History of early Christianity (original) (raw)
- La història de cristianisme primitiu cobreix el període que va des dels al Primer Concili de Nicea del 325. La primera part del període parteix del ministeri de Jesús i es coneix com el període apostòlic en referència als dotze apòstols. Els primers seguidors de Jesús van formar l'Església de Jerusalem. El cristianisme primitiu durant els dos primers segles de l'era cristiana es va anar separant del judaisme; i es va establir com a religió gentil predominant de l'Imperi Romà. A l'època del Primer Concili de Nicea del 325 la fe cristiana s'havia estès per tot Europa Occidental, la Conca del Mediterrani, Àfrica del Nord i l'Est. Pel que fa al mediterrani, Sant Joan va visitar 48 ciutats per predicar el cristianisme als gentils a 48 ciutats. El Primer Concili de Nicea del 325 i l'Edicte de Milà de 313 que va suposar l'acceptació de la religió cristiana a l'Imperi Romà són els fets que marquen el final del cristianisme primitiu i el començament del període . (ca)
- تاريخ المسيحية المبكرة هي الأحداث التاريخية المؤثرة على الديانة المسيحية والتي حدثت في الفترة من ولادة المسيحية وحتى مجمع نيقية الأول في عام 325م. الفترة الأولى هي فترة المسيحية اليهودية حيث كانت أفكار الرسل الإثني عشر الأولون تتمحور حول التحضير لنهاية العالم والحاجة لبناء هيكل الله مرة أخرى. بدأت هذه الفترة مع نشاطات الإرسالية الكبرى وهي فترة العصر الرسولي. لذلك، تعتبر أعمال الرسل مذهبا يهوديا جديدا. ومع نشر بولس الرسول الأفكار المسيحية خارج العالم اليهودي، وخلال القرنين التاليين، انقسم المسيحيون الأولون إلى قسمين: قسم يحافظ على يهودية الدعوة، والثاني دعوة عالمية لغير اليهود وبالأخص في الإمبراطورية الرومانية. الفترة الثانية هي فترة (أي الفترة من العصر الرسولي وحتى مجمع نيقية المنعقد عام 325م). خلال هذه الفترة، ظهرت عوامل مختلفة قوية لكنها جامعة لم تكن موجودة مع الفترة الرسولية. من العوامل الجامعة هو الشديد للقيم والمباديء والشعائر اليهودية. وخلال هذه الفترة، انتشرت الأفكار المسيحية في غرب أوروبا وحول حوض البحر الأبيض المتوسط وشمال أفريقيا والشرق. يعتبر مجمع نيقية الأول، الذي فتح به قسطنطين الأول أبواب المسيحية في أوروبا، هو نهاية عصر المسيحية المبكر. (ar)
- Early Christianity (up to the First Council of Nicaea in 325) spread from the Levant, across the Roman Empire, and beyond. Originally, this progression was closely connected to already established Jewish centers in the Holy Land and the Jewish diaspora. The first followers of Christianity were Jews or proselytes, commonly referred to as Jewish Christians and God-fearers. The Apostolic sees claim to have been founded by one or more of the apostles of Jesus, who are said to have dispersed from Jerusalem sometime after the crucifixion of Jesus, c. 26–36, perhaps following the Great Commission. Early Christians gathered in small private homes, known as house churches, but a city's whole Christian community would also be called a church – the Greek noun ἐκκλησία (ekklesia) literally means assembly, gathering, or congregation but is translated as church in most English translations of the New Testament. Many early Christians were merchants and others who had practical reasons for traveling to North Africa, Asia Minor, Arabia, the Balkans and other places. Over 40 such communities were established by the year 100, many in , also known as Asia Minor, such as the Seven churches of Asia. By the end of the first century, Christianity had already spread to , , and , serving as foundations for the expansive spread of Christianity, eventually throughout the world. (en)
- Gereja perdana (umumnya dianggap periode waktu dari sampai 325), menyebar dari Mediterania Timur sepanjang Kekaisaran Romawi dan diyakini, mencapai timur jauh India. Aslinya, perjuangan tersebut sangat terkait dengan pendirian pusat-pusat Yahudi, di Tanah Suci dan diaspora Yahudi. Pengikut agama Kristen mula-mula merupakan Yahudi atau proselit biblikal, yang umumnya disebut sebagai Kristen Yahudi dan orang yang takut akan Tuhan. Tahta-Tahta Apostolik diklaim didirikan oleh satu atau lebih Rasul Yesus, yang dikatakan terkadang setelah Penyaliban Yesus, sekitar 26–36, yang diikuti oleh Amanat Agung. Penganut Kristen awal berkumpul di rumah-rumah pribadi kecil, yang dikenal sebagai gereja rumah, tetapi sebuah kota yang secara keseluruhan beragama Kristen juga disebut sebuah gereja – kata Yunani ἐκκλησία yang secara literal artinya perkumpulan atau kongregasi namun diterjemahkan sebagai gereja dalam sebagian besar . Beberapa Kristen awal adalah pedagang dan orang-orang lainnya yang memiliki alasan berpraktik untuk menjelajahi utara Afrika, Asia Minor, Arabia, Yunani, dan tempat lainnya. Lebih dari 40 komunitas semacam itu didirikan pada tahun 100, beberapa berada di , yang juga dikenal sebagai Asia Minor, seperti Tujuh Gereja Asia. Pada akhir abad pertama, Kekristenan menyebar sampai , , dan kota-kota besar di , dan , yang dijadikan sebagai landasan untuk penyebaran ekspansif Kristen, kemudian seluruh dunia. (in)
- 初期キリスト教(しょきキリストきょう)では、古代におけるキリスト教の展開を概説する。ここでは、キリスト教成立から新約聖書の成立までを原始キリスト教とし、新約聖書の成立後の1世紀後半から古代末期の3世紀までを「初期キリスト教」とする。3世紀以降については古代末期のキリスト教で詳述する。 ローマ帝国が全地中海世界を支配していた西暦1世紀の前半、イエスと使徒と呼ばれる彼の弟子達によってパレスチナの一角で始められたキリスト教は、古代の歴史を通して信徒を増やし、ローマ帝国の支配地全域とその周辺地域に広まった。この古代のキリスト教の拡大によって、ヨーロッパではキリスト教(教会)の存在が政治、社会、思想全てにおいて最も重要な要素となると共に、北アフリカ、中近東においても、イスラム教の到来以前には最も重要な宗教となり、イスラム化以後も今日まで続くキリスト教共同体が形成されることとなった。 (ja)
- La storia del cristianesimo in età antica riguarda l'evoluzione e la diffusione del cristianesimo dalle sue origini, solitamente fatte coincidere con la nascita della prima comunità di Gerusalemme intorno agli anni 40 del I secolo, fino alla caduta dell'impero romano d'Occidente (476). Sebbene i primi "cristiani" fossero tutti di origine ebraica, ben presto iniziarono a essere convertiti anche i pagani e la nuova religione, anche grazie all'opera missionaria di Paolo di Tarso, iniziò a diffondersi per tutto l'impero romano. Nei primi secoli i fedeli di questa nuova religione vennero visti con sospetto dalla maggioranza della popolazione pagana, venendo spesso accusati ingiustamente e utilizzati come capro espiatorio, fino a subire vere e proprie persecuzioni che, intervallate da periodi di pace, continuarono da quella messa in atto da Nerone nel 64 fino agli inizi del IV secolo. Nonostante ciò, il cristianesimo si diffuse in tutte le grandi città dell'impero seguendo le principali vie commerciali. L'indipendenza di ogni comunità fu un terreno fertile affinché nascessero al loro interno delle difformità dottrinali, come nel II secolo, quando si affermarono lo gnosticismo cristiano e il montanismo. In risposta, grazie al lavoro di alcuni teologi come Ireneo di Lione, iniziò a formarsi il concetto di "ortodossia" contrapposto a quello di "eresia". Nonostante ciò, il cristianesimo dei primi secoli fu spesso lacerato da divisioni interne, come quella sorta nell'affrontare il problema dei lapsi, ovvero coloro che avevano abiurato per salvarsi dalle sanguinose persecuzioni. Un punto di svolta si ebbe con l'imperatore Costantino che, con l'Editto di Milano del 313, confermò l'Editto di Serdica con cui il cristianesimo diveniva religio licita ovvero un culto riconosciuto e ammesso dall'Impero. Da questo momento in poi i fedeli poterono uscire dalla semiclandestinità, iniziarono a essere costruiti luoghi di culto dedicati (prima i luoghi di riunione erano le domus ecclesiae, case private) e i battezzati crebbero costantemente di numero. Ciò però non mise fine alle divisioni interne, spesso dovute a divergenze dottrinali. Fu proprio negli anni di Costantino che il presbitero Ario diede vita a una corrente, detta arianesimo, che lacerò profondamente l'universo cristiano. Per tentare di ricomporre la frattura, lo stesso imperatore Costantino convocò nel 325 a Nicea il primo concilio ecumenico della storia che elaborò il credo utilizzato ancora oggi, seppur con qualche modifica, nella liturgia. Nonostante la condanna dell'arianesimo da parte del concilio, questo non scomparve, ma, anzi, continuò a diffondersi creando disordini per tutto il IV secolo e oltre. (it)
- Исто́рия ра́ннего христиа́нства — период от зарождения христианства среди многочисленных иудейских сект примерно в 30-е годы I века н. э. в Палестине и до Первого Вселенского собора в Никее в 325 году. За 300 лет христианство превратилось в доминирующую религию в Римской империи и стало важнейшим фактором формирования средневековой европейской цивилизации. Эта тема включает в себя языческий и иудейский религиозный и философский контекст раннего христианства, деятельность Иисуса Христа и апостолов, христианство на рубеже I—II веков, взаимоотношения с римским государством и обществом, развитие вероучения во II—III веках и к итоге признание христианства при императоре Константине. История раннего христианства — это в первую очередь история идей, а не людей, государств или народов, поэтому она оставляет большое пространство для интерпретаций. (ru)
- https://web.archive.org/web/20140901043856/http:/www.earlychristians.org/
- http://www.arxpub.com/evolpub/CRE/CREseries.html%23CRE12
- https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/first/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20100107002316/http:/www.bib-arch.org/online-exclusives/oldest-church.asp
- http://www.josemariaescriva.info/index.php%3Fid_cat=1574&id_scat=1572
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- 初期キリスト教(しょきキリストきょう)では、古代におけるキリスト教の展開を概説する。ここでは、キリスト教成立から新約聖書の成立までを原始キリスト教とし、新約聖書の成立後の1世紀後半から古代末期の3世紀までを「初期キリスト教」とする。3世紀以降については古代末期のキリスト教で詳述する。 ローマ帝国が全地中海世界を支配していた西暦1世紀の前半、イエスと使徒と呼ばれる彼の弟子達によってパレスチナの一角で始められたキリスト教は、古代の歴史を通して信徒を増やし、ローマ帝国の支配地全域とその周辺地域に広まった。この古代のキリスト教の拡大によって、ヨーロッパではキリスト教(教会)の存在が政治、社会、思想全てにおいて最も重要な要素となると共に、北アフリカ、中近東においても、イスラム教の到来以前には最も重要な宗教となり、イスラム化以後も今日まで続くキリスト教共同体が形成されることとなった。 (ja)
- تاريخ المسيحية المبكرة هي الأحداث التاريخية المؤثرة على الديانة المسيحية والتي حدثت في الفترة من ولادة المسيحية وحتى مجمع نيقية الأول في عام 325م. الفترة الأولى هي فترة المسيحية اليهودية حيث كانت أفكار الرسل الإثني عشر الأولون تتمحور حول التحضير لنهاية العالم والحاجة لبناء هيكل الله مرة أخرى. بدأت هذه الفترة مع نشاطات الإرسالية الكبرى وهي فترة العصر الرسولي. لذلك، تعتبر أعمال الرسل مذهبا يهوديا جديدا. ومع نشر بولس الرسول الأفكار المسيحية خارج العالم اليهودي، وخلال القرنين التاليين، انقسم المسيحيون الأولون إلى قسمين: قسم يحافظ على يهودية الدعوة، والثاني دعوة عالمية لغير اليهود وبالأخص في الإمبراطورية الرومانية. (ar)
- La història de cristianisme primitiu cobreix el període que va des dels al Primer Concili de Nicea del 325. La primera part del període parteix del ministeri de Jesús i es coneix com el període apostòlic en referència als dotze apòstols. Els primers seguidors de Jesús van formar l'Església de Jerusalem. El cristianisme primitiu durant els dos primers segles de l'era cristiana es va anar separant del judaisme; i es va establir com a religió gentil predominant de l'Imperi Romà. (ca)
- Early Christianity (up to the First Council of Nicaea in 325) spread from the Levant, across the Roman Empire, and beyond. Originally, this progression was closely connected to already established Jewish centers in the Holy Land and the Jewish diaspora. The first followers of Christianity were Jews or proselytes, commonly referred to as Jewish Christians and God-fearers. (en)
- Gereja perdana (umumnya dianggap periode waktu dari sampai 325), menyebar dari Mediterania Timur sepanjang Kekaisaran Romawi dan diyakini, mencapai timur jauh India. Aslinya, perjuangan tersebut sangat terkait dengan pendirian pusat-pusat Yahudi, di Tanah Suci dan diaspora Yahudi. Pengikut agama Kristen mula-mula merupakan Yahudi atau proselit biblikal, yang umumnya disebut sebagai Kristen Yahudi dan orang yang takut akan Tuhan. (in)
- La storia del cristianesimo in età antica riguarda l'evoluzione e la diffusione del cristianesimo dalle sue origini, solitamente fatte coincidere con la nascita della prima comunità di Gerusalemme intorno agli anni 40 del I secolo, fino alla caduta dell'impero romano d'Occidente (476). Sebbene i primi "cristiani" fossero tutti di origine ebraica, ben presto iniziarono a essere convertiti anche i pagani e la nuova religione, anche grazie all'opera missionaria di Paolo di Tarso, iniziò a diffondersi per tutto l'impero romano. Nei primi secoli i fedeli di questa nuova religione vennero visti con sospetto dalla maggioranza della popolazione pagana, venendo spesso accusati ingiustamente e utilizzati come capro espiatorio, fino a subire vere e proprie persecuzioni che, intervallate da periodi di (it)
- Исто́рия ра́ннего христиа́нства — период от зарождения христианства среди многочисленных иудейских сект примерно в 30-е годы I века н. э. в Палестине и до Первого Вселенского собора в Никее в 325 году. За 300 лет христианство превратилось в доминирующую религию в Римской империи и стало важнейшим фактором формирования средневековой европейской цивилизации. История раннего христианства — это в первую очередь история идей, а не людей, государств или народов, поэтому она оставляет большое пространство для интерпретаций. (ru)
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