Welsh Revolt (original) (raw)

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Die Rebellion von Owain Glyndŵr war nach der Eroberung von Wales der letzte große Aufstand der Waliser gegen die englische Herrschaft, unter Führung des Landadligen Owain Glyndŵr. Der Aufstand endete nach großen Anfangserfolgen in einer völligen Niederlage der Waliser. (de)
La révolte des Gallois, aussi appelée soulèvement d'Owain Glyndŵr ou dernière guerre d'indépendance, est un soulèvement des Gallois dirigés par Owain Glyndŵr contre l'Angleterre, qui a eu lieu entre 1400 et 1415. Il s'agit de la dernière manifestation d'un mouvement indépendantiste gallois avant l'incorporation du pays de Galles au sein du royaume d'Angleterre, effectif après le vote des Laws in Wales Acts en 1535 et 1542. (fr)
Pemberontakan Glyndŵr, Pemberontakan Wales atau Perang Kemerdekaan Terakhir adalah pemberontakan yang terjadi di Wales dari tahun 1400 hingga 1415. Pemberontakan ini dilancarkan oleh Owain Glyndŵr melawan Kerajaan Inggris. Peristiwa ini merupakan peristiwa pemberontakan terakhir yang berupaya melepaskan Wales dari cengkeraman Inggris sebelum Wales menjadi wilayah Inggris secara resmi sesuai dengan Undang-Undang Hukum di Wales 1535-1542. Pemberontakan ini dimulai akibat perselisihan antara Owain Glyndŵr dengan tuan tanah Inggris di Wales. Pada tanggal 16 September 1400, ia diproklamirkan sebagai Pangeran Wales oleh para pengikutnya. Pasukan Owain kemudian mulai memberontak. Owain menghilang tanpa jejak setelah tahun 1412, dan pada tahun 1415 Inggris kembali berkuasa secara penuh di Wales. Para pemimpin pemberontak sudah meninggal, dipenjara, atau menjadi miskin akibat denda yang besar. Namun, terdapat kemungkinan bahwa beberapa orang masih melanjutkan perjuangan hingga setelah tahun 1421 di bawah kepemimpinan ipar Owain, , seperti yang tersirat di dalam puisi karya . (in)
The Welsh Revolt (also called the Glyndŵr Rising or Last War of Independence) was a Welsh rebellion led by Owain Glyndŵr against the Kingdom of England during the Late Middle Ages. During the rebellion's height between 1403 and 1406, Owain exercised control over the majority of Wales after capturing several of the most powerful English castles in the country, and formed a national parliament at Machynlleth. The revolt was the last major manifestation of a Welsh independence movement before the annexation of Wales into England by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542. The uprising began in 1400, when Owain Glyndŵr, a descendent of several Welsh royal dynasties, claimed the title Prince of Wales following a dispute with a neighbouring English lord. In 1404, after a series of successful castle sieges and battlefield victories, Owain was crowned Prince of Wales in the presence of Scottish, French, Spanish and Breton envoys. He summoned a national parliament, where he announced plans to reintroduce the traditional Welsh laws of Hywel Dda, establish an independent Welsh church, and build two universities. Owain also formed an alliance with Charles VI of France, and in 1405 a French army landed in Wales to support the rebellion. The Welsh suffered their first defeat that year, when a Welsh army under the command of Owain's eldest son Gruffudd ab Owain and younger brother Tudur ap Gruffudd was defeated near Usk, in the south east of Wales. In response, Welsh forces led by Glyndŵr, alongside an allied French expeditionary force captured many castles, towns and tower houses in south Wales from the English. Later in the year, Owain successfully repelled a large English invasion force of 40,000 men including heavy artillery led by King Henry IV, and also invaded and burned the English counties of Herefordshire and Worcestershire with a combined Franco-Welsh army, and returned to Wales with an immense amount of loot. Despite the initial successes of the rebellion from 1400 to 1406, by this point the Welsh had spent several years fighting against one of the strongest militaries in Europe while severely outnumbered, with less resources and equipment, and it was beginning to take its toll on Owain and his forces. It took a toll on the Welsh people too, who faced six years of the English army burning, raping, murdering and looting their way across the land. By 1407 the English had recaptured Anglesey and large parts of south Wales. In 1408 they seized Aberystwyth Castle, followed by Harlech Castle in February 1409, effectively ending Owain's territorial rule, although Owain himself was never captured. He ignored two offers of a pardon from the new King Henry V and Welsh resistance continued in small pockets of the country for several more years utilising guerrilla tactics. Owain disappeared in 1415, when he was recorded to have died by one of his supporters, Adam of Usk. On 8 April 1421, his son Maredudd ab Owain accepted a pardon from King Henry V, formally ending the rebellion. (en)
グリンドゥールの反乱 (グリンドゥールのはんらん、Glyndŵr Rising、またはWelsh Revolt、 Last War of Independence) は、1400年から1415年にかけて勃発したオワイン・グリンドゥール (1349年ないし1359年頃 - 1415年頃) 率いるウェールズのイングランド王国に対する反乱である。この蜂起は当初極めて順調に拡大し、ウェールズの広範囲を支配下に治めることとなったが、最後は物量に勝るイングランド勢に圧倒された。これは通常「統合法」と呼ばれる1536年ならびに1543年のウェールズ議会法 (英語版) によりウェールズがイングランド王国に統合される前の、最後の大きな独立の意思表明であった。 (ja)
La rivolta di Glyndŵr o rivolta del Galles o ultima guerra d'indipendenza è stata un'insurrezione dei gallesi guidati da Owain Glyndŵr contro la supremazia inglese avvenuta tra il 1400 e il 1415. Si tratta dell'ultima grande manifestazione per l'indipendenza gallese prima che il Galles fu incorporato nell'Inghilterra con le leggi chiamate Laws in Wales Acts del 1535-1542. La ribellione iniziò nel 1400, quando Enrico di Bolingbroke prese il trono come Enrico IV da Riccardo II. Enrico, a differenza del suo predecessore, ha seguito una linea più dura nei confronti dei gallesi. Dopo una disputa con un magnate inglese, Owain si autoproclamò Principe del Galles e attaccò il castello del magnate. La famiglia Tudor di Anglesey iniziò una guerriglia contro gli inglesi, ed Enrico inviò il suo esercito in Galles per sedare la ribellione. Diversi castelli inglesi caddero in mano ai ribelli, e Owain ottenne grande successo e popolarità in Galles. Gli inglesi passarono delle leggi speciali per evitare che i gallesi guadagnassero troppo potere nella loro patria. Intorno al 1402, anche il Regno di Francia iniziò a sostenere i gallesi, poiché vedevano un'Inghilterra indebolita e cercavano di sfruttare il fatto per avvantaggiarsi nella guerra dei cent'anni, allora in corso. Diversi castelli inglesi caddero o furono assediati, e i gallesi usarono una tattica di piccoli attacchi rapidi contro gli inglesi, evitando lo scontro aperto. Nel 1404, Owain fu incoronato principe del Galles a Machynlleth. Intorno al 1406, la Francia cominciò a ritirare il suo sostegno alla ribellione, e gli inglesi iniziarono una nuova strategia di blocco economico del Galles. Lentamente gli inglesi riconquistarono importanti castelli come quelli di Aberystwyth e di Harlech. Molti dei capi dei ribelli furono uccisi sul campo di battaglia o catturati, ma Owain rimase in libertà. Nel 1415, gli inglesi erano di nuovo in pieno controllo del Galles, e le grandi famiglie che avevano sostenuto la ribellione furono rovinate o spazzate via. Solo riuscì a prosperare seriamente, recandosi a Londra e fondando quella che poi divenne la dinastia Tudor. (it)
Восстание Оуайна Глиндура было последним восстанием населения Уэльса против власти англичан вплоть до присоединения Уэльса к Англии. Восстание, возглавляемое Оуайном Глиндуром, было неудачным, однако имело значительные последствия и было поддержано Францией, находившейся в состоянии войны с Английским королевством. (ru)

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Portrait of Owain Glyndŵr (en)
Seal of Owain Glyndŵr (en)

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OWAIN GLYNDWR , 'Prince of Wales' (en)

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Die Rebellion von Owain Glyndŵr war nach der Eroberung von Wales der letzte große Aufstand der Waliser gegen die englische Herrschaft, unter Führung des Landadligen Owain Glyndŵr. Der Aufstand endete nach großen Anfangserfolgen in einer völligen Niederlage der Waliser. (de)
La révolte des Gallois, aussi appelée soulèvement d'Owain Glyndŵr ou dernière guerre d'indépendance, est un soulèvement des Gallois dirigés par Owain Glyndŵr contre l'Angleterre, qui a eu lieu entre 1400 et 1415. Il s'agit de la dernière manifestation d'un mouvement indépendantiste gallois avant l'incorporation du pays de Galles au sein du royaume d'Angleterre, effectif après le vote des Laws in Wales Acts en 1535 et 1542. (fr)
グリンドゥールの反乱 (グリンドゥールのはんらん、Glyndŵr Rising、またはWelsh Revolt、 Last War of Independence) は、1400年から1415年にかけて勃発したオワイン・グリンドゥール (1349年ないし1359年頃 - 1415年頃) 率いるウェールズのイングランド王国に対する反乱である。この蜂起は当初極めて順調に拡大し、ウェールズの広範囲を支配下に治めることとなったが、最後は物量に勝るイングランド勢に圧倒された。これは通常「統合法」と呼ばれる1536年ならびに1543年のウェールズ議会法 (英語版) によりウェールズがイングランド王国に統合される前の、最後の大きな独立の意思表明であった。 (ja)
Восстание Оуайна Глиндура было последним восстанием населения Уэльса против власти англичан вплоть до присоединения Уэльса к Англии. Восстание, возглавляемое Оуайном Глиндуром, было неудачным, однако имело значительные последствия и было поддержано Францией, находившейся в состоянии войны с Английским королевством. (ru)
Pemberontakan Glyndŵr, Pemberontakan Wales atau Perang Kemerdekaan Terakhir adalah pemberontakan yang terjadi di Wales dari tahun 1400 hingga 1415. Pemberontakan ini dilancarkan oleh Owain Glyndŵr melawan Kerajaan Inggris. Peristiwa ini merupakan peristiwa pemberontakan terakhir yang berupaya melepaskan Wales dari cengkeraman Inggris sebelum Wales menjadi wilayah Inggris secara resmi sesuai dengan Undang-Undang Hukum di Wales 1535-1542. (in)
The Welsh Revolt (also called the Glyndŵr Rising or Last War of Independence) was a Welsh rebellion led by Owain Glyndŵr against the Kingdom of England during the Late Middle Ages. During the rebellion's height between 1403 and 1406, Owain exercised control over the majority of Wales after capturing several of the most powerful English castles in the country, and formed a national parliament at Machynlleth. The revolt was the last major manifestation of a Welsh independence movement before the annexation of Wales into England by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542. (en)
La rivolta di Glyndŵr o rivolta del Galles o ultima guerra d'indipendenza è stata un'insurrezione dei gallesi guidati da Owain Glyndŵr contro la supremazia inglese avvenuta tra il 1400 e il 1415. Si tratta dell'ultima grande manifestazione per l'indipendenza gallese prima che il Galles fu incorporato nell'Inghilterra con le leggi chiamate Laws in Wales Acts del 1535-1542. (it)

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Rebellion von Owain Glyndŵr (de)
Pemberontakan Glyndŵr (in)
Rivolta di Glyndŵr (it)
Révolte des Gallois (fr)
グリンドゥールの反乱 (ja)
Welsh Revolt (en)
Восстание Оуайна Глиндура (ru)

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