Principality of Wales (original) (raw)
Velšské knížectví (velšsky Tywysogaeth Cymru, anglicky Principality of Wales) byl státní útvar podřízený Anglickému království, existoval mezi lety 1216 a 1536. Jeho historie začíná dobytím nezávislého Walesu anglickým králem Eduardem I. Eduard spoutal Wales kruhem královských hradů a zavedl titul „Kníže velšský“ (Prince of Wales), jehož držitelem je následník anglického (dnes britského) trůnu. Proti anglické nadvládě se několikrát zvedl odpor, největší povstání vedl v 15. století Owain Glyndŵr, který si uchoval nad Walesem kontrolu po několik let. V roce 1536 byl Wales plně připojen k Anglii, velšská legislativa spojena s parlamentem ve Westminsteru.
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| dbo:abstract | Velšské knížectví (velšsky Tywysogaeth Cymru, anglicky Principality of Wales) byl státní útvar podřízený Anglickému království, existoval mezi lety 1216 a 1536. Jeho historie začíná dobytím nezávislého Walesu anglickým králem Eduardem I. Eduard spoutal Wales kruhem královských hradů a zavedl titul „Kníže velšský“ (Prince of Wales), jehož držitelem je následník anglického (dnes britského) trůnu. Proti anglické nadvládě se několikrát zvedl odpor, největší povstání vedl v 15. století Owain Glyndŵr, který si uchoval nad Walesem kontrolu po několik let. V roce 1536 byl Wales plně připojen k Anglii, velšská legislativa spojena s parlamentem ve Westminsteru. (cs) وُجدت إمارة ويلز بين عامي 1216 و1536، وضمت ثلثي ويلز الحالية في أوجها بين عامي 1267 و1277. لمعظم تاريخها، كانت ’منضمة ومتحدة‘ مع التاج الإنكليزي باستثناء عقودها القليلة الأولى. مع ذلك، كانت لبضعة أجيال، ولا سيما الفترة التي تلت تأسيسها في عام 1216 حتى تمام غزو ويلز على يد إدوارد الأول في 1248، مستقلة بحكم الأمر الواقع في ظل أمير ويلزيّ، وإن كان أميرًا أقسم على طاعة ملك إنجلترا. أُسست الإمارة رسميًا في عام 1216 في مجلس أبرديفي وجرى الاعتراف بها لاحقًا عبر معاهدة ورسستر 1218 بين ليويلين العظيم ملك ويلز وهنري الثالث ملك إنجلترا. أعطت المعاهدة مضمونًا للواقع السياسي خاصة ويلز وإنجلترا في القرن الثالث عشر، وعلاقة الأولى بالإمبراطورية الأنجوية. احتفظت الإمارة بدرجة كبيرة من الاستقلال الذاتي، الذي اتسم بفقه قضاء منفصل مبني على القوانين الراسخة لسيفريث هيويل (قوانين هيويل، أو القانون الويلزي)، وعبر المحكمة المتطورة بصورة متزايدة لأسرة أبرفرو. على الرغم من أنها دانت بالولاء لملك إنجلترا الأنجوي، كانت الإمارة مستقلةً بحكم الأمر الواقع، ولها مكانة مماثلة لمكانة مملكة اسكتلندا في الإمبراطورية. اعتُبر وجودها دليلًا على أن كل العناصر الضرورية لنمو الدولة الويلزية ذات السيادة موجودة. انتهت فترة الاستقلال بحكم الأمر الواقع بغزو إدوارد الأول الإمارة بين عامي 1277 و1283. بموجب ميثاق رودلان، فقدت الإمارة استقلالها وأصبحت فعليًا منطقة ملحقة بالتاج الإنجليزي. منذ عام 1301، شكلت أراضي التاج في الشمال والغرب جزءًا من حصة ولي عهد إنجلترا الظاهر، وحمل لقب «أمير ويلز». عند ارتقاء الأمير إلى العرش الإنجليزي، دُمجت الأراضي واللقب بالتاج ثانية. في مناسبتين، ثار المطالبون بالعرش الويلزي متمردين في خلال هذه الفترة، وفشلوا في المرتين. منذ سن المرسومين 1535 و1542 من قوانين ويلز، التي ضمت رسميًا كل ويلز إلى مملكة إنجلترا، لم توجد أي أسس جغرافية أو دستورية لتوصيف أي جزء من أرض ويلز على أنه إمارة، على الرغم من أن المصطلح كان يُستخدم بين الحين والآخر في سياق غير رسمي لتوصيف البلاد، وبما يتعلق باللقب الشرفي لأمير ويلز. (ar) Das Fürstentum Wales (Walisisch: Tywysogaeth Cymru) wurde 1267 durch den Vertrag von Montgomery gebildet, den der englische König Heinrich III. und Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, der Fürst von Gwynedd, schlossen. Die meisten der kleinen Herrschaften und Cantrefi des Nordens, Westens und des Zentrums von Wales huldigten dem Prince of Wales (der Titel wurde Llywelyn 1267 formell gegeben), der wiederum dem König von England als Vasall huldigte. Von der Schlacht von Orewin Bridge 1282, in welcher Wales seine Unabhängigkeit verlor, bis zu den Gesetzen zur Eingliederung von Wales 1535–1542 wurde der Begriff auf jenen Teil des Landes angewandt, der unter der direkten Herrschaft des Königs stand. Die übrigen Gebiete gehörten nicht zum Fürstentum, sondern zu den Welsh Marches und unterstanden den Marcher Lords. Dennoch wird der Begriff heute benutzt, um ganz Wales zu bezeichnen. (de) Galesko Printzerria (galesez Tywysogaeth Cymru) zuzenean kudeaturiko lurrak hartzen zituen eremua zen. 1216ko sortu zen formalki, eta 1218an ofizialki onartu zuen Ingalaterrako koroak. XIII. mendeko Ingalaterra eta Galesko politika zehaztu zen tratatu horretan, biak garai hartan Angevinar Inperioko lurraldeak. Gaur egungo Galesen bi heren hartzen zituen eta botere nahiko izan zuen. Cyfraith Hyweleko legeak zituzten eta gortean . Angevinar Inperioaren lurrak baziren ere eta, beraz Ingalaterrako Erregeari leialtasuna zor bazioten ere, de facto independientea zen eta botere guztia bertan kudeatzen zen. historialaren arabera Gales Angevinar Inperioko lurra zen Eskozia bezain beste. (eu) La principauté de Galles (en anglais : Principality of Wales ; en gallois : Tywysogaeth Cymru) est un ancien État (1216 – 1536) situé dans l'actuel pays de Galles. (fr) The Principality of Wales (Welsh: Tywysogaeth Cymru) was originally the territory of the native Welsh princes of the House of Aberffraw from 1216 to 1283, encompassing two-thirds of modern Wales during its height of 1267–1277. Following the conquest of Wales by Edward I of England of 1277 to 1283, those parts of Wales retained under the direct control of the English crown, principally in the north and west of the country, were re-constituted as a new Principality of Wales and ruled either by the monarch or the monarch's heir though not formally incorporated into the Kingdom of England. This was ultimately accomplished with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 when the Principality ceased to exist as a separate entity. The Principality was formally founded in 1216 by native Welshman and King of Gwynedd, Llywelyn the Great who gathered other leaders of pura Wallia at the Council of Aberdyfi. The agreement was later recognised by the 1218 Treaty of Worcester between Llywelyn the Great of Wales and Henry III of England. The treaty gave substance to the political reality of 13th-century Wales and England, and the relationship of the former with the Angevin Empire. The principality retained a great degree of autonomy, characterized by a separate legal jurisprudence based on the well-established laws of Cyfraith Hywel, and by the increasingly sophisticated court of the House of Aberffraw. Although it owed fealty to the Angevin king of England, the principality was de facto independent, with a similar status in the empire to the Kingdom of Scotland. Its existence has been seen as proof that all the elements necessary for the growth of Welsh statehood were in place. The period of de facto independence ended with Edward I's conquest of the principality between 1277 and 1283. Under the Statute of Rhuddlan, the principality lost its independence and became effectively an annexed territory of the English crown. From 1301, the crown's lands in north and west Wales formed part of the appanage of England's heir apparent, with the title "Prince of Wales". On accession of the prince to the English throne, the lands and title became merged with the Crown again. On two occasions Welsh claimants to the title rose up in rebellion during this period, although neither ultimately succeeded. Since the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, which formally incorporated all of Wales within the Kingdom of England, there has been no geographical or constitutional basis for describing any of the territory of Wales as a principality, although the term has occasionally been used in an informal sense to describe the country, and in relation to the honorary title of Prince of Wales. (en) Kepangeranan Wales (Wales: Tywysogaeth Cymru) berdiri dari tahun 1216 hingga 1536 dan meliputi dua pertiga wilayah Wales modern pada puncak kejayaannya antara tahun 1267 hingga 1277. Dalam sebagian besar sejarahnya Kepangeranan Wales "dianeksasi dan disatukan" dengan Mahkota Inggris. Namun, selama beberapa generasi, terutama dari pendiriannya pada tahun 1216 hingga selesainya penaklukan Wales oleh Edward I pada tahun 1284, negara ini merupakan negara yang merdeka secara de facto di bawah kepemimpinan Pangeran Wales, walaupun ia bersumpah akan "setia" kepada Raja Inggris. Kepangeranan ini secara resmi didirikan pada tahun 1216 oleh dan nantinya pada tahun 1218 diakui dalam antara Llywelyn yang Agung dari Wales dengan Henry III dari Inggris. Kepangeranan ini memiliki otonomi dengan yurisprudensi hukum yang terpisah berdasarkan hukum . Walaupun Pangeran Wales harus setia dengan Raja Inggris, kepangeranan ini merdeka secara de facto, dengan status yang serupa dengan Kerajaan Skotlandia. Periode kemerdekaan de facto berakhir akibat penaklukan Wales oleh Edward I antara tahun 1277 hingga 1283. Berdasarkan , kepangeranan ini kehilangan kemerdekaannya dan dianeksasi oleh Inggris. Pada tahun 1301, tanah mahkota Inggris di Wales utara dan barat menjadi bagian dari apanase penerus tahta Inggris dengan gelar "Pangeran Wales". Begitu pangeran naik tahta menjadi raja Inggris, tanah dan gelar tersebut kembali menjadi bagian dari mahkota Inggris. Semenjak diberlakukannya yang secara resmi memasukkan seluruh Wales ke dalam Kerajaan Inggris, tidak ada dasar geografis atau konstitusional yang mendeskripsikan wilayah Wales sebagai sebuah kepangeranan, walaupun istilah ini kadang-kadang digunakan secara tidak resmi untuk mendeskripsikan Wales. (in) Il Principato del Galles (in lingua gallese: Tywysogaeth Cymru) esistette tra il 1216 ed il 1536, estendendosi per circa i due terzi dell'attuale Galles durante la sua maggiore estensione tra il 1267 ed il 1277. Per gran parte della propria storia, rimase "annesso ed unito" alla corona inglese. Per alcune generazioni, tuttavia, specificamente il periodo dalla sua fondazione nel 1216 fino al completamento della conquista del Galles da parte di Edoardo I d'Inghilterra nel 1284, fu de facto indipendente e governato da un Principe del Galles gallese, che tuttavia giurava fedeltà al Sovrano d'Inghilterra. Il Principato fu fondato formalmente nel 1216 al Consiglio di Aberdyfi e fu in seguito riconosciuto dal Trattato di Worcester tra Llywelyn il Grande del Galles ed Enrico III d'Inghilterra. Il trattato prese atto della realtà politica del Galles e dell'Inghilterra del XIII secolo, e le loro relazioni con i domini dei Plantageneti, il cosiddetto impero angioino. Il principato mantenne un elevato grado di autonomia, caratterizzato da una giurisprudenza legale separata basata sulle leggi già istituite del , e dalla sempre più sofisticata corte del Casato di Aberffraw. Nonostante dovesse fedeltà al re angioino d'Inghilterra, il principato era de facto indipendente, con uno status all'interno dell'impero similare a quello del Regno di Scozia. La sua esistenza è stata vista come prova che vi erano tutti gli elementi necessari per la crescita dello stato gallese. Il periodo di indipendenza de facto ebbe fine con la conquista del Principato da parte di Edoardo I tra il 1277 ed il 1283. Con lo Statuto di Rhuddlan, il Principato perse la sua indipendenza e divenne effettivamente un territorio annesso alla Corona inglese. Dal 1301, le terre della corona nel Galles settentrionale e occidentale formarono parte dell'appannaggio dell'erede al trono, con il titolo di "Principe del Galles". Con l'ascesa al trono del Principe, le terre tornavano di proprietà della corona; in questo periodo, in due occasioni i pretendenti gallesi al trono si ribellarono, anche se nessuno dei due ebbe successo. Sin dalle leggi sulle leggi del Galles del 1535 e 1542, che incorporarono formalmente tutto il Galles nel Regno d'Inghilterra, non vi sono basi geografiche o costituzionali per descrivere nessuno dei territori del Galles come principato, anche se il termine viene occasionalmente utilizzato in senso informale per descrivere la nazione, e in relazione al titolo onorifico di Principe del Galles. (it) ウェールズ公国（ウェールズこうこく、ウェールズ語: Tywysogaeth Cymru、英語: Principality of Wales）は、グレートブリテン島の西部、現在のイギリスのウェールズに存在した公国である。成立年代は諸説あるが、1216年のの会議で成立したと考えることもでき、1283年にはウェールズ大公家の滅亡により事実上の滅亡を迎えたが、イングランドへ法体系まで統合され、完全にイングランド王国に併合されるのは1542年のことである。 (ja) 웨일스 공국(웨일스어: Tywysogaeth Cymru 티위소가에트 킴루, 영어: Principality of Wales)은 1216년부터 1536년까지 웨일스 지역에 존재한 공국이다. 1283년에 잉글랜드 왕국에 정복된 후 1536년 웨일스 지역에 잉글랜드의 법체계를 적용하면서 소멸하였다. (ko) Het Prinsdom Wales (Welsh Tywysogaeth Cymru, Engels Principality of Wales) was een prinsdom in Wales, dat bestond van 1216 tot 1542. Het prinsdom werd bestuurd door de prins van Wales. (nl) O Principado de Gales (em galês: Tywysogaeth Cymru) abrangeu as terras governadas diretamente pelo Príncipe de Gales, e foi formalmente criado em 1216 no Conselho de Aberdyfi, e mais tarde reconhecido pelo Tratado de Worcester de 1218, entre Llywelyn, o Grande e a Coroa inglesa. O tratado deu substância à realidade política do século XIII no País de Gales e Inglaterra, ambos parte do Império Angevino. Englobando dois terços do atual País de Gales, o principado manteve um alto grau de home rule, caracterizado por uma jurisprudência legal distinta baseada na legislação bem estabelecida da Cyfraith Hywel, e pela cada vez mais sofisticada corte da dinastia Aberffraw. Embora fizesse parte do império angevino, e, portanto, devesse fidelidade ao rei da Inglaterra, a existência do principado era a prova de que todos os elementos necessários para o crescimento do Estado galês estavam presentes, e era independente de facto, escreveu o historiador Dr. . O principado foi tanto uma parte do império angevino, quanto foi a Escócia, escreveu Davies. (pt) |
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| dbp:caption | Beaumaris castle on Anglesey (en) Caernarfon castle, Gwynedd (en) Conwy castle, north Wales (en) Harlech castle, north-west Wales. (en) |
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| dbp:commonName | Wales (en) |
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| dbp:currency | penny (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | Velšské knížectví (velšsky Tywysogaeth Cymru, anglicky Principality of Wales) byl státní útvar podřízený Anglickému království, existoval mezi lety 1216 a 1536. Jeho historie začíná dobytím nezávislého Walesu anglickým králem Eduardem I. Eduard spoutal Wales kruhem královských hradů a zavedl titul „Kníže velšský“ (Prince of Wales), jehož držitelem je následník anglického (dnes britského) trůnu. Proti anglické nadvládě se několikrát zvedl odpor, největší povstání vedl v 15. století Owain Glyndŵr, který si uchoval nad Walesem kontrolu po několik let. V roce 1536 byl Wales plně připojen k Anglii, velšská legislativa spojena s parlamentem ve Westminsteru. (cs) La principauté de Galles (en anglais : Principality of Wales ; en gallois : Tywysogaeth Cymru) est un ancien État (1216 – 1536) situé dans l'actuel pays de Galles. (fr) ウェールズ公国（ウェールズこうこく、ウェールズ語: Tywysogaeth Cymru、英語: Principality of Wales）は、グレートブリテン島の西部、現在のイギリスのウェールズに存在した公国である。成立年代は諸説あるが、1216年のの会議で成立したと考えることもでき、1283年にはウェールズ大公家の滅亡により事実上の滅亡を迎えたが、イングランドへ法体系まで統合され、完全にイングランド王国に併合されるのは1542年のことである。 (ja) 웨일스 공국(웨일스어: Tywysogaeth Cymru 티위소가에트 킴루, 영어: Principality of Wales)은 1216년부터 1536년까지 웨일스 지역에 존재한 공국이다. 1283년에 잉글랜드 왕국에 정복된 후 1536년 웨일스 지역에 잉글랜드의 법체계를 적용하면서 소멸하였다. (ko) Het Prinsdom Wales (Welsh Tywysogaeth Cymru, Engels Principality of Wales) was een prinsdom in Wales, dat bestond van 1216 tot 1542. Het prinsdom werd bestuurd door de prins van Wales. (nl) وُجدت إمارة ويلز بين عامي 1216 و1536، وضمت ثلثي ويلز الحالية في أوجها بين عامي 1267 و1277. لمعظم تاريخها، كانت ’منضمة ومتحدة‘ مع التاج الإنكليزي باستثناء عقودها القليلة الأولى. مع ذلك، كانت لبضعة أجيال، ولا سيما الفترة التي تلت تأسيسها في عام 1216 حتى تمام غزو ويلز على يد إدوارد الأول في 1248، مستقلة بحكم الأمر الواقع في ظل أمير ويلزيّ، وإن كان أميرًا أقسم على طاعة ملك إنجلترا. (ar) Das Fürstentum Wales (Walisisch: Tywysogaeth Cymru) wurde 1267 durch den Vertrag von Montgomery gebildet, den der englische König Heinrich III. und Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, der Fürst von Gwynedd, schlossen. Die meisten der kleinen Herrschaften und Cantrefi des Nordens, Westens und des Zentrums von Wales huldigten dem Prince of Wales (der Titel wurde Llywelyn 1267 formell gegeben), der wiederum dem König von England als Vasall huldigte. Dennoch wird der Begriff heute benutzt, um ganz Wales zu bezeichnen. (de) Galesko Printzerria (galesez Tywysogaeth Cymru) zuzenean kudeaturiko lurrak hartzen zituen eremua zen. 1216ko sortu zen formalki, eta 1218an ofizialki onartu zuen Ingalaterrako koroak. XIII. mendeko Ingalaterra eta Galesko politika zehaztu zen tratatu horretan, biak garai hartan Angevinar Inperioko lurraldeak. Gaur egungo Galesen bi heren hartzen zituen eta botere nahiko izan zuen. Cyfraith Hyweleko legeak zituzten eta gortean . (eu) The Principality of Wales (Welsh: Tywysogaeth Cymru) was originally the territory of the native Welsh princes of the House of Aberffraw from 1216 to 1283, encompassing two-thirds of modern Wales during its height of 1267–1277. Following the conquest of Wales by Edward I of England of 1277 to 1283, those parts of Wales retained under the direct control of the English crown, principally in the north and west of the country, were re-constituted as a new Principality of Wales and ruled either by the monarch or the monarch's heir though not formally incorporated into the Kingdom of England. This was ultimately accomplished with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 when the Principality ceased to exist as a separate entity. (en) Kepangeranan Wales (Wales: Tywysogaeth Cymru) berdiri dari tahun 1216 hingga 1536 dan meliputi dua pertiga wilayah Wales modern pada puncak kejayaannya antara tahun 1267 hingga 1277. Dalam sebagian besar sejarahnya Kepangeranan Wales "dianeksasi dan disatukan" dengan Mahkota Inggris. Namun, selama beberapa generasi, terutama dari pendiriannya pada tahun 1216 hingga selesainya penaklukan Wales oleh Edward I pada tahun 1284, negara ini merupakan negara yang merdeka secara de facto di bawah kepemimpinan Pangeran Wales, walaupun ia bersumpah akan "setia" kepada Raja Inggris. (in) Il Principato del Galles (in lingua gallese: Tywysogaeth Cymru) esistette tra il 1216 ed il 1536, estendendosi per circa i due terzi dell'attuale Galles durante la sua maggiore estensione tra il 1267 ed il 1277. Per gran parte della propria storia, rimase "annesso ed unito" alla corona inglese. Per alcune generazioni, tuttavia, specificamente il periodo dalla sua fondazione nel 1216 fino al completamento della conquista del Galles da parte di Edoardo I d'Inghilterra nel 1284, fu de facto indipendente e governato da un Principe del Galles gallese, che tuttavia giurava fedeltà al Sovrano d'Inghilterra. (it) O Principado de Gales (em galês: Tywysogaeth Cymru) abrangeu as terras governadas diretamente pelo Príncipe de Gales, e foi formalmente criado em 1216 no Conselho de Aberdyfi, e mais tarde reconhecido pelo Tratado de Worcester de 1218, entre Llywelyn, o Grande e a Coroa inglesa. O tratado deu substância à realidade política do século XIII no País de Gales e Inglaterra, ambos parte do Império Angevino. (pt) |
| rdfs:label | Principality of Wales (en) إمارة ويلز (ar) Velšské knížectví (cs) Fürstentum Wales (de) Πριγκιπάτο της Ουαλίας (el) Galesko Printzerria (eu) Principauté de Galles (fr) Kepangeranan Wales (in) Principato del Galles (it) 웨일스 공국 (ko) ウェールズ公国 (ja) Prinsdom Wales (nl) Principado de Gales (pt) |
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