als gevolg dat de mensen een minder robuuste lichaamsbouw kregen. Dit proces lijkt al minstens 50.000 tot 30.000 jaar geleden begonnen te zijn. Hoewel de Europese vroege moderne mensen zich duidelijk onderscheidden van de late neanderthalers uit dezelfde periode vormden ze geen homogeen geheel. De oudste vondsten, meest uit Oost-Europa, tonen een mengeling van archaïsche en moderne kenmerken die de latere vondsten niet hebben. Bij geen van deze vroegste vondsten heeft men stenen werktuigen gevonden, waardoor ze moeilijk binnen de Europese steentijd in te delen zijn. Latere vondsten, geassociëerd met het Aurignacien en daaropvolgende culturen, tonen een anatomie vergelijkbaar met de vondsten van Cro-Magnon. De mensen uit het Magdalénien gaan uiteindelijk over tot de huidige Europese bevolking. (nl) |
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| dbp:caption | 9.46728E11 Magdalenian perforated baton with a horse relief from L'Abri de la Madeleine, France (en) Gravettian hand stencils from Grottes de Gargas, France (en) A Venus from Kostenki showing a bandeau with straps (en) Magdalenian perforated baton from Veyrier, Switzerland (en) 1.104516E12 Butt-end of the Magdalenian creeping hyena spear thrower (en) 4.102488E11 7.8894E11 8.204976E11 Magdalenian bison clay sculptures at Tuc d'Audoubert, France (en) Aurignacian hide scraper from Gavaudun, France (en) Aurignacian phallus from Castel Merle, France (en) Aurignacian phallus from Hohle Fels, Germany (en) Aurignacian plaque from Castel Merle, France (en) Aurignacian plaque from L'Abri Lartet, France (en) Butt-end of the Magdalenian mammoth spear thrower (en) Engraved "map" on a Gravettian mammoth tusk (en) Engraved human radius from Gough's Cave, England (en) Grave from Combe-Capelle, France (en) Grave from Grimaldi, Italy (en) Grave from Menton, France (en) Grave from Sungir (en) Gravettian Tritia neritea shell necklace (en) Gravettian ivory necklace (en) Gravettian point (en) Human skull cup from Gough's Cave, England (en) Magdalenian bear pendant made out of a deer rib (en) Magdalenian harpoon tip (en) Magdalenian horses at Lascaux, France (en) Washer-like stone disc from Předmostí, Czech Republic (en) Phallus from Czech Republic (en) Solutrean point (en) The Dancing Sorcerer from Grotte des Trois-Frères (en) The lion-human from Hohlenstein-Stadel (en) The male puppet from Brno (en) The vanquished bird-headed man from Lascaux (en) The worshipper from Geissenklösterle (en) The wounded sorcerer from Grotte de Gabillou (en) Two Gravettian awls (en) Various Magdalenian plaques with "writing" (en) Venus of Brassempouy wearing a hair cover (en) Venus of Laussel wearing a snood (en) Venus of Lespugue wearing a skirt (en) Venus of Willendorf wearing a cap (en) Viktor Vasnetsov's 1882–1885 Stone Age (en) Viktor Vasnetsov's 1883 The Feast (en) Hugo Darnaut's 1885 Ideal picture from the Stone Age (en) Proto-Aurignacian dots and lines from Cueva del Castillo, Spain (en) Magdalenian perforated baton with an engraving from L'Abri de la Madeleine, France (en) Aurignacian horse sculpture from Vogelherd Cave, Germany (en) Gravettian Venus of Dolní Věstonice from Czech Republic (en) Sorcerer from Grotte des Trois-Frères with a musical bow (en) Aurignacian necklace made of bear, horse, elk, and beaver teeth (en) Charles R. Knight's 1920 reconstruction of Magdalenian painters at Font-de-Gaume, France (en) Aurignacian lion sculpture from Vogelherd Cave, Germany (en) Aurignacian lions, rhinos, and bison at Chauvet Cave, France (en) Magdalenian bone needle from Gourdan-Polignan, France (en) Solutrean wounded deer from Peña de Candamo, Spain (en) |
| dbp:header | Early depictions of early modern humans (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | كان البشر الأوروبيون الحديثون الأوائل (EEMH) أو Cro-Magnons هم أول البشر المعاصرين الأوائل (Homo sapiens) الذين استقروا في أوروبا، وقد احتلوا القارة باستمرار منذ حوالي 48000 عام. لقد تفاعلوا وتزاوجوا مع إنسان نياندرتال الأصلي (H. neanderthalensis) ، الذي انقرض منذ 40 إلى 35 ألف سنة؛ ومنذ 37000 عام فصاعدًا، تنحدر كل EEMH من مجتمع مؤسس واحد يساهم في النسب للأوروبيين الحاليين. أنتجت EEMH ثقافات العصر الحجري القديم الأعلى، وكانت أولى الثقافات الرئيسية هي Aurignacian ، والتي خلفها Gravettian قبل 30000 عام. انقسم Gravettian إلى Epi-Gravettian في الشرق و Solutrean في الغرب، بسبب التدهور الكبير للمناخ خلال Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)، الذي بلغ ذروته منذ 21000 عام. مع ارتفاع درجة حرارة أوروبا، تطورت Solutrean إلى Magdalenian قبل 20000 عام، وأعادت هذه الشعوب استعمار أوروبا. أفسح العصر المجدلي و Epi-G (ar) Early European modern humans (EEMH), or Cro-Magnons, were the first early modern humans (Homo sapiens) to settle in Europe, migrating from Western Asia, continuously occupying the continent possibly from as early as 56,800 years ago. They interacted and interbred with the indigenous Neanderthals (H. neanderthalensis) of Europe and Western Asia, who went extinct 40,000 to 35,000 years ago; and from 37,000 years ago onwards all EEMH descended from a single founder population which contributes ancestry to present-day Europeans. Early European modern humans (EEMH) produced Upper Palaeolithic cultures, the first major one being the Aurignacian, which was succeeded by the Gravettian by 30,000 years ago. The Gravettian split into the Epi-Gravettian in the east and Solutrean in the west, due to ma (en) Les premiers Hommes modernes en Europe sont les premières populations d'Homo sapiens ou humains anatomiquement modernes en Europe, au Paléolithique supérieur, désignées en anglais par le sigle EEMH, pour European early modern humans. Les fossiles de ces populations datent d'environ 48 000 à 15 000 ans (48–15 ka), intervalle qui couvre les périodes bohunicienne, aurignacienne, gravettienne, solutréenne et magdalénienne. (fr) Europese vroege moderne mens (Engels: European early modern humans) is een algemene term voor vroege anatomisch moderne mensen (Homo sapiens sapiens) uit het Europese Laatpaleolithicum. De term komt deels overeen met wat in het algemeen spraakgebruik met cro-magnonmens wordt aanduid. Deze laatste benaming is onduidelijk gedefiniëerd, en wordt vaak gebruikt voor ofwel een specifiek type laatpaleolithische Europeanen, laatpaleolithische vondsten elders in de wereld, of latere mensen die lijken op de oorspronkelijke vondsten van Cro-Magnon. In wetenschappelijke literatuur wordt vaak de voorkeur gegeven aan de term European early modern humans. (nl) |
| rdfs:label | البشر الأوروبيون الأوائل الحديثون (ar) Early European modern humans (en) Premiers Hommes modernes en Europe (fr) Europese vroege moderne mens (nl) |
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