Education in Germany (original) (raw)
Vzdělávací systém (německy Bildungssystem) je v Německu převážně vytvořen a organizován na úrovni spolkových zemí. Z velké části se jedná o veřejné školství, které je financováno téměř výlučně z veřejných rozpočtů. Výjimkou je přitom například financování výzkumu na univerzitách a vysokých školách. Kromě veřejných škol existuje také poměrně rozsáhlé soukromé školství (patří do něj i vysoké školy), které je ovšem zčásti také financováno dotacemi z veřejných prostředků. V mnoha případech se jedná o školy organizované církvemi nebo soukromými hospodářskými subjekty.
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| dbo:abstract | Vzdělávací systém (německy Bildungssystem) je v Německu převážně vytvořen a organizován na úrovni spolkových zemí. Z velké části se jedná o veřejné školství, které je financováno téměř výlučně z veřejných rozpočtů. Výjimkou je přitom například financování výzkumu na univerzitách a vysokých školách. Kromě veřejných škol existuje také poměrně rozsáhlé soukromé školství (patří do něj i vysoké školy), které je ovšem zčásti také financováno dotacemi z veřejných prostředků. V mnoha případech se jedná o školy organizované církvemi nebo soukromými hospodářskými subjekty. (cs) ظلّت ألمانيا مقسمة إلى دولتين، هما ألمانيا الغربية أو ألمانيا الاتحادية وألمانيا الشرقية أو ألمانيا الديموقراطية، ولكنها تجاوزت هذه المحنة في نوفمبر 1990 عندما تم توحيد الألمانيتين.وسواء كانت هذه التوقعات حقيقية أو مبالغا فيها، فإن التجربة الألمانية في انتقالها السلمي من الانقسام إلى التوحيد الكامل – وفي انتقالها من الدمار الشامل والخراب الاقتصادي شبه الكامل بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية عام 1945, إلى حالة النمو ثم النهضة خلال عقود معدودة. هذه التجربة تعطي مؤشرات مهمة عن نمط الشخصية القومية الألمانية، المحركة للتغيير وقيادته وتوجيهه في ظل الظروف بالغة الصعوبة، كما أن ذلك يضيف إلى هذه الشخصية سمات إيجابية جديدة، تغاير تلك السمات التي أتمت بها في فترات تاريخية سابقة، سواء خلال الربع الريخ الثالث أو قبله، فقد كانت إمبراطورية تتألف من 360 دويلة، حتى إن وسط ألمانيا وغربها كانا عبارة عن فسيفساء سياسية، وتضم دويلات صغيرة جدا، وتتألف الواحدة منها من دويقة أو قصر أو مدينة أو إمارة كنسية.واقتران تقسيم ألمانيا لمنطقتين، وبالصراع بين – الشرق والغرب وانقسام أوروبا – واندماج كل قسم في كتلة من الكتلتين المختلفتين في القيم والأهداف.وقد تحول موقع ألمانيا – المركزي التاريخي إلى موقع هامشي مزدوج، وإذا تطابقت الحدود بين الألمانيتين. (ar) Das Bildungssystem in Deutschland ist fünfstufig. Die fünf Stufen sind die Primarstufe, die Sekundarstufe I und Sekundarstufe II, der tertiäre und der quartäre Bereich, zu dem vorwiegend die Weiterbildungsangebote gehören, beispielsweise beruflicher Anbieter oder der Volkshochschule. Insofern begleitet das deutsche Bildungssystem den Menschen lebenslang. Dem Bildungssystem wird bisher der Vorschulbereich nicht zugerechnet, wenn auch einige Ländergesetze dies bereits geändert haben. Die Kultusministerkonferenz (KMK) zählt ebenfalls bereits den Elementarbereich zum Bildungssystem. Nach dem Kindergarten/der Vorschulzeit beginnt der Bildungsweg mit der obligatorischen Grundschule. Da wegen der Kulturhoheit der Länder die Zuständigkeit für das Schul- und Hochschulwesen in Deutschland bei den Ländern liegt, können Teile des Bildungssystems unterschiedlich gestaltet und benannt sein. Das Bildungssystem folgt jedoch einem bundesweit gültigen Grundgerüst, und es werden zunehmend gemeinsame Bildungsstandards etabliert. Bei Schulleistungsuntersuchungen bzw. Bildungsstudien schneidet Deutschland im weltweiten Vergleich häufig nur mittelmäßig oder sogar unterdurchschnittlich ab, wobei einzelne Länder wie Sachsen und Bayern deutlich besser abschneiden als der Rest Deutschlands. (de) Education in Germany is primarily the responsibility of individual German states (Länder), with the federal government playing a minor role. Optional Kindergarden (nursery school) education is provided for all children between one and six years old, after which school attendance is compulsory. Overall, Germany is one of the best performing OECD countries in reading literacy, mathematics and sciences with the average student scoring 515 in the PISA Assessment Test, well above the OECD average of 497 points. Germany has a less competitive system, leading to low rates of bullying and students having a weak fear of failure but a high level of self-confidence and general happiness compared to other OECD countries like South Korea. Additionally, Germany has one of the largest percentage of top performers in reading among socio-economically advantaged students, ranking 3rd out of 76 OECD countries. This leads to Germany having one of the highest-educated labour forces among OECD countries. The Human Rights Measurement Initiative finds that Germany is achieving 75.4% of what should be possible for the right to education, at their level of income. The schooling system varies throughout Germany because each state (Land) decides its own educational policies. Most children, however, first attend Grundschule (primary or elementary school) for 4 years from the age of 6 to 9. Germany's secondary education is separated into two parts, lower and upper. Lower-secondary education in Germany is meant to teach individuals basic general education and gets them ready to enter upper-secondary education. In the upper secondary level Germany has a vast variety of vocational programs. German secondary education includes five types of school. The Gymnasium is designed to prepare pupils for higher education and finishes with the final examination Abitur, after grade 12 or 13. From 2005 to 2018 a school reform known as G8 provided the Abitur in 8 school years. The reform failed due to high demands on learning levels for the children and were turned to G9 in 2019. Only a few Gymnasiums stay with the G8 model. Children usually attend Gymnasium from 10 to 18 years.The Realschule has a broader range of emphasis for intermediate pupils and finishes with the final examination Mittlere Reife, after grade 10; the Hauptschule prepares pupils for vocational education and finishes with the final examination Hauptschulabschluss, after grade 9 and the Realschulabschluss after grade 10. There are two types of grade 10: one is the higher level called type 10b and the lower level is called type 10a; only the higher-level type 10b can lead to the Realschule and this finishes with the final examination Mittlere Reife after grade 10b. This new path of achieving the Realschulabschluss at a vocationally-oriented secondary school was changed by the statutory school regulations in 1981—with a one-year qualifying period. During the one-year qualifying period of the change to the new regulations, pupils could continue with class 10 to fulfil the statutory period of education. After 1982, the new path was compulsory, as explained above. The format of secondary vocational education is designed for individuals to learn advanced skills for a specific profession. According to Clean Energy Wire, a news service covering the country's energy transition, "Most of Germany's highly-skilled workforce has gone through the dual system of vocational education and training (VET)". Many Germans participate in the V.E.T. programs. These programs are partnered with about 430,000 companies, and about 80 percent of those companies hire individuals from those apprenticeship programs to get a full-time job. This educational system is very encouraging to young individuals because they are able to actively see the fruits of their labor. The skills gained through these programs are easily transferable and once a company commits to an employee from one of these vocational schools, they have a commitment to each other. Germany's V.E.T. programs prove that a college degree is not necessary for a good job and that training individuals for specific jobs could be successful as well. Other than this, there is the Gesamtschule, which combines the Hauptschule, Realschule and Gymnasium. There are also Förder- or Sonderschulen, schools for students with special educational needs. One in 21 pupils attends a Förderschule. Nevertheless, the Förder- or Sonderschulen can also lead, in special circumstances, to a Hauptschulabschluss of both type 10a or type 10b, the latter of which is the Realschulabschluss.The amount of extracurricular activity is determined individually by each school and varies greatly. With the 2015 school reform the German government has tried to push more of those pupils into other schools, which is known as Inklusion. Many of Germany's hundred or so institutions of higher learning charge little or no tuition by international comparison. Students usually must prove through examinations that they are qualified. To enter university, students are, as a rule, required to have passed the Abitur examination; since 2009, however, those with a Meisterbrief (master craftsman's diploma) have also been able to apply. Those wishing to attend a university of applied sciences (Fachhochschule) must, as a rule, have Abitur, Fachhochschulreife, or a Meisterbrief. If lacking those qualifications, pupils are eligible to enter a university or university of applied sciences if they can present additional proof that they will be able to keep up with their fellow students through a Begabtenprüfung or Hochbegabtenstudium (which is a test confirming excellence and above average intellectual ability). A special system of apprenticeship called Duale Ausbildung (the dual education system) allows pupils in vocational courses to do in-service training in a company as well as at a state school. (en) El sistema educativo de Alemania es complejo, ya que la educación es competencia de los estados federados (Land, en plural Länder) y el estado federal (Bund) juega un rol menor. (es) En Allemagne, l'éducation est organisée au niveau des Länder. Ainsi aussi bien les désignations pour chaque type d'école que le contenu de ces termes se différencient de région en région. L'État fédéral joue toutefois un rôle mineur, principalement en termes de financement et de coopération internationale, par l'intermédiaire du ministère fédéral de l'Éducation et de la Recherche. Les enfants vont au jardin d'enfants (Kindergarten) et à l’école primaire (Primarstufe) assuré par les Grundschulen. L’enfant allemand doit grandir à l’école et se développer en fonction de ses compétences personnelles et à son rythme. L’enfant se forge lui-même son identité. Il doit s’épanouir. La transmission du savoir n’est pas ce qui est le plus important ; les enfants doivent principalement être capables de vivre en collectivité. (fr) Pendidikan di Jerman merupakan tanggung jawab negara bagian (Länder) yang merupakan bagian dari kedaulatan konstitusionalnya (Kulturhoheit der Länder). Guru bekerja di bawah Kementerian Pendidikan di negara bagian dan biasanya memiliki pekerjaan seumur hidup setelah periode tertentu (verbeamtet). Dewan orang tua dipilih untuk menyuarakan pandangan orang tua kepada pihak administrasi sekolah. Setiap kelas memilih satu atau dua "Klassensprecher" yang bertemu beberapa kali dalam setahun sebagai "Schülerrat" (dewan siswa). (in) ドイツの教育（ドイツのきょういく）では、各州が所管し、また責務を負っている。教育制度は複線型教育、職業教育と実習の重視、資格制度の重視、進路変更の容易性に特徴づけられる。また（DQF）が定められている。 義務教育は15歳まで。しかし18歳に満たないうちは、全日制の学校に通学していない者は就職するかたわら、定時制職業学校に通学する義務がある。 下記のような硬直的な制度に批判があり現在ドイツでは教育改革が進行中である。 (ja) Il sistema scolastico in Germania è controllato dai Länder (Stati federati della Germania), mentre il governo federale non ha proprie competenze in materia di istruzione. L'istruzione comincia con il Kindergarten (scuola dell'infanzia), facoltativo per tutti i bambini dai tre ai sei anni, mentre la scuola primaria e secondaria è obbligatoria per la fascia di età tra i sei e i sedici anni. Il percorso formativo presenta diverse sfumature da uno Stato all'altro, dal momento che ogni Land decide le proprie politiche per l'istruzione, come le ore di lezione o le tessere gratuite per trasporti e biblioteche. La maggior parte dei ragazzi frequenta comunque la Grundschule (scuola primaria) da sei a dieci anni (o dodici, ma solo nel Brandeburgo e nella città-Stato di Berlino). L'istruzione secondaria comprende tre tipi di scuola: il Gymnasium, in parte simile al liceo italiano e concepito anch'esso come preparazione all'università, che si conclude con un esame che permette di conseguire l'Abitur (licenza media superiore) dopo la dodicesima o tredicesima classe (dipendente dallo Stato federale); la , con una preparazione più specifica e che si conclude con l'esame del , dopo la decima classe; l', basata sugli studi tecnici e che permette di conseguire uno tra due titoli a scelta e votazioni, l' o il Realschulabschluss, entrambi dopo la decima classe. In alcuni stati questi due tipi di scuole sono stati combinati nella . Anche in Germania esistono scuole comprensive, che prendono il nome di , portando fino al Hauptschulabschluss, il Realschulabschluss o la maturità, e "scuole speciali" con indirizzi professionali o tecnici. Per accedere all'università è necessario avere l'Abitur (diploma di Gymnasium o quello più alto della Gesamtschule), restrizione però caduta in parte nel 2009. L'educazione di alto livello in Germania è di altissima qualità e tipicamente gratuita per gli studenti provenianti da ogni dove. L'Università Baden-Württemberg, è l'unica dei 16 stati federali a prevedere tasse universitarie che partono dai 1500 a semestre. Recenti ricerche dell'istituto PISA hanno rivelato alcune gravi debolezze del sistema scolastico tedesco. Su 43 Paesi testati nel 2000, la Germania era solo ventunesima in lettura e ventesima in matematica ed in scienze naturali, cosa che ha spinto il Paese ad alcune riforme scolastiche. Nel 2006 gli studenti tedeschi erano leggermente migliorati, piazzandosi tredicesimi in scienze naturali e diciottesimi in lettura, ma ancora ventesimi in matematica.Sono state rilevate alcune differenze da una scuola all'altra. Secondo Jan-Martin-Wiadra: "Alcuni politici conservatori hanno privilegiato il Gymnasium, da loro considerato la forma più alta di scuola secondaria – come si evince dai risultati PISA – ma hanno trascurato scuole più professionalizzanti come l'Hauptschule". (it) 이 글은 독일에서 이루어지는 교육을 설명한다. 독일에서는 네 살이 되면 유치원에 갈 수 있다. 유치원은 의무 교육 과정이 아니다.만 4살이 되면 초급 학교(Grundschule)에 가게 된다. 초급 학교 과정은 4년이며 의무 교육 과정이다.초급 학교 과정이 끝나면 상급 학교로 진학하게 되는데, 이때 학생의 능력과 취향에 따라 9년 과정의 김나지움(Gymnasium), 6년 과정의 레알슐레(Realschule), 5년 과정의 하웁트슐레(Hauptschule)를 선택할 수 있다. 그런데 재미있는 것은 어린이가 초등 학교를 졸업하고 상급 학교로 진학해야 할 때쯤 되면 담임 선생님이 이 아이는 성격이나 지능을 감안해서 어느 상급 학교를 택하는 것이 좋을 것 같다는 의견을 제시하는데, 거의 대부분의 학부모들이 이 의견에 따른다는 것이다. 김나지움은 과정을 수료하고 졸업 시험에 성공적으로 합격하면 아비투어(Abitur)라는 학력 증서를 받게 된다. 이 증서는 해당인이 전인교육을 받았으며 앞으로 어떠한 전문 교육도 받을 능력이 있다는 증서이다. 이 증서를 받은 사람은 자연과학이나 인문과학 분야 대학에 아무런 제약 없이 진학할 수 있는 자격을 얻게 되며 자격은 평생 유효하다. 그러나 아비투어를 하고도 대학에 진학하지 않는 사람들이 많다. 레알슐레는 과정을 수료하고 졸업 시험에 성공적으로 합격하면 미틀러레라이페(Mittlere Reife)라는 학력 증서를 받게된다. 이 증서를 가진 사람은 대학 진학은 못하지만 일반 교양 지식을 가진 사람으로서 사무직이나 행정직(예를 들어 은행원, 경찰, 공무원, 비서, 이공계 기능직 등의) 직업을 배운 후 업무를 수행할 능력이 있다는 증서이다. 레알슐레 졸업 후 김나지움에 편입하여 아비투어를 할 수 있다. 하웁트슐레는 과정을 수료하고 졸업 시험에 성공적으로 합격하면 하웁트슐압슈르스(Hauptschulabschluss) 증서를 받게 되는데, 이 증서는 직업을 배우기 위한 최소한의 학력은 소지하고 있다는 증서이다. 이 증서는 직업을 배우기 위한 최소한의 전제 조건이다. 물론 하웁트슐레 졸업 후레알슐레로 편입하여 미틀러레 라이페(Mittlere Reife)를 할 수 있다. 독일 교육의 감독 책임은 기본적으로 각 주에 있으며 연방정부의 역할은 그다지 크진 않다. 만 3세의 어린이는 선택 과정인 유치원 교육을 받는다. 이후의 10년에서 13년의 교육은 강제적이다. (ko) Het Onderwijs in Duitsland, althans het reguliere onderwijs voor schoolkinderen en studenten, wordt in Duitsland in de meeste gevallen door overheidsinstanties georganiseerd. Het begint op zesjarige leeftijd en duurt ten minste tien jaar, dus totdat de leerlingen zestien zijn. De leerlingen worden op een leeftijd van tien jaar gescheiden en gaan naar scholen met verschillende niveaus. In het algemeen scoren de zuidelijke deelstaten in nationale of internationale tests beter dan de noordelijke. (nl) A responsabilidade pelo sistema de ensino alemão encontra-se principalmente com os Länder (estados), enquanto o governo federal tem apenas um papel menor. O Kindergarten (jardim de infância) é opcional e a educação é para todas as crianças entre três e seis anos de idade, após o qual a frequência escolar é obrigatória, na maioria dos casos por 11 a 12 anos. O sistema varia em toda a Alemanha, porque cada Bundesland decide as suas próprias políticas educacionais. A maioria, entretanto, em primeiro lugar atender Grundschule partir da idade de seis a dez ou 12. Em contraste com a educação secundária inclui quatro tipos de escolas: o Gymnasium visa preparar os alunos para o ensino universitário e termina com o exame final, o Abitur, depois de grau 12 ou 13. A Realschule tem uma gama mais ampla de atenção para alunos intermediários e termina com o exame final, o , após a 10 ª série, a Hauptschule prepara o aluno para a educação profissional e termina com o exame final, o Hauptschulabschluss, depois de grau 9 ou 10 e depois o após a 10 série. Existem dois tipos de séries 10: um é a série mais elevada chamado 10b tipo e a série mais baixa é chamada de tipo 10, apenas o tipo mais elevado nível 10b pode levar a Realschule e isso acaba com o exame final Mittlere Reife após a série 10b. Este novo caminho de alcançar o Realschulabschluss em uma escola secundária com orientação vocacional foi alterado pelos regulamentos oficiais da escola em 1981 - com um período de carência de um ano. Durante o período de carência de um ano da mudança para a nova regulamentação, os alunos poderão continuar com a classe 10 para cumprir o prazo legal de educação. Após 1982, o novo caminho era obrigatório, como explicado acima. Fora isso, há a , que combina as três abordagens. Há também / . Um em cada 21 alunos frequenta uma . No entanto, a Förderschulen/Sonderschulen também pode levar, em circunstâncias especiais, a um Hauptschulabschluss do tipo ou do tipo 10-A ou 10-B, o último dos quais é o Realschulabschluss. A fim de entrar na universidade, os estudantes são, em regra, necessária para manter o Abitur, no entanto, aqueles com um (diploma) também têm sido capazes de aplicar desde 2009. Aqueles que desejam participar de uma "Universidade de Ciências Aplicadas" deve, como regra geral, mantenha o Abitur, o ou Meisterbrief. Na falta de tais títulos, os alunos são elegíveis para ingressar em uma universidade ou uma universidade de ciências aplicadas se eles podem apresentar uma prova adicional de que eles serão capazes de acompanhar seus colegas estudantes. Um sistema especial de aprendizado chamado permite que alunos dos cursos de formação profissional para fazer o treinamento em serviço em uma empresa, bem como em escola estaduais. Apesar de a Alemanha teve uma história de um sistema educacional forte, as avaliações estudantis PISA recentes demonstraram uma fraqueza em determinados assuntos. No teste de 43 países no ano de 2000, a Alemanha classificou 21ª posição em leitura e 20ª em matemática e as ciências naturais, provocando apelos por uma reforma. (pt) Utbildning i Tyskland är ett parallellskolsystem där delstaterna har mycket att säga till om. Under 2000-talet har det tyska skolsystemet kritiserats i bland annat PISA-studien, och OECD anser i sin analys att andelen studenter som går vidare till högre studier är för låg delvis beroende på att urvalet sker för tidigt. (sv) System oświaty w Niemczech – ze względu na charakter ustrojowy państwa niemieckiego system szkolnictwa (Schulsystem) jest niejednorodny. Każdy land posiada autonomię w kształtowaniu własnej kultury i edukacji, a nadzór nad jego funkcjonowaniem sprawuje odpowiednie ministerstwo oświaty. Na terenie państwa niemieckiego obowiązek szkolny dotyczy uczniów w wieku od 6–18 lat. (pl) Німеччина має чотириступеневу систему освіти: початкова, двоступенева середня освіта та вища освіта. 10-річна шкільна освіта є обов'язковою, загальною та безкоштовною. Система освіти в Німеччині лише у найважливіших питаннях регулюється державою (на федеральному рівні). Найбільші повноваження у розвитку і регулюванні освіти має не держава в цілому, а окремі федеральні землі. Це призводить до розбіжностей та відмінності систем освіти в 16 землях. Відрізняється від української шкала оцінювання роботи учнів та студентів: що «менша» оцінка, тим вона краща, вища. В Німеччині існують оцінки від «1» (відмінно/sehr gut, ausgezeichnet) до «6» (погано, незадовільно/mangelhaft), причому можливі проміжні оцінки типу 1,1; 2,5; 4,3 і так далі. (uk) Образова́ние в Герма́нии имеет классическую структуру, включающую в себя 3 уровня: , среднее и высшее. Каждая земля в Германии имеет собственный закон об образовании, поэтому организация обучения и нюансы получения аттестатов и дипломов могут значительно различаться. Например, в Берлине и Бранденбурге дети учатся в начальной школе 6 лет, а на остальной территории страны — 4 года. (ru) 在德國，教育是由各地方政府管理，因此不同地區有不同的教育制度。 (zh) |
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| dbp:date | May 2021 (en) |
| dbp:reason | not sure what this refers to (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | Vzdělávací systém (německy Bildungssystem) je v Německu převážně vytvořen a organizován na úrovni spolkových zemí. Z velké části se jedná o veřejné školství, které je financováno téměř výlučně z veřejných rozpočtů. Výjimkou je přitom například financování výzkumu na univerzitách a vysokých školách. Kromě veřejných škol existuje také poměrně rozsáhlé soukromé školství (patří do něj i vysoké školy), které je ovšem zčásti také financováno dotacemi z veřejných prostředků. V mnoha případech se jedná o školy organizované církvemi nebo soukromými hospodářskými subjekty. (cs) El sistema educativo de Alemania es complejo, ya que la educación es competencia de los estados federados (Land, en plural Länder) y el estado federal (Bund) juega un rol menor. (es) Pendidikan di Jerman merupakan tanggung jawab negara bagian (Länder) yang merupakan bagian dari kedaulatan konstitusionalnya (Kulturhoheit der Länder). Guru bekerja di bawah Kementerian Pendidikan di negara bagian dan biasanya memiliki pekerjaan seumur hidup setelah periode tertentu (verbeamtet). Dewan orang tua dipilih untuk menyuarakan pandangan orang tua kepada pihak administrasi sekolah. Setiap kelas memilih satu atau dua "Klassensprecher" yang bertemu beberapa kali dalam setahun sebagai "Schülerrat" (dewan siswa). (in) ドイツの教育（ドイツのきょういく）では、各州が所管し、また責務を負っている。教育制度は複線型教育、職業教育と実習の重視、資格制度の重視、進路変更の容易性に特徴づけられる。また（DQF）が定められている。 義務教育は15歳まで。しかし18歳に満たないうちは、全日制の学校に通学していない者は就職するかたわら、定時制職業学校に通学する義務がある。 下記のような硬直的な制度に批判があり現在ドイツでは教育改革が進行中である。 (ja) Het Onderwijs in Duitsland, althans het reguliere onderwijs voor schoolkinderen en studenten, wordt in Duitsland in de meeste gevallen door overheidsinstanties georganiseerd. Het begint op zesjarige leeftijd en duurt ten minste tien jaar, dus totdat de leerlingen zestien zijn. De leerlingen worden op een leeftijd van tien jaar gescheiden en gaan naar scholen met verschillende niveaus. In het algemeen scoren de zuidelijke deelstaten in nationale of internationale tests beter dan de noordelijke. (nl) Utbildning i Tyskland är ett parallellskolsystem där delstaterna har mycket att säga till om. Under 2000-talet har det tyska skolsystemet kritiserats i bland annat PISA-studien, och OECD anser i sin analys att andelen studenter som går vidare till högre studier är för låg delvis beroende på att urvalet sker för tidigt. (sv) System oświaty w Niemczech – ze względu na charakter ustrojowy państwa niemieckiego system szkolnictwa (Schulsystem) jest niejednorodny. Każdy land posiada autonomię w kształtowaniu własnej kultury i edukacji, a nadzór nad jego funkcjonowaniem sprawuje odpowiednie ministerstwo oświaty. Na terenie państwa niemieckiego obowiązek szkolny dotyczy uczniów w wieku od 6–18 lat. (pl) Образова́ние в Герма́нии имеет классическую структуру, включающую в себя 3 уровня: , среднее и высшее. Каждая земля в Германии имеет собственный закон об образовании, поэтому организация обучения и нюансы получения аттестатов и дипломов могут значительно различаться. Например, в Берлине и Бранденбурге дети учатся в начальной школе 6 лет, а на остальной территории страны — 4 года. (ru) 在德國，教育是由各地方政府管理，因此不同地區有不同的教育制度。 (zh) ظلّت ألمانيا مقسمة إلى دولتين، هما ألمانيا الغربية أو ألمانيا الاتحادية وألمانيا الشرقية أو ألمانيا الديموقراطية، ولكنها تجاوزت هذه المحنة في نوفمبر 1990 عندما تم توحيد الألمانيتين.وسواء كانت هذه التوقعات حقيقية أو مبالغا فيها، فإن التجربة الألمانية في انتقالها السلمي من الانقسام إلى التوحيد الكامل – وفي انتقالها من الدمار الشامل والخراب الاقتصادي شبه الكامل بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية عام 1945, إلى حالة النمو ثم النهضة خلال عقود معدودة. هذه التجربة تعطي مؤشرات مهمة عن نمط الشخصية القومية الألمانية، المحركة للتغيير وقيادته وتوجيهه في ظل الظروف بالغة الصعوبة، كما أن ذلك يضيف إلى هذه الشخصية سمات إيجابية جديدة، تغاير تلك السمات التي أتمت بها في فترات تاريخية سابقة، سواء خلال الربع الريخ الثالث أو قبله، فقد كانت إمبراطورية تتألف من 360 دويلة، حتى إن وسط ألمانيا وغربها كانا عبارة عن فسيفساء سيا (ar) Das Bildungssystem in Deutschland ist fünfstufig. Die fünf Stufen sind die Primarstufe, die Sekundarstufe I und Sekundarstufe II, der tertiäre und der quartäre Bereich, zu dem vorwiegend die Weiterbildungsangebote gehören, beispielsweise beruflicher Anbieter oder der Volkshochschule. Insofern begleitet das deutsche Bildungssystem den Menschen lebenslang. Dem Bildungssystem wird bisher der Vorschulbereich nicht zugerechnet, wenn auch einige Ländergesetze dies bereits geändert haben. Die Kultusministerkonferenz (KMK) zählt ebenfalls bereits den Elementarbereich zum Bildungssystem. Nach dem Kindergarten/der Vorschulzeit beginnt der Bildungsweg mit der obligatorischen Grundschule. (de) Education in Germany is primarily the responsibility of individual German states (Länder), with the federal government playing a minor role. Optional Kindergarden (nursery school) education is provided for all children between one and six years old, after which school attendance is compulsory. Overall, Germany is one of the best performing OECD countries in reading literacy, mathematics and sciences with the average student scoring 515 in the PISA Assessment Test, well above the OECD average of 497 points. Germany has a less competitive system, leading to low rates of bullying and students having a weak fear of failure but a high level of self-confidence and general happiness compared to other OECD countries like South Korea. Additionally, Germany has one of the largest percentage of top p (en) En Allemagne, l'éducation est organisée au niveau des Länder. Ainsi aussi bien les désignations pour chaque type d'école que le contenu de ces termes se différencient de région en région. L'État fédéral joue toutefois un rôle mineur, principalement en termes de financement et de coopération internationale, par l'intermédiaire du ministère fédéral de l'Éducation et de la Recherche. (fr) 이 글은 독일에서 이루어지는 교육을 설명한다. 독일에서는 네 살이 되면 유치원에 갈 수 있다. 유치원은 의무 교육 과정이 아니다.만 4살이 되면 초급 학교(Grundschule)에 가게 된다. 초급 학교 과정은 4년이며 의무 교육 과정이다.초급 학교 과정이 끝나면 상급 학교로 진학하게 되는데, 이때 학생의 능력과 취향에 따라 9년 과정의 김나지움(Gymnasium), 6년 과정의 레알슐레(Realschule), 5년 과정의 하웁트슐레(Hauptschule)를 선택할 수 있다. 그런데 재미있는 것은 어린이가 초등 학교를 졸업하고 상급 학교로 진학해야 할 때쯤 되면 담임 선생님이 이 아이는 성격이나 지능을 감안해서 어느 상급 학교를 택하는 것이 좋을 것 같다는 의견을 제시하는데, 거의 대부분의 학부모들이 이 의견에 따른다는 것이다. 독일 교육의 감독 책임은 기본적으로 각 주에 있으며 연방정부의 역할은 그다지 크진 않다. 만 3세의 어린이는 선택 과정인 유치원 교육을 받는다. 이후의 10년에서 13년의 교육은 강제적이다. (ko) Il sistema scolastico in Germania è controllato dai Länder (Stati federati della Germania), mentre il governo federale non ha proprie competenze in materia di istruzione. L'istruzione comincia con il Kindergarten (scuola dell'infanzia), facoltativo per tutti i bambini dai tre ai sei anni, mentre la scuola primaria e secondaria è obbligatoria per la fascia di età tra i sei e i sedici anni. (it) A responsabilidade pelo sistema de ensino alemão encontra-se principalmente com os Länder (estados), enquanto o governo federal tem apenas um papel menor. O Kindergarten (jardim de infância) é opcional e a educação é para todas as crianças entre três e seis anos de idade, após o qual a frequência escolar é obrigatória, na maioria dos casos por 11 a 12 anos. O sistema varia em toda a Alemanha, porque cada Bundesland decide as suas próprias políticas educacionais. A maioria, entretanto, em primeiro lugar atender Grundschule partir da idade de seis a dez ou 12. (pt) Німеччина має чотириступеневу систему освіти: початкова, двоступенева середня освіта та вища освіта. 10-річна шкільна освіта є обов'язковою, загальною та безкоштовною. Система освіти в Німеччині лише у найважливіших питаннях регулюється державою (на федеральному рівні). Найбільші повноваження у розвитку і регулюванні освіти має не держава в цілому, а окремі федеральні землі. Це призводить до розбіжностей та відмінності систем освіти в 16 землях. (uk) |
| rdfs:label | Education in Germany (en) التعليم في ألمانيا (ar) Vzdělávací systém Německa (cs) Bildungssystem in Deutschland (de) Sistema educativo de Alemania (es) Pendidikan di Jerman (in) Système éducatif en Allemagne (fr) Istruzione in Germania (it) 독일의 교육 (ko) ドイツの教育 (ja) Onderwijs in Duitsland (nl) System oświaty w Niemczech (pl) Educação na Alemanha (pt) Образование в Германии (ru) Utbildning i Tyskland (sv) 德國教育 (zh) Освіта в Німеччині (uk) |
| rdfs:seeAlso | dbr:Poverty dbr:Berlin dbr:Germany dbr:Education dbr:Academic_ranks dbr:Nazi_university |
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